A Mini Project Report on

IMPLEMENTATION OF
MOBILE CONTROLLED HOME APPLIANCES USING DTMF
TECHNIQUE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Mr.T.Ratnachaitanya

12FE1A04A0

Ms.ShaikShahina

12FE1A0494

Mr.P.Aashish

12FE1A0480

Mr. K.V.Vamsi Krishna

12FE1A0466

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. B.HarishM.Tech, (Ph.D.)

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VIGNANS LARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)
VADLAMUDI-522213, GUNTUR Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VIGNANS LARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)
VADLAMUDI-522213, GUNTUR Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled IMPLEMENTATION OF
MOBILE CONTROL OF HOME APPLIANCES USING DTMF TECHNIQUE
is a bonafide work done by Mr.T.RatnaChaitanya (12FE1A04A0), Ms.Shaik Shahina
(12FE1A0494),Mr.P.Aashish(12FE1A0480),Mr.K.V.VamsiKrishna(12FE1A0466),
under my guidance and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.

Project Guide

Head of the Department

(Mr. B.Harish)

(Mr. U.SRINIVASA RAO)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
VIGNANS LARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, which gives us an
opportunity to have profound technical knowledge there by enabling us to complete the project.

We would like to thank our beloved principal Dr. PHANEENDRA KUMARPh.D,for

providing a great support for us in completing our project and for giving us the opportunity of
doing the project.

We feel elated to thank Mr. U.SRINIVASA RAOM.Tech(Ph.D) Associate Professor and

our Head of the Department, for inspiring us all the way and arranging all the facilities and
resources needed for our project.

It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude to our
guide Mr.B.HarishM.Tech,(Ph.D).Who guided us a lot and encouraged us in every step of our
project work. His invaluable moral support and guidance through the project helped us to a greater
extent. We are thankful to him for his valuable suggestions and discussions during this project.

We express our hearty thanks to all the staff members and non-teaching staff for all their
help and co-operation extended in bringing out this project successfully in time.

Project Associates

Mr.T.Ratnachaitanya
Ms.ShaikShahina
Mr.P.Aashish
Mr. K.V.Vamsi Krishna

Abstract:Sometimes unfortunately user may forget switch off the appliances while going to the outside and
many face the problems to switch off these devices when users are out of home to solve these type
of problems a simple circuit which will on the devices remotely and devices will off a The main
principle used in this circuit is DTMF communication. DTMF is acronym for dual-tone multifrequency when you make a call to customer care service they will ask you to press the numbers
to provide the appropriate services if you think about how they are recognizing the pressed number
then DTMF comes on the picture .if you press the button in your mobile phone then a tone is
generated with two frequencies. These two frequencies of the tone are row and column frequencies
of that particular button 1 then a tone generated with the sum of 697Hz and 1209Hz.
These generated forces are decoded at switching Centre to determine which button is pressed .
Now using these DTMF forces to control the devices from remote area. To decode these DTMF
forces at receiver it required to use a DTMF decoder. Decoder IC converts these forces into digital
form. The D-Flip Flop which is connected at the output of the decoder controls the acts as a switch
.when a pulse arrives at the D-Flip Flop the flip flop changes it present state . The output of the
flip is generally connected to the appliance end.

INDEX
Chapter- 1
Overview Of Project
1.1 Introduction

1.2 System Overview

1.3 The system features

10
Chapter-2
Operational Description

2.1 Block Diagram

11

2.2 Circuit Diagram

12
Chapter-3
Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Signalling

3.1 Introduction

14

3.2 MT8870 Decoder

23

3.3 D Flip Flop

25
Chapter-4

4.1 introduction to embedded systems

26

4.2 Description of Components

31

Chapter-5
5.1 Output

33

5.2 Results & Discussion

34

5.3 Conclusions& Future work

35

5.4 References

36
5

List of figures & Tables

Figure no.

