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ISSN: 2319-507X
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INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the cleanest forms of renewable energy. The recent
observance in the climatic changes has paved the way for exploiting more green energy
resources like solar. Though the technology seems to be expensive, it has found itself a new
dimension and has got a very good reception in the society especially with the introduction of
programs like Feed in Tariff and the incentives provided by them [1-3]
Jordan is a very rich country in renewable resources especially solar, the average peak sun
hours are estimated to be around 5.8 hours per day which is amongst the highest in the world,
furthermore the temperatures are not very high which is beneficial for the panels power output
efficiency[ 4].
Jordan is a non-oil-producing country and imports 96% of the energy used. As a consequence,
energy imports accounts for roughly 22% of the GDP. The populations growth rate is high;
about 2.3% per year. This causes the demand on energy sources, mainly oil products to increase
rapidly. The energy crisis in Jordan drives us to move toward alternative energy, especially solar
energy. Implementation of renewable energy resources such as solar energy, will lead to
economic, social and environmental benefits [4, 6].
The Jordanian market is currently witnessing a huge increase in photovoltaic energy projects
demand and that's due to the increase in electricity bill costs and due to the introduction of the
renewable energy law which has included the net metering application [5].
Jordan lies within the solar belt of the world with high average solar radiation. Decentralized
photovoltaic units in rural and remote villages are currently used for lighting, water pumping
and other social services (1000kW of peak capacity). In addition, about 15% of all households in
Jordan are equipped with solar water heating systems in May 2012, also a 280 kilo watt solar
electricity system was inaugurated to be used at El Hassan Science City.
As per the Energy Master Plan, 30 percent of all households are expected to be equipped with
solar water heating system by the year 2020. The government is hoping to construct the first
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) demonstration project in the short to medium term and is
considering Aqaba and the south-eastern region for this purpose. It is also planning to have
solar desalination plant. According to the national strategy the planned installed capacity will
amount to 300MW 600MW (CSP, PV and hybrid power plants) by 2020.
Interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) power system to the grid is considered in this paper
.Detailed models of the PV array, power converter and connected grid is used in the simulation.
Available Online at www.ijpret.com
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
In this research the voltage at busses under the simulated solar PV is determined, also the real
and reactive power flow are studied.
This research presents two scenarios with identical PV systems but with different connection
points to the distribution network, the first to 33kV sending bus and the second to 33kV
receiving bus. The different scenarios are simulated using energy technology assistance
program (ETAP), and then the effects of integration the solar farms into the grid are analyzed
and evaluated.
2. SOLAR RESOURCE POTENTIALS IN JORDAN
Jordan has a great solar power potential (Among the best in the world),the annual-average
daily solar radiation is around 5.5-6.0 kWh/ m ,the yearly hours of sunshine are approximately
3300 hours ,relatively moderate temperatures and relatively low dust and low humidity levels.
Because of this great solar power potential it must pay attention to this renewable source and
use it as a source for generating electric power to reduce Jordan's energy crisis rather than
relying on neighboring countries and increase costs to the Jordan budget [6-7].
Jordan has launched a comprehensive strategy for the development of the energy sector and
increases the reliability of renewable energy. The strategy has studied all alternatives and
economic options available to meet the demand of energy in all its forms. It has suggested
specific mechanisms to ensure the security of energy supply, including the needed
infrastructure projects. The estimated investment cost for the infrastructure projects included
in the strategy would amount to 14 -18 billion US dollars for the period (2007-2020) .The
proportion of reliance on renewable energy sources increase from 2% in 2010 to 10% for the
year 2020. Figure 1 illustrates energy mix of current and projected.
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Jordan lies between latitudes 29 and 34 N, and longitudes 35 and 40 E (a small area lies west
of 35). It consists of an arid plateau in the east, irrigated by oasis and seasonal water streams,
with highland area in the west of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry; it extends
over a surface of 88788 km2.
Jordan has a promising potential of power generation from solar energy, which basically
constitute a national resource waiting to be invested to the full extent.
Jordan has an excellent level of solar irradiance as shown in the solar irradiance distribution
atlas shown in figure 2.
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
111
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
The system is composed of two main busses: a DC bus and an AC bus. The PV panels are
connected to the DC bus logically because the output of the PV panels is DC; this power is then
converted to AC using an inverter and connected to the AC bus to which the electrical load is
connected.
3.1 Solar Data for the selected site
Solar irradiance data for Sabha location were obtained from the (HOMER).
The data obtained is shown in table 1 and illustrated in figure 6, the average solar radiation is
about 5.480 kWh/m.day which is a very high value and suitable for electrical power
generation.
Table (1): The average daily solar radiation incident in one square meter area
(kwh/m/d) for Sabha
Fig.6. The average daily solar radiation incident on one square meter area (kwh/m/d) for Sabha
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Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
The data was fed to (HOMER) and synthesized to 8760 hours, the main characteristics of the
load demand are shown in table 3
Table (3): Sabha Load profile characteristics.
Average (MWh/d)
376,8
Average (MW)
15,7
Peak (MW)
43,4
Load factor
.361
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3.4.1
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Fig.11. The average daily demand for months of year 2011 in Sabha
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Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Table (4): Philadelphia M-72 Panel characteristics (Philadelphia M-72 PV Panel data sheet).
