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I. DEFINITIONS
1. Density:
Density of a material is the mass per unit volume
=
M
V
Where M is the mass (kg or Lb) and V is the volume of the material (m3
or ft3). Therefore, the unit of the density, , is kg/m3 (in SI system) or
Lb/ft3 (in British unit). Since the volume of a material changes with
temperature while the mass remains constant, the density of a material is
a function of temperature.
2. Specific Gravity:
Specific gravity of a material is the ratio of the density of the material to
the density of a reference substance at a specific condition. Usually
density of water at 4oC is used as the reference.
S .G . =
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W2 W1
V
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2. Hydrometer:
A hydrometer consists of a glass float with a weight at the bottom and a
stem on the upper part. The stem has a graduated scale for the specific
gravity reading.
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A hydrometer is:
easy to use, inexpensive
fairly accurate, adaptable to on-line measurement
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When the liquid density increases, the iron core moves up with the
hydrometer, resulting in a finite positive voltage output. On the other
hand, when the liquid density decreases, the iron core moves
downwards, resulting in a negative voltage output. The voltage output
can be measured and calibrated to give readings in density or specific
gravity of liquid.
water at 4 C
141.5
L
W
131.5
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3. Degree Baume
For liquid lighter than water:
Degree Baume =
140
L
W
130
145
L
W
P: pressure sensor
liquid out
A: amplifier
C: A/D converter
h
P
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b) Stressed gauge:
Rx = Ro +R
Va = Ro/(Ro+Ro)Vs = Vs/2
Vb = Ro/(Ro+Rx)Vs = Ro/(Ro + Ro + R)Vs = Ro/( 2Ro + R)Vs
Vab= Vs/2 - Ro/( 2Ro + R)Vs = Vs[1/2 Ro/(2Ro + R)]
Vab= Vs[(2Ro + R-2Ro)/(2(2Ro+ R))]= Vs[(R/Ro)/(2(2+ R/Ro))]
Vab =
R / Ro
VS
4 1 + R / 2 Ro
Since R << Ro, R/2Ro << 1, the equation for Vab can be simplified
as:
Vab =
V S R
4 Ro
Vab can be measured under different load conditions on the strain gauge
and calibrated to read the density of liquid in the tank.
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S =
W 3 W1
(W 2 W 1) (W 4 W 3)
Where S is the density of solid and L is the density of liquid, W1, W2,
W3 and W4 are the weights of the empty pycnometer, the pycnometer
filled up with liquid, the pycnomter plus solid (no liquid), and the
pycnometer plus solid and filled with liquid, respectively. Therefore,
(W3-W1) is the weight of the solid in the pycnometer, (W4-W3) is the
weight of the liquid fraction in the pycnometer.
2. Gas pycnometer:
For solids that are soluble in water and other organic solvents, a gas
pycnometer can be used to measure the solid density.
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Gasvalve
T,V
T,V
Tank2
Tank1
The two tanks are of the same size with the volume V at the same
temperature, T.
a) When the valve is closed, tank 2 contains some compressed air at
pressure P2 and tank 1 contains some solid and at a pressure P1,
which is lower than P2.
According to the ideal gas law:
P1V1 = n1 RT
P2V2 = n2 RT
b) The valve is then opened:
P3V3 = (n1 + n2) RT
Where V3 = V1 + V2
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Therefore,
P3 (V1 + V2) = n1 RT + n2 RT = P1 V1 + P2 V2
V2 (P2 P3) = V1 (P3 P1)
The volume of the gas in tank 1 is:
V1 = V2
( P2 P3 )
( P3 P1 )
Assuming the volume of the connecting pipe between the two tanks is
very small compared to the volume of the tanks, V2 = V that is known.
The volume of the solid fraction in tank 1 is (V-V1). Thus, the density of
the solid can be readily determined as:
S =
M
(V V1 )
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