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nized.
Between the 7th and 10th centuries, the local population,
the Bulgars and the other tribes in the empire, which were
outnumbered by the Slavs,[14][15][16] gradually became
absorbed by them, adopting a South Slav language.[17]
Since the late 10th century, the names Bulgarians and
Bulgarian became prevalent and became permanent designations for the local population, both in the literature
and in the spoken language. The development of Old
Church Slavonic literacy had the eect of preventing the
assimilation of the South Slavs into neighboring cultures,
while stimulating the formation of a distinct Bulgarian
identity.[18]
The First Bulgarian Empire (modern Bulgarian: o , Parvo Balgarsko Tsarstvo) is the
historiographical term for the khanate founded by the
Bulgars circa 681, when they settled in the northeastern
Balkans, subdued or drove out the Byzantines and made
the South Slavic settlers their allies. It evolved into a
principality in 864 and an empire around 913-927. At
the height of its power Bulgaria spread from the Danube
Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the
Adriatic Sea. As the state solidied its position in the
Balkans, it entered on a centuries-long interaction, sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile, with the Byzantine
Empire. Bulgaria emerged as Byzantiums chief antagonist to its north, resulting in several wars. The two
powers also enjoyed periods of peace and alliance, most
notably during the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, where the Bulgarian army broke the siege and destroyed the Arab army, thus preventing an Arab invasion
of Southeastern Europe. Byzantium had a strong cultural inuence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual
adoption of Christianity in 864. After the disintegration
of the Avar Khaganate, the country expanded its territory
northwest to the Pannonian Plain. Later the Bulgarians
confronted the advance of the Pechenegs and Cumans,
and achieved a decisive victory over the Magyars, forcing
them to establish themselves permanently in Pannonia.
1 Nomenclature
2 Background
During the time of the late Roman Empire, the lands
of present-day Bulgaria had been organized into several
provinces - Scythia Minor, Moesia (Upper and Lower),
Thrace, Macedonia (First and Second), Dacia (north of
1
3 HISTORY
in the Balkans. Several other peoples were eventually absorbed into the new ethnicity. At that time the process of
absorption of the remnants of the old Thraco-Roman and
Thraco-Byzantine population had already been signicant in the formation of this new ethnic group. The new
single identity nation would continue to identify as Bulgarian and uphold the eponymous state as its own. Modern
Bulgarians continue to celebrate the original non-Slavic
Bulgar state and Thracian ancestors, while embracing a
Slavic identity at the same time.
3 History
The Bulgarian colonies after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the
7th century.
2.1
The Bulgars
2.2
It is likely that the original Bulgars were greatly outnumbered by the Slavic population among whom they were
settled. Between the 7th and the 10th centuries, the Bulgars gradually became absorbed by the Slavs, adopting
a South Slav language[17] and converting to Christianity (of the Byzantine rite) under Boris I of Bulgaria in
864. Modern Bulgarians are normally considered to be
of Southern Slavic origin. However, the Slavs were only
one of the communities that had been present in the area
conquered by Bulgars, themselves being recent migrants
3.3
Territorial expansion
3 HISTORY
Christianization
3.5
disciples Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav and Angelarius, who were banished from Great Moravia, reached
Bulgaria and were warmly welcomed by Boris I. The Bulgarian Knyaz commissioned the creation of two theological academies to be headed by the disciples where the
future Bulgarian clergy was to be instructed in the local
vernacular. Clement was sent to Ohrid[60] in Southwestern Bulgaria, where he taught 3,500 pupils between 886
and 893. Naum established the literary school in the capital Pliska, moved later to the new capital Preslav. During the Council of Preslav in 893, Bulgaria adopted the
Glagolitic alphabet and Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language as ocial language of the church and
state, and expelled the Byzantine clergy. In the early 10th
century the Cyrillic script was created at the Preslav Literary School.