Figure Name

Page No

1.1

Home automation system

2.1

Block Diagram

11

2.2

Circuit Diagram

12

3.1

Signalling Tone

13

3.2

DTMF Keypad

14

3.3

Pin Diagram (MT8870)

15

3.4

Basic Steering Circuit

18

3.5

Flow Chart of Goertzel Algorithm

22

3.6

D-Flip Flop

24

3.7

Pin diagram of IC7474

24

4.1

BC547 Transistor

27

4.2

Operation of Relay

28

4.3

Relays

28

4.4

LED & LED Symbol

30

5.1

Practical Project Circuit photo

33

5.2

Practical Project Circuit Photo (output)

34

DTMF Frequencies

19

Tables
3.1

Chapter-1

1.1 Introduction:

Embedded system is an interesting field where every engineer can showcase his creative and
technical skills. Mobile phones today became an essential entity for one and all and so, for any
mobile based application there is great reception. In this scenario making a mobile phone operated
home appliance control system is a good idea.

The remote control used in home automation systems, is a wonderful feature that
everyone would like to enjoy, if they were not expensive to install, maintain, and able to be
used from long distance. The idea of the remotely controlled home automation systems is
shown in Figure 1.1.

The home automation have many features makes the homeowner remotely toggle
appliances such as air conditioning and heating units, lamps or porch lights, landscape
sprinkler timers, snow-melt systems, outdoor property lighting, and safety lighting.
The mobile phones and Touch-Tone telephones use the Dual-Tone Multi Frequency
(DTMF). That was developed initially for telephony signalling such as dialling and
automatic redial. Each key-press on the phone keypad generates DTMF signal consists of
two tones that must be generated simultaneously.

1.2 System Overview

In this project the appliances are controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile
phone attached to the a control box which is connected to appliances needed to be control from
outside home or when users need not to go near to appliance for turning on the switch, just press
key from your mobile and the switch is on.

In the course of a call, if any button is pressed a tone corresponding to the button pressed
is heard at the other end called Dual Tone Multiple frequency (DTMF) .The control box receives
these tones with help of phone stacked in the box

The received tone is processed by the D-Flip Flop with the help of DTMF decoder IC
MT8870.Conventionally, wireless controlled appliances use RF circuits, which have the
drawbacks of limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of mobile
phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantage of robust
control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provide. This Project DTMF
based home appliance control using D-Flip Flop is used to control the devices in home as well as
in industries.

Dual-tone multi-frequency signalling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signalling over

analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band

between telephone handsets and other

communications devices and the switching centre. The version of DTMF that is used in telephones
for tone

dialling is known as Touch-Tone.

The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an
electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the
switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.
A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a
circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit
(e.g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it cannot operate at high speed

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector
& emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a
maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is
biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration amplifiers. The voltage
divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that
it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base Signal, it gets completely
off.
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a
diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there
is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and electrons.

1.3 The System Features

This system can control devices that may be any electric or electronic appliances, and each
device is given a unique code.

There is no risk for false switching, it makes accurate switching any false switch in the
device are not done.

This system doesnt cost a lot of money, and its easy to implement. Before changing the
state of the device user can confirm the present status of the device.

The system gives an acknowledgement tone after switching on the devices to confirm the
status of the devices.

This system can be controlled by multi users, this feature refer to user choice.

10

Chapter-2
OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Block Diagram:

Fig2.1 block diagram

First input are giving the input DTMF signal to the decoder via audio jockey. Audio jockey
is nothing but the connector between the phone through which DTMF keypad and the phone
connecting to the kit

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power consumption
and high performance.When user press keys in our cell Phone when call is in progress, the other
person will hear some tones with respect to keys pressed. Data is transmitted in terms of pair of
tones. The receiver detects the valid frequency pair and gives the appropriate BCD code as the
output of the DTMF decoder IC.DTMF signal can be tapped directly from the microphone pin of
cell phone device. The signals from the microphone wire are processed by the DTMF decoder IC
which generates the equivalent binary sequence as a parallel output as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.Finally
it is given to load that is any electric or electronic appliance to control it.
11

2.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig2.2 circuit diagram

In this circuit diagram first an input DTMF signal from phone to the decoder is given. Here RC
filter reduces the noise and allows the desired frequency. The signals from the microphone wire
are processed by the DTMF decoder IC which generates the equivalent binary sequence as a
parallel output as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.

