Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A Project Report
Submitted by
Arathi Nair
In partial fulfillment of the
2013-2014
CERTIFICATE
Signature of the
Candidate
Signature of the
Principal
Signature of the
Teacher In-Charge
Signature of the
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Signature of the
Candidate
Table of Contents
Sl.no
Topic
Page no.
1.
Introduction
1-2
2.
History
2-4
3.
5-6
4.
Objective
5.
6.
Theory
7.
Experiment
10-15
8.
Procedure
16-18
9.
Observation
19
10.
Result
20
11.
Bibliography
21
INTRODUCTION
In this project we will study and attempt to cultivate bacteria that are
resistance to drugs.
What this tells us is that drug resistance bacteria can be a product of natural
selection.
For example, bacteria are cultivated in the lab and the drug that can kill these
bacteria is added to the culture. Most of the bacteria will di, but the ones that
survive have genetic mutation that enables them to survive in the presence of
the antibiotic. The bacteria are drug resistance.
As we can see from the above explanation, drug resistance bacteria are caused due to the
overuse of antibiotics. In some countries like India antibiotics are sold over the counter.
This results in misuse or overuse of antibiotics which cause drug resistance bacteria to
proliferate. Once a bacterium becomes drug resistance it is very hard to get rid of it as it
is a new drug and it has not been exposed to work against it.
HISTORY
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal
folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatment of infections
were described over 2000years ago. Many ancients cultures, including the ancient
Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and
extracts to treat infections. More recent observation made in the laboratory of antibiotics
between microorganisms led to the discovery of antibacterial produced by
microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, If we could intervene between antagonism
observed between some bacteria it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes of
therapeutics. The terms, antibiosis, meaning, Against life, was introduced by French
bacteriologist Vuillemin as descriptive name of the phenomenon by these early
antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur
and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus
anthracis.
Bacillus anthracis.
3
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly prevalent opportunistic pathogen. One of the most
worrisome characteristics of P. aeruginosa is its low antibiotic susceptibility, which is
attributable to a concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded
antibiotic resistance genes and the low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to produce HAQs and it has been found that
HAQs have prooxidant effects, and overexpressing modestly increased susceptibility to
antibiotics. The study experimented with thePseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and found
that a disruption of relA and spoT genes produced an inactivation of the Stringent
response (SR) in cells who were with nutrient limitation which provides cells be more
susceptible to antibiotics.
5
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in hospitals
world wide. Clindamycin-resistant C. difficile was reported as the causative agent of
large outbreaks of diarrheal disease in hospitals in New York, Arizona, Florida and
Massachusetts between 1989 and 1992.[87] Geographically dispersed outbreaks of C.
difficile strains resistant to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and
levofloxacin, were also reported in North America in 2005.
Acinetobacter baumannii
On November 5, 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported
an increasing number of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in patients at
military medical facilities in which service members injured in the Iraq/Kuwait region
during Operation Iraqi Freedom and in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring
Freedom were treated. Most of these showed multidrug resistance (MRAB), with a few
isolates resistant to all drugs tested.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is increasing across the globe, especially in developing countries, over the
past few years. TB resistant to antibiotics is called MDR TB (Multidrug Resistant TB).
The rise of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has contributed to this.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective is to identify these drug resistant bacteria by cultivating the bacteria and
placing then in an environment of bacteria.
THEORY
Antibiotics are the chemical substances produces by microorganisms to kill other
organisms or retard their growth. Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Penicillin are a few
examples of the antibiotics which have been useful in treating various bacterial diseases.
Continuous use of particular antibiotic against any microorganism reduces its effect
because of a few bacterial cells develop resistance to antibiotic, may be due to mutation
and thus such resistant stains keep on growing even in the presence of antibiotic and do
not respond to treatment.
Genes for resistance to antibiotics, like the antibiotics themselves, are ancient. However,
the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections stem from antibiotic
in medicine. Any use of antibiotics can increase selective pressure in a population of
bacteria to allow the resistant bacteria to thrive and the susceptible bacteria to die off. As
resistance towards antibiotics becomes more common, a greater need for alternative
treatments arises. However, despite a push for new antibiotic therapies there has been a
continued decline in the number of newly approved drugs. Antibiotic resistance therefore
poses a significant problem.
EXPERIMENT
Aim: To study the drug resistance in bacteria using antibiotics.
Apparatus Requirements:
Petridish
10
Forceps
Flasks
11
Beakers
Burner
12
Chemical Requirements
Penicillin and other antibiotics
Agar
13
Tetracycline
Starch
14
Distilled water
15
PROCEDURE
16
Culture medium:
1. Beaker was taken and molten agar was prepared in it.
17
Antibiotics:
18
OBSERVATION
Number of bacterial
colonies
19
RESULT
Description
The observes trend was that the number of bacterial colonies decreased with time and
family remained constant. We can infer that the decrease was because bacteria with the
mutation survived. Over time as only the mutated bacteria remained, and the population
stabilized. We can predict that after a few more weeks, the population may show an
upward trend with mutations produce progeny with mutations.
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