566

CHAPTER 14

T R U S S A N A LY S I S U S I N G

THE

STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 14.7
Determine the force in members 1 and 2 of the pin-connected assembly
of Fig. 1415 if member 2 was made 0.01 m too short before it was fitted
into place. Take AE = 811032 kN.
8

2
4

14

y
2

3m

4
x

4m

Fig. 1415

SOLUTION
Since the member is short, then L = - 0.01 m, and therefore
applying Eq. 1426 to member 2, with lx = - 0.8, ly = - 0.6, we have
1Q120
- 0.8
0.0016
AE1 - 0.012 - 0.6
1Q220
0.0012
D
T =
D
T = AE D
T
1Q520
5
0.8
- 0.0016
1Q620
0.6
- 0.0012

1
2
5
6

The structure stiffness matrix for this assembly has been established
in Example 145. Applying Eq. 1427, we have
0
0.378
0
0.096
Q3
0
Q4
0
H X = AE H
Q5
-0.128
Q6
-0.096
Q7
-0.25
Q8
0

0.096
0.405
0
- 0.333
- 0.096
- 0.072
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
-0.333
0
0.333
0
0
0
0

-0.128
- 0.096
0
0
0.128
0.096
0
0

-0.096
- 0.072
0
0
0.096
0.072
0
0

- 0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0

0
D1
0.0016
0
D2
0.0012
0
0
0
0
0
0
X H X + AE H
X (1)
0
0
-0.0016
0
0
-0.0012
0
0
0
0
0
0

14.8

TRUSSES HAVING THERMAL CHANGES AND FABRICATION ERRORS

567

Partitioning the matrices as shown and carrying out the multiplication

to obtain the equations for the unknown displacements yields

0
0.378
c d = AE c
0
0.096

0.096 D1
0
d c d + AE c
0.405 D2
0

0
- 0.333

- 0.128
- 0.096

- 0.096
- 0.072

which gives
0 = AE[0.378D1 + 0.096D2] + AE[0] + AE[0.0016]
0 = AE[0.096D1 + 0.405D2] + AE[0] + AE[0.0012]
Solving these equations simultaneously,
D1 = - 0.003704 m
D2 = - 0.002084 m
Although not needed, the reactions Q can be found from the expansion of Eq. (1) following the format of Eq. 1429.
In order to determine the force in members 1 and 2 we must apply
Eq. 1430, in which case we have
lx = 0, ly = 1, L = 3 m, AE = 811032 kN, so that

Member 1.

q1 =

811032
3

[0

-1

q1 = - 5.56 kN

q2 =

Ans.

lx = - 0.8, ly = - 0.6, L = 5 m, AE = 811032 kN, so

Member 2.

811032

0
0
1]D
T + [0]
- 0.003704
- 0.002084

[0.8

q2 = 9.26 kN

0.6

- 0.8

- 0.003704
811032 1- 0.012
- 0.002084
-0.6] D
T 0
5
0
Ans.

-0.25
0

0
0
0 0
0.0016
d F V + AE c
d
0 0
0.0012
0
0

14

568

CHAPTER 14

T R U S S A N A LY S I S U S I N G

THE

STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 14.8
Member 2 of the truss shown in Fig. 1416 is subjected to an increase
in temperature of 150F. Determine the force developed in member 2.
Take a = 6.5110-62>F, E = 2911062 lb>in2. Each member has a crosssectional area of A = 0.75 in2.
y

14

4
4

7
2
10 ft 3

6
5
5

2
1
1

10 ft

Fig. 1416

SOLUTION
Since there is a temperature increase, T = + 150F. Applying
Eq. 1425 to member 2, where lx = 0.7071, ly = 0.7071, we have
1Q120
0.7071
0.000689325 1
1Q220
0.7071
0.000689325 2
-6
D
T = AE16.52 110 2 11502 D
T = AE D
T
1Q720
-0.7071
-0.000689325 7
1Q820
-0.7071
-0.000689325 8

The stiffness matrix for this truss has been developed in Example 142.

0
0.135
0
0.035
0
0
0
0
H X = AE H
0
0
Q6
-0.1
Q7
-0.035
Q8
-0.035

0.035
0.135
0
-0.1
0
0
-0.035
-0.035

0
0
0.135
-0.035
0.035
-0.035
-0.1
0

0
-0.1
-0.035
0.135
-0.035
0.035
0
0

0
0
0.035
-0.035
0.135
-0.035
0
-0.1

-0.1
0
-0.035
0.035
-0.035
0.135
0
0

-0.035
-0.035
-0.1
0
0
0
0.135
0.035

-0.035
0.000689325
D1
-0.035
D2
0.000689325
0
D3
0
D4
0
0
X H X + AE H
X
-0.1
D5
0
0
0
0
0
0.035
-0.000689325
0
0.135
-0.000689325

1
2
3
4
(1)
5
6
7
8

14.8

TRUSSES HAVING THERMAL CHANGES AND FABRICATION ERRORS

569

Expanding to determine the equations of the unknown displacements,

and solving these equations simultaneously, yields
D1 = - 0.002027 ft
D2 = - 0.01187 ft
D3 = - 0.002027 ft
D4 = - 0.009848 ft

14

D5 = - 0.002027 ft
Using Eq. 1430 to determine the force in member 2, we have

q2 =

0.75[2911062]
1022

[- 0.707

-0.707

0.707

-0.002027
-0.01187
0.707]D
T - 0.75[2911062][6.5110-62]11502
0
0

= - 6093 lb = - 6.09 k

Ans.

Note that the temperature increase of member 2 will not cause any
reactions on the truss since externally the truss is statically determinate.
To show this, consider the matrix expansion of Eq. (1) for determining
the reactions. Using the results for the displacements, we have
Q6 = AE[- 0.11-0.0020272 + 0 - 0.0351- 0.0020272
+ 0.0351- 0.0098482 - 0.0351 - 0.0020272] + AE[0] = 0

Q7 = AE[-0.0351-0.0020272 - 0.0351 -0.011872

- 0.11-0.0020272 + 0 + 0] + AE[- 0.000689325] = 0

Q8 = AE[-0.0351 -0.0020272 - 0.0351 -0.011872 + 0

+ 0 - 0.11-0.0020272] + AE[- 0.000689325] = 0