The Philadelphia solar M72- VALUES
300 PV DATA
UNIT
300
Open-circuit Voltage[Voc]
45.36
Short-circuit Current[Isc]
8.78
Voltage
Coefficient
Temperature -2.11
mV/cell/C
Current
Coefficient
Temperature 4.62
mA/cell/C
Module Efficiency
15.4
Length
1965
Mm
Width
990
Mm
Area
1.95
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This PV solar system consists of 32 PV arrays ,each array contains 1667 solar panels, with
output 300 watt for each panel connecting 27 solar panels in series which is called strings to get
987.66 V and 112 in parallel to get 907 kW DC and current with 918.53 A. These data are used
in the SMA central inverter with 1100 KVA and unity power factor output .Table 5 shows the
technical data for the inverter.
Table (5): Technical data for SUNNY CENTRA 1000MV-20
The SMA central inverter data
VALUES
UNIT
Max. DC power
1120
KW
1000
480
2500
1100
KVA
Nominal AC voltage
2000
Ac power frequency
50
Hz
31.8
Max. efficiency
98
The inverters connected to 20kV bus bar which is suitable to their output voltage.
The PV- power plant with output 15.7 MVA at unity power factor is connected to the national
power grid through 25 MVA transformer to step up its voltage to 33 kV substation.
3.6 Distribution Network Description
The distribution network of Sabha is fed from the power grid of 132kV through two 40 MVA
step down transformers (132 /33 kV) to supply the town's load.
4. SIMULATION USING ETAP
Energy technology assistance program (ETAP) is used to simulate the PV solar system
integrated with the grid [9]. ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design,
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Case I consists of the Sabha electric distribution network which is fed from the National
Electrical Power Company (NEPCO) [10]. Figure 12 shows the single line diagram of electric
distribution network
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Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
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Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
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121
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
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122
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
123
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Figure 17 shows the PV Arrays connected to 33kV receiving bus bar at average load with load
flow
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ISSN: 2319-507X
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ID
kW
kVAr
kW
kVAr
kW
kVAr
T3
49.5
1.3508
24.9
679.4
24.8
678.3
T5
49.5
1.3508
24.9
679.4
24.8
678.3
T4
28.2
667.2
29.2
691.7
Line1
160.7
321.4
161
322
54.5
109
Line5
160.7
321.4
161
322
54.5
109
Line6
51.2
102.4
51.3
102.6
52.3
104.7
Line8
51.2
102.4
51.3
102.6
52.3
104.7
Line9
1.3
2.6
1.3
2.6
1.3
852.902
475.7
2210.6
264.5
1791
Total
524.1
losses
except PV
plant
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at
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
ID
Bus
Voltage ,%
Voltage
Drop,%
Bus
Voltage,%
Voltage
Drop,%
Bus
Voltage,%
Voltage
Drop,%
T3
96.339
3.661
96.424
3.576
96.448
3.552
T5
96.339
3.661
96.424
3.576
96.448
3.552
T4
96.424
0.208
94.818
0.118
Line1
93.678
2.66
93.763
2.661
94.7
1.748
Line5
93.678
2.66
93.763
2.661
94.7
1.748
Line6
92.624
1.05
92.433
1.33
93.633
1.067
Line8
93.627
0.05
93.763
0.05
94.645
0.055
Line9
92.624
1.05
92.433
1.33
93.633
1.067
CKT
at
5.3 Impact of the installation capacity of PV system on the power losses and voltage profile.
According to the load flow analysis the power losses and voltage profile are determined and
summarized in table 7
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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
Table (7): Voltage profile and total power losses for different installation capacities of the PV
system
PV (MW)
V1 (KV)
V2 (KV)
V3 (KV)
V4 (KV)
V5 (KV)
V6 (KV)
Total
Losses
(kw)
0.0
132
31.792
30.914
30.566
30.897
30.566
524.1
1.781
132
31.82
30.961
30.613
30.944
30.613
475.9
3.577
132
31.81
31.006
30.657
30.988
30.57
432.5
7.155
132
31.823
31.088
30.738
31.077
30.733
359.1
10.732
132
31.829
31.16
30.809
31.142
30.809
307.5
14.31
132
31.83
31.223
30.871
31.205
30.871
274.1
16.099
132
31.828
31.251
30.899
31.233
30.899
264.5
Figure 18 illustrates the voltage profile and figure 19 illustrates the power losses for a PV
system with various installation capacities.
127
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
128
Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226
Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
REFERENCES
1. Green Energy DC program (District of Columbia,
http://www.green.dc.gov/green /cwp/view,a,1244,q,461338.asp
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Solar
Initiative
http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/csi/index.ht ml
program
Washington,
DC,
USA),
(California,
USA),
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Available:http://www.erc.gov.jo
[Online]
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13. Jordanian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Website. http://www.memr.gov.jo
14. Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems - "SEGIS": Concept Paper, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, October 2007.
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15. International Energy Agency. Key World Statistics 2007. 2008. Available online at:
http://www.iea.org/ last accessed: Oct. 2008.
16. Electricity Tariff Instructions, Electricity Regulatory Commission, [Online] available:
http://www.erc.gov.jo
17. Philadelphia Solar, www.philadelphia-solar.com.
18. SMA Solar Technology Company, http://www.sma.de .
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20. National Electric Power Company Website, www.nepco.com.
21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, http://www.nrel.gov/.
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23. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/afr.htm
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