3.5
3 HISTORY
populated areas in Macedonia and 20 fortresses in Albania, including the important town Drach.[68]
After the unrest in the Byzantine Empire following the
death of Emperor Alexander in 913, Simeon I invaded
Byzantine Thrace, but he was persuaded to stop in return for ocial recognition of his Imperial title and marriage of his daughter to the infant Emperor Constantine
VII.[69][70] Simeon I was supposed to become regent of
the Emperor and to temporarily rule the Byzantine Empire. However, after a plot in the Byzantine court, Empress Zoe, mother of Constantine VII, rejected the marriage and Simeons title, and both sides prepared for a
decisive battle. By 917 Simeon I broke every attempt
of the Empire to form an alliance with the Magyars, the
Pechenegs, and the Serbs, and the Byzantines were forced
to ght alone. On 20 August the two armies clashed at
Anchialus in one of the greatest battles in the Middle
Ages.[71] The Byzantines suered an unprecedented defeat, leaving 70,000 killed on the battleeld; the pursuing Bulgarian forces defeated the remainder of the enemy armies at Katasyrtai.[72] Constantinople was saved by
a Serb attack from the West; the Serbs were thoroughly
defeated, but their attack allowed the Byzantine admiral
and later Emperor Romanos Lakepanos to prepare the
defense of the city. In the following decade the Bulgarians gained control of the whole Balkan peninsula with the
exception of Constantinople and Peloponnese.
In a CroatianBulgarian battle of 926, often called the
Battle of the Bosnian Highlands, Duke Alogobotur attacked Croatia. The Croatian forces under the leadership
of their King Tomislav completely devastated the Bulgarian army and stopped Simeons expansion westwards.[73]
3.6
Decline
3.7 Fall
See also: Samuil of Bulgaria and Battle of Kleidion
After the Byzantine takeover, the lands to the west of the
Iskar River remained in Bulgarian hands, and resistance
against the Byzantines was headed by the Comitopuli
brothers. By 976, the fourth brother, Samuil, concentrated all power in his hands after the deaths of his eldest
brother. When the rightful heir to the throne, Roman,
escaped from captivity in Constantinople, he was recognized as Emperor by Samuil in Vidin,[80] and the latter
remained the chief commander of the Bulgarian army. A
brilliant general and good politician, he managed to turn
the fortunes to the Bulgarians. The new Byzantine Emperor Basil II was decisively defeated in the battle of the
Gates of Trajan in 986 and barely escaped.[81][82] Five
years later he eliminated the Serbian state of Rascia.[83]
In 997, following the death of Roman, the last heir of
the Krum dynasty, Samuil was proclaimed Emperor of
Bulgaria.[84] After 1001, however, the war turned in favor
of the Byzantines, who captured the old capitals of Pliska
and Preslav, and beginning in 1004 launched annual campaigns against Bulgaria. The Byzantines further beneted
from a war between Bulgaria and the newly established
Kingdom of Hungary in 1003. The Byzantine victories
at Spercheios and Skopje decisively weakened the Bulgarian army, and in annual campaigns, Basil methodically reduced the Bulgarian strongholds. Eventually, at
the Battle of Kleidion in 1014, the Bulgarians were completely defeated.[10] The Bulgarian army was captured; it
is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded, with the
remaining hundredth man left with one eye so as to lead
his compatriots home (earning Basil the moniker Bulgaroktonos, the Bulgar Killer). When Tsar Samuil saw
the broken remains of his army, he suered a heart attack
and died. By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had sur-
4.2
Ceramics
Culture
The Madara Rider (c. 710), large rock relief carved on the
Madara Plateau east of Shumen, northeast Bulgaria.
7
construction materials were timber and bricks. The second type was construction of defensive walls using large
carved limestone blocks put together with plaster. The
same method was used in the construction of the fortress
of Preslav, the military camp at Han Krum, the hunting palace in Madara, and in the fortress on the island
of Pcuiul lui Soare.[87] Fortresses were mainly situated
in the plains, unlike those constructed during the Second
Bulgarian Empire.
After the adoption of Christianity in 864, intensive construction of churches and monasteries began throughout the Empire, including the Great Basilica of Pliska,
which was one of the biggest structures of the time with
its length of 99 m, and the splendid Golden Church in
Preslav. Most of the churches built during that period had
three naves. The Bulgarian capital was also famous for
the ceramics that adorned its public and religious buildings. Beautiful icons and church altars were made of special ceramic tiles. There were numerous goldsmith and
silversmith workshops producing ne jewellery.
4.2 Ceramics
6 SEE ALSO
or tubular and were arranged to form friezes of repeating motifs. Due to the destruction of Pliska and Preslav,
only fragments and details of the ceramic decoration have
survived. Most nds of tiles, as well as archaeological
evidence of the workshops producing them, come from
Preslav and the surrounding region (chiey the village of
Patleina).[89]
The main sources for Bulgarian domestic use-oriented
pottery are the necropoleis at Novi Pazar, Devnya, and
Varna. The vessels were made with a potters wheel, unlike Slavic practice. Two-story ovens were used for the
annealing of the pottery. The shape and decoration of
the early Bulgarian pottery was similar to that found in
northern Caucasus, the Crimea, and the shores of the Sea
of Azov.
