Brodcast domain--logical division in which every node can reach each other by br

odcast at the datalink layer

collision domain-->A collision domain is a physical network segment where data p
ackets can collide with one another when being sent on a shared medium.
Open system interconnection(OSI Model)--seven layers-->Application, presentation
, session, transport, Network ,datalink, physical
application provides user interface
presentation handles encryption,compression, translation services.
session-->keeps different applications data separate(Dialog control)
Transport-->end to end connection.
Network---logical addressing
Datalink--Framing
CIDR(classless interdomain routing)
===================================
VLSM(Variable Length subnet Mask)
=================================
Troubleshooting:
================
ping 127.0.0.1 --ping failure-->TCP/IP needs to be reinstalled
ping local-ip-address -->ping failure-->NIC is not functiong
ping local gateway -->ping failure--->local problem anywhere between router and
the PC.
sh ip arp-->arp mappings in cisco router
Cisco IOS(internetwork operating system) is the kernel of the operating system.
circuit switching -->The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically conne
cted as with an electrical circuit.Circuit switching is a telecommunications tec
hnology by which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel
(circuit) before the nodes may communicate
Packet switching is the process of segmenting a message/data to be transmitted i
nto several smaller packets. Each packet is labeled with its destination and a s
equence number (for ordering related packets), precluding the need for a dedicat
ed path to help the packet find its way to its destination. Each is dispatched a
nd many may go via different routes.
ISDN and ATM?

Difference between Gateway and ROuter?

ROUTER

network device that forwards packets from one network to another. Based on inter
nal routing tables, routers read each incoming packet and decide how to forward
it.
Routers work at the network layer (layer 3) of the protocol
GATEWAY
device that converts one protocol or format to another. A network gateway conver
ts packets from one protocol to another.the gateway functions as an entry/exit p
oint to the network.An earlier name for router.
GATEWAY work at the Transport layer or session layer (layer 4) of the protocol
wat is subnetting?
Used in IP Networks to break up larger networks into smaller subnetworks. It is
used to reduce network traffic, Optimized network performance, and simplify mana
gement i.e. to identify and isolate network problems.
difference between RARP and ARP?
ARP is used to determine the physical address(MAC Address) of the device only wh
en its ip address is known. ARP is also used to translate the IP address to Ethe
rnet MAC address. Each device has a physical address imprinted on the Network In
terface Card(NIC).ARP used to associate an IP address with the phycial address.
RARP is used to determine the IP address of the host only when the physical addr
ess (MAC Address) is known. It's useful when the computer is connected to the ne
twork for the first time.
what is MTU?
maximum transmission unit (MTU) of a communications protocol of a layer is the s
ize (in bytes) of the largest protocol data unit that the layer can pass onwards
.
Integrated services router(ISR)?
2800 series of routers is called ISR since service like security has been built
on it.Ibt has SDM (security device Manager) for configuration of router via web
console.
Startting process of router?
bootstrap-->stored in ROM boot the router and then load the IOS.
POST(power on self test)--stored in rom does the testing of hardware and determi
nes which interfaces are present.

CDP(cisco discovery protocol)?

help administrators collect information about both locally attached and remote d
evices.
sh cdp neighbours detail--give information about the neighbouring devices

Routing Protocols types?

Distance vector--The distance-vector protocols find the best path to a remote ne
twork by judging distance
LInk state--In link-state protocols, also called shortest-path-first protocols,
the routers each create three separate tables. One of these tables keeps track
of directly attached neighbors, one determines the topology of the en
tire internetwork, and one is used as the routing table.