Here transistor acts as a switch.BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor,

stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base
controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification
and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800

Finally it is given to the relay. It acts as a switch. It takes low input and get the high output. And
it is given to the load that is electronic or electric appliance that to control.

12

Chapter-3
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling:
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication
signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and
other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in pushbutton telephones for tone

dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was developed by Western

Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark.
DTMF is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4.
Other multi-frequency systems are used for internal signaling within the telephone
network.
Introduced by AT&T in 1963, the Touch-Tone system using the telephone
keypad gradually replaced the use of rotary dial and has become the industry standard for
landline service.

Fig3.1: signaling tones

13

Keypad:

1209 Hz

1336 Hz

1477 Hz

697 Hz

770 Hz

852 Hz

941 Hz

Fig.3.2: DTMF keypad

1209 Hz on 697 Hz to make the 1 tone
The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 44 matrix in which each row represents
a low frequency and each column represents a high frequency.
Any key sends a sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies. For example, the key 1
produces a superposition of tones of 697 and 1209 hertz (Hz).
Initial pushbutton designs employed levers, so that each button activated two contacts.
The tones are decoded by the switching centre to determine the keys pressed by the user

14

3.1 DTMF DECODER (MT8870) :

Pin diagram:

Fig 3.3 pin diagram of DTMF decoder (MT 8870)

Pin Description:
1. IN+

Non-Inverting Op-Amp (Input).

2. IN-

Inverting Op-Amp (Input).

3. GS
Gain Select. Gives access to output of front end differential amplifier for connection
of feedback resistor.
4. V-Ref Reference Voltage (Output). Nominally VDD/2 is used to bias inputs at
rail .

mid-

5. INH
Inhibit (Input). Logic high inhibits the detection of tones representing characters A,
B, C and D. This pin input is internally pulled down.
6. PWDN Power Down (Input). Active high. Powers down the device and inhibits the oscillator.
This pin input is internally pulled down.

15

7. OSC1 Clock (Input).

8. OSC2 Clock (Output). A 3.579545 MHz crystal connected between pins OSC1 and OSC2
9. VSS

Ground (Input). 0 V typical.

10. TOE Three State Output Enable (Input). Logic high enables the outputs Q1-Q4. This pin
is pulled up internally.
11-14.

Q1-Q4 Three State Data (Output). When enabled by TOE, provide the code

corresponding to the last valid tone-pair received (see Table 1). When TOE is logic low, the data
outputs are high impedance.
15. StD Delayed Steering (Output).Presents a logic high when a received tone-pair has been
registered and the output latch updated; returns to logic low when the voltage on St/GT falls below
VTSt.
16. ESt Early Steering (Output). Presents a logic high once the digital algorithm has detected
a valid tone pair (signal condition). Any momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to
return to a logic low.
17. St/GT Steering Input/Guard time (Output) Bidirectional. A voltage greater than VTSt
detected at St causes the device to register the detected tone pair and update the output latch. A
voltage less than VTSt frees the device to accept a new tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the
external steering time-constant; its state is a function of ESt and the voltage on St.
18. VDD Positive power supply (Input). +5 V typical.
Functional Description:

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power
consumption and high performance. Its architecture consists of a
Band split filter section, which separates the high and low group tones, followed by a digital
counting section which verifies the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing
the corresponding code to the output bus.
16