4.3
some historians to have been Simeon himself. Chernorizets Hrabar wrote his popular work An Account of
Letters, Clement of Ohrid worked on translations from
Greek and is credited with several important religious
books, John Exarch wrote his Shestodnev and translated
On Orthodox Christianity by John of Damascus, Naum
of Preslav also had a signicant contribution. Bulgarian scholars and works inuenced most of the Slavic
world, spreading Old Church Slavonic and the Cyrillic
and Glagolithic alphabets to Kievan Rus, medieval Serbia, and medieval Croatia, as well as to non-Slavic medieval Wallachia and Moldavia.
5 Religion
Literature
Bulgarian literature is the oldest Slavic literature. Missionaries from Thessalonica, Cyril and Methodius, devised the Glagolitic alphabet, which was adopted in the
Bulgarian Empire around 886. The alphabet and the Old
Bulgarian language gave rise to a rich literary and cultural
activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Schools,
established by order of Boris I in 886. In the beginning
of the 10th century, a new alphabet the Cyrillic script
- was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School by Saint Clement of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar
and disciple of Cyril and Methodius. A pious monk and
hermit, St. Ivan of Rila (Ivan Rilski, 876946), became
the patron saint of Bulgaria.
During his reign Simeon gathered many scholars in his
court who translated an enormous number of books
from Greek and wrote many new works. Among the
most prominent gures were Constantine of Preslav, John
Exarch, and Chernorizets Hrabar, who is believed by
6 See also
Bulgars
Slavs
Thracians
Kingdom of Balhara
9
Old Great Bulgaria
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Notes
[15] The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth
to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0-472-08149-7 p. 68.
Google Books. 15 May 1991. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
[16] Formation of the Bulgarian Nation, Academician Dimitr Simeonov Angelov, Summary, Soa-Press, 1978.
Kroraina.com. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
a. [a] Bulgaria is usually accepted to have been established in 681 when the Byzantine Empire acknowl- [17] L. Ivanov. Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages.
Soa, 2007.
edged the country as a sovereign state in a treaty.
However, only some Bulgarian historians maintain [18] Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst &
a fringe view that Bulgaria existed since 632 with
Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0, pp. 19-20.
the creation of Old Great Bulgaria by Khan Kubrat
[19] Runciman, S. A History of the First Bulgarian Empire, p.
in today Ukraine.
27
Footnotes
[31] . .
. - .
188.
[32] http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_2.htm,
line 15
[33] A Concise History of Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521616379, pp. 89.
p.28,
10
[35] , . . ,
681-1323. ,
1986. . 106-108.
[36] Theophanes, p. 359
8 FOOTNOTES
[62] ,
" ", 1988
[63] Fine (1991), p. 139
[64] Delev, Blgarskata drava pri car Simeon.
[66] , , .
316.
[39] Nicephorus, p. 69
[40] Theophanes, p. 433
[67] , , .
321.
[83] , p. 331
[84] , p. 43
[85] " :
", , , .
1, , "", . 170-200
[86] , . .
VIII- .
//
, , 1969, . 224-230
[87] . Diaconu, D. Vilceanu, Pcuiul lui Soare.
bizantina, I, Bucureti, 1972
Cetatea
11
References
Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996). The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Abagar.
ISBN 954-427-216-X.
Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1918). Medieval History of the
Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hunn-Bulgar Domination (679852) (in Bulgarian). Soa: Science and
Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.),
Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006.
ISBN 954-739-928-4. (
. I.,
. I.
- (679852),
1918)
Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1927). Medieval History of the
Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part II: From Slavianization to the Fall
of the First Bulgarian Empire (8521018) (in Bulgarian). Soa: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
2002. (
. I.
. II.
(8521018)], 1927)
, ; (2003).
(in Bulgarian). : , . ISBN
954528613X.
, (2006). (in
Bulgarian). , : , 45.
ISBN 954-528-610-5.
, ; ; ;
; ;
(2006). 11. (in
Bulgarian). , .
(in Bulgarian).
,
, . 2005.
Fine, Jr., John V.A. (1991). The Early Medieval
Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary
of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780-19-504652-6
Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London.
Cawley, Charles Medieval Lands, Foundation for
Medieval Genealogy, 20062007
Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 582. ISBN
9789004191457.
10 External links
Media related to First Bulgarian Empire at Wikimedia Commons
12
11
11
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11.2
Images
11.2
Images
13
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11.3
Content license