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( x, y )
hypotenuse
opposite
q
x
tan 2 q + 1 = sec 2 q
adjacent
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos q =
hypotenuse
opposite
tan q =
adjacent
sin q =
hypotenuse
opposite
hypotenuse
sec q =
adjacent
adjacent
cot q =
opposite
csc q =
y
sin q = = y
1
x
cos q = = x
1
y
tan q =
x
1
csc q =
y
1
sec q =
x
x
cot q =
y
q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2, K
2
q n p , n = 0, 1, 2, K
Period
The period of a function is the number,
T, such that f (q + T ) = f (q ) . So, if w
is a fixed number and q is any angle we
have the following periods.
2p
w
2p
=
w
p
=
w
2p
=
w
2p
=
w
p
=
w
sin ( wq )
T=
q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2, K
2
q n p , n = 0, 1, 2, K
cos (wq )
tan (wq )
Range
The range is all possible values to get
out of the function.
csc q 1 and csc q -1
-1 sin q 1
sec q 1 and sec q -1
-1 cos q 1
- < tan q <
- < cot q <
csc (wq )
sec ( wq )
cot ( wq )
csc q ,
sec q ,
cot q ,
1 + cot 2 q = csc 2 q
Even/Odd Formulas
sin ( -q ) = - sin q
csc ( -q ) = - csc q
cos ( -q ) = cos q
sec ( -q ) = sec q
tan ( -q ) = - tan q
cot ( -q ) = - cot q
Periodic Formulas
If n is an integer.
sin (q + 2p n ) = sin q
csc (q + 2p n ) = csc q
cot (q + p n ) = cot q
q
1 + cos q
=
2
2
cos 2 q =
1
(1 + cos ( 2q ) )
2
1 - cos ( 2q )
q
1 - cos q
=
tan 2 q =
2
1 + cos q
1 + cos ( 2q )
Sum and Difference Formulas
sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
tan
2
2
a + b a - b
sin a - sin b = 2 cos
sin
2 2
tan (a b ) =
a + b
a - b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
cos
2
2
a + b a - b
cos a - cos b = -2sin
sin
2 2
Cofunction Formulas
p
sin - q = cos q
2
csc - q = sec q
2
cos - q = sin q
2
sec - q = csc q
2
tan - q = cot q
2
cot - q = tan q
2
Unit Circle
y
3 1
- ,
2 2
3p
4
( 0,1)
p
2
1 3
- ,
2 2
2 2
,
2 2
2p
3
p
3
90
120
45
30
p 180
sin ( sin -1 ( x ) ) = x
sin - 1 (sin (q ) ) = q
tan ( tan - 1 ( x ) ) = x
tan - 1 ( tan (q ) ) = q
2 2
2 , 2
p
6
3 1
,
2 2
y = sin -1 x
-1 x 1
y = cos x
-1 x 1
y = tan -1 x
- < x <
-1
150
( -1,0)
Inverse Properties
cos ( cos -1 ( x ) ) = x
cos - 1 ( cos (q ) ) = q
-1
p
4
60
135
5p
6
1 3
2 , 2
Definition
y = sin -1 x is equivalent to x = sin y
360
2p
(1,0)
3 1
- ,-
2
2
7p
6
2
2
,
2
2
330
225
5p
4
4p
3
240
1
3
- ,
2 2
270
3p
2
315
7p
300
4
5p
3
( 0,-1)
11p
6
1
3
,
2 2
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos q = x and sin q = y
Law of Sines
sin a sin b sin g
=
=
a
b
c
Law of Tangents
a - b tan 12 (a - b )
=
a + b tan 12 (a + b )
Law of Cosines
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a
b - c tan 12 ( b - g )
=
b + c tan 12 ( b + g )
c = a + b - 2ab cos g
2
5p 1
cos
=
3 2
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos b
Example
tan -1 x = arctan x
3 1
,-
2 2
2
2
,
2
2
cos -1 x = arccos x
c
210
Alternate Notation
sin -1 x = arcsin x
Range
p
p
- y
2
2
0 yp
p
p
- < y<
2
2
a - c tan 12 (a - g )
=
a + c tan 12 (a + g )
Mollweides Formula
a + b cos 12 (a - b )
=
c
sin 12 g
3
5p
sin
=3
2