Filter Section
Separation of the low-group and high group tones is achieved by applying the DTMF signal
to the inputs of two sixth-order switched capacitor band pass
filters, the bandwidths of which correspond to the low and high group frequencies. The filter
section also incorporates notches at 350 and 440 HZ for exceptional dial tone rejection (see figure
3). Each filter output is followed by single order switched capacitor filter which smooths the
signal prior to the limiting .limiting is performed by gain comparators which are provided by
hysteresis to prevent the direction of the unwanted low level signals. The outputs of comparators
provide full rail logic swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals.
Decoder Section

Following the filter section is a decoder employing digital counting techniques to

determine the frequencies of the incoming tones and to verify that they correspond to standard
DTMF frequencies. A complex averaging algorithm protects against tone simulation by extraneous
signals such as voice while Figure 7- Basic Steering Circuit providing tolerance to small
frequency deviation sand variations.

Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to assume an inactive state (see
Steering Circuit). Steering Circuit Before registration of a decoded tone pair, the receiver
checks for a valid signal duration (referred to as character recognition condition).

This check is performed by an external RC time constant driven by ESt. A logic high on
ESt causes vc (see Figure 4) to rise as the capacitor discharges. Provided signal

17

Fig3.4: basic steering circuit

condition is maintained (ESt remains high) for the validation period (tGTP), vc reaches the
threshold (VTSt) of the steering logic to register the tone pair,
latching its corresponding 4-bit code (see Table 1) into the output latch. At this point the GT output
is activated and drives vc to VDD.

GT continues to drive high as long as ESt remains high. Finally, after a short delay to
allow the output latch to settle, the delayed steering output flag (StD) goes high, signalling that a
received tone pair has been registered. The contents of the output latch are made available on the
4-bit output bus by raising the three state control input (TOE) to a logic high.

18

Table 3.1 DTMF Frequencies

Description
The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 is a complete DTMF receiver integrating both the band -split
filter and digital decoder functions. The filter section uses switched capacitor techniques for high
and low group filters; the decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16
DTMF tone-pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by on chip provision
of a differential input amplifier, clock oscillator and latched three-state bus interface.
DTMF Detection Methods

The scheme used to identify the two frequencies associated with the button that has been
pressed. Here, the two tones are first separated by a low pass and a
high pass filter. The pass band cut off frequency of the low pass filter is slightly above 100
19

Hz, whereas that of the high pass filter is slightly below 1200 Hz. The output of each filter
Is next converted into a square wave by a limiter and then processed by a bank of band pass
Filters with narrow pass bands. The four band pass filters in the low-frequency channel have
Centre frequencies at 697 Hz, 770 Hz, 852 Hz, and 941 Hz. The four band pass filters in
the high-frequency channel have centre frequencies at 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz, 1477 Hz, and
1633 Hz. The detector following each band pass filter develops the necessary dc switching
Signal if its input voltage is above a certain threshold.
Magnitude test: According to ITU Q.24, the maximum signal level transmit to the public network
shall not exceed 9 dBm. This limits an average voice range of 35 dBm for a very weak longdistance call to 10 dBm for a local call. A DTMF receiver is expected to operate at an average
range of 29 to +1 dBm. Thus, the largest magnitude in each band must be greater than a threshold
of 29 dBm; otherwise, the DTMF signal should not be detected.

Twist test: The tones may be attenuated according to the telephone systems gains at the
tonal frequencies. Therefore, It is not expect the received tones to have same
amplitude, even though they may be transmitted with the same strength. Twist is
defined as the difference, in decibels, between the low and high-frequency tone levels.

Frequency-offset test: This test prevents some broadband signals from being detected as DTMF
tones. If the effective DTMF tones are present, the power levels at those two frequencies should
be much higher than the power levels at the other frequencies. To perform this test, the largest
magnitude in each group is compared to the magnitudes of other frequencies in that group. The
difference must be greater than the predetermined threshold in each group.

Total-energy test: Similar to the frequency-offset test, the goal of total-energy test is to
reject some broadband signals to further improve the robustness of a DTMF decoder. To perform
this test, three different constants c1, c2, and c3 are used. The energy of the detected tone in the
low-frequency group is weighted by c1, the energy of the detected tone in the high-frequency
group is weighted by c2, and the sum of the two energies is weighted by c3. Each of these terms
must be greater than the summation of the energy from the rest of the filter outputs.
20

Second harmonic test: The objective of this test is to reject speech that has harmonics close
to the DTMF frequencies so that they might be falsely detected as DTMF tones. Since DTMF
tones are pure sinusoids, they contain very little second harmonic energy. Speech, on the other
hand, contains a significant amount of second harmonic. To test the level of second harmonic, the
detector must evaluate the second harmonic frequencies of all eight DTMF tones. These second
harmonic frequencies (1394, 1540, 1704, 1882, 2418, 2672, 2954, and 3266 Hz) can also be
detected using the Goertzel algorithm.

Digit decoder: Finally, if all five tests are passed, the tone pair is decoded and mapped to
One of the 16 keys on a telephone touch-tone keypad. Goertzels algorithm is very efficient for
DTMF signal detection. However, some real world applications may already have other DSP
modules that can be used for DTMF detection. For example, some noise reduction applications
use Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to analyse the spectrum of noise, and some speechcoding algorithms use the linear prediction coding (LPC). In these cases, the FFT or the LPC
coefficients can be used for DTMF detection.

The integrated DTMF Decoder:

The integrated DTMF decoder is the device that receives the incoming DTMF data and
converts it into a respective e4-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) number.

21

Fig3.5 flow chart of Goertzel algorithm

Features
Complete DTMF Receiver
Low power consumption
Internal gain setting amplifier
Adjustable guard time
Central office quality
Power-down mode

22

 Inhibit mode
Backward compatible with MT8870C/MT8870C-1
Application
Receiver system for British Telecom (BT) or CEPT Spec (MT8870D-1)
Paging systems
Repeater systems/mobile radio
Credit card systems
Remote control
Personal computers
Telephone answering machine.

23

3.3 D-Flip Flop

The D ip-op is widely used. It is also known as a "data" or "delay" flip-flop. The D flip-flop
captures the value of the D-input at a definite portion of the clock cycle (such as the rising edge
of the clock). That captured value becomes the Q output. At other times, the output Q does not
change. The D flip-flop can be viewed as a memory cell, a Zero order hold or delay line.

Truth table:
Clock

Qnext

Rising edge

Rising edge

Non-Rising

'X' denotes a dont care condition.

Fig 3.6 D Flip Flop

Inputs

Outputs

>

Q'

Fig 3.7 pin diagram of IC 7474

24

The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D
stands for "data"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a
basic memory cell. A D flip-flop can be made from a set/reset flip flop by tying the set to the
reset through an inverter. The result may be clocked.
The output Q will track the input D so long as the flip-flop remains enabled.
A D-Flip Flop constructed from a NAND LATCH.
The D flip-flop tries to follow the input D but cannot make the required transitions unless it is enabled
by the clock. Note that if the clock is low when a transition in D occurs, the tracking transition in Q
occurs at the next upward transition of the clock.

25

Chapter-4
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a generalpurpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a
wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers, or digital
signal processors (DSP).A processor is an important unit in the embedded system hardware. It is
the heart of the embedded system.
Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, cooking, industrial,
automotive, medical, commercial and military applications.
Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone
switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses
dedicated routers and network bridges to route data. Consumer electronics include personal digital
assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile phones, videogame consoles, digital cameras, DVD
players, GPS receivers, and printers. Many household appliances, such as
Microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to provide
flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more
accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home
automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate,
security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and
controlling.
Embedded systems are used in transportation, fire safety, safety and security, medical
applications and life critical systems, as these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus, be
26

more reliable. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have greater ability to handle higher
temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be selfsufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems.
Characteristics
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a generalpurpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must
be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. The program
instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in readonly memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little
memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen
BC547 TRANSISTOR:
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of
resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current
at collector & emitter terminals.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

Fig4.1: BC547transistor
RELAY
27

The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes
an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So
the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not,
respectively.
A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a
circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit
(e.g. 100 VAC or more).
The relay operates mechanically, so it cannot operate at high speed.

Fig 4.2 Operation of Relay

Internal circuit of Relay

Fig4.3: relays

28

There are many kind of relays. You can select one according to your needs. The various
things to consider when selecting a relay are its size, voltage and current capacity of the contact
points, drive voltage, impedance, number of contacts, resistance of the contacts, etc. The resistance
voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the point of contact in the
switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and melt, sometimes fusing
together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.

POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power
supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often
to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.. This also can be done using a step down transformer,
rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 5v DC power. Here a brief
description of all the components are given as follows:

LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is
a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction
there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and
electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron be
transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source is called
electroluminescence. [Grab your readers attention with a great quote from the document or use
this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.]

29

Fig 4.4 LED& LED Symbol

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed
by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in forward bias
condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat shells. The positive leg is
longer than negative leg.

Benefits of LEDs

Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power supplies.
High efficiency: Most of the power supplied to an LED or IRED is converted into radiation in
the desired form, with minimal heat production.
Long life: When properly installed, an LED or IRED can function for decades.

Typical Applications

Indicator lights: These can be two-state (i.e., on/off), bar-graph, or alphabetic-numeric

readouts.
LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel computer displays.
Fibre optic data transmission: Ease of modulation allows wide communications bandwidth
with minimal noise, resulting in high speed and accuracy.
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Remote control: Most home-entertainment "remotes" use IREDs to transmit data to the main
unit.
Opt isolator: Stages in an electronic system can be connected together without unwanted
interaction.

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Chapter-5
Project practical circuit photo:

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Project practical circuit photo (output)

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5.2 Results & Discussions

APPLICATIONS:

This system can be used in industrial applications.

This system can be employed in houses ,where people often forget to switch off electrical
appliances

This system can be used to control ACs to set the room temperature
when user are outside .

user can extend this circuit to control many electrical devices with some modifications
using 4 x16 decoder IC.

ADVANTAGES:

Quick response is achieved.

Construction is easy.

Easy to maintain and repair

Design is efficient.

Power consumption is low.

Controlling electrical devices wirelessly.

Saves electricity (when user forget to switch off and go out).

user can control appliances from any place round the globe.

DISADVANTAGES:

This system needs a cell phone to be placed in circuit.

Number of electrical appliances that can be controlled by this circuit is limited

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5.3 Conclusions & Future work

During the realization of the presented project the following points can be depicted:
It is simple to control the operation of anywhere appliances by exploiting the existing
mobile network, i.e. its not necessary to install a specific network. Any type of
mobiles can do the job.
The control circuit is reliable and simple to build.
The system is secure, by black listing all the call number except that of the specific
users (installed in the white list).
The system can let the user know the status of the appliances, before and after the
switching.
The system is implemented practically and the expected results are obtained.

Future Work:

In this system there is no use of any applications on the control mobile, so for a future
work it will be useful to develop programs for the mobile devices to give more control options and
security control.
As a future work in the field of the presented project, it is recommended develop the
system using PLCs or Microcontrollers, to give more reliability and control options, as temperature
control, security and more computational work so the system can do more than just turn On/Off
the devices.

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By placing the GSM module and sensors user can able get more advance for this project
to get the message.
REFERENCES;1). Telecommunication Switching Systems and networks by Thiagarajan Viswanathan
2).http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2012/07/dtmf-cell-phone-controlled-home-appliancesautomation-project.html
3). http://www.microsemi.com/products/telephony/dtmf-receivers/mt8870d
4.) http://www.edgefxkits.com/blog/dtmf-decoder-application-circuits
5). http://www.elctronicshub.com.
6).http://electronics4you.com/led
7).http://answers.com/topic/led

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