Nanomaterials,

Nanotechnologies and Design

An Introduction for
Engineers and Architects

Michael F. Ashby
Paulo J. Ferreira
Daniel L. Schodek

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ELSEVIER

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON

NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
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CHAPTER 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies:

1.1
1.2
CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.2
2.3

CHAPTER 3
3.1
3.2

xiii
xix

An Overview
1
Why Nanomaterials?
1
Scale, Structure, and Behavior
11
Further Reading
15
An Evolutionary Perspective
17
A Brief History of Materials
17
Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in
Nature
23
Nanomaterials in Art and Cultural Heritage.... 29
Examples Found in Art
29
Conservation
32
Further Reading
38
The Design Context
41
Materials in Design
41
Design Focus
47
Product Design, Architecture,
and Engineering
49
Products
49
Characterizing Products: A Broad
Perspective
50
Production Volumes
52
Value
52
General Product Complexity and
Performance
53
Architecture, Building Engineering, and Civil
Engineering
55
The Design and Development Context
55
Building Types
58

The first three chapters in the

hook are introductory in
nature. Chapter 1 provides
*<.,
,
an overview of the general
characteristics
and field of
mnomateriah

Chapter 2 presents a
retrospective look at
materials, nanomaterials in
nature, and nanomaterials as
they have long been found in
works of artisans.

Chapter 3 discusses the

general use of materials in
architecture and product
design, general product and
building types, and design
processesall with a special
emphasis on the emerging
role
of nanomaterials.

Contents

3.3

3.4

3.5
Chapter 4 presents the basic properties
of materials from a qualitative and
quantitative perspective. Topics should
be familiar to engineers and material
scientists and can be of interest to
technically oriented designers.

CHAPTER 4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

Environments, Systems, and Assemblies

Environments
Systems and Assemblies
Unitary and Modular Design Approaches to
Systems and Assemblies
The Design and Development Process
The Overall Development Process
Structured Design Processes in Relation to
Materials
Unstructured Design Processes
A Design Vignette
Further Reading
Material Classes, Structure,
and Properties
Classes of Materials
Metallic Materials
Ceramic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Composite Materials
Electronic Materials
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
The Internal Structure of Materials
Atomic Structure
Atomic Bonding
Crystal Structure
Molecular Structure
Defects
Mechanical Behavior
Stress, Strain, Stiffness, and Strength
The Origins of Strength
Thermal Behavior
Intrinsic Thermal Properties
The Physics of Thermal Properties
Electrical Behavior
Resistivity and Conductivity
Dielectric Behavior
The Physics of Electrical Properties
Magnetic Behavior
Magnetic Fields in a Vacuum
Magnetic Fields in Materials
Measuring Magnetic Properties
The Physics of Magnetic Behavior

59
59
61
67
70
70
74
76
78
85
87
87
87
87
88
88
88
88
89
89
89
92
95
98
99
103
103
109
113
113
115
117
118
119
122
127
127
128
128
130

Contents

Optical Behavior
The Interaction of Materials and Radiation.
Specular and Diffuse Reflection
Absorption
Transmission
Refraction
The Physics of Optical Properties
Acoustic Behavior
Sound Velocity and Wavelength
Sound Management
Sound Wave Impedance and Radiation
of Sound Energy
Further Reading

132
133
134
134
134
134
136
141
141
141
143
144

Material Property Charts and Their

Uses
147
Material Property Charts
147
The Modulus Bar Chart and the
Modulus-Density Bubble Chart
147
The Modulus-Relative Cost Chart
149
The Strength-Density Chart
150
Thermal Expansion, a, and Thermal
Conductivity, A
151
Feel: Tactile Attributes
152
Hearing: Acoustic Attributes
154
Using Charts to Select Translation,
Screening, Ranking, and Documentation
154
Translation
155
Screening
157
Ranking: Material Indices
157
Documentation
157
Plotting Limits and Indices on Charts
158
Screening: Constraints on Charts
158
Ranking: Indices on Charts
159
Computer-Aided Selection
160
Resolving Conflicting Objectives
162
The Method of Weight Factors
163
Systematic Methods: Penalty Functions and
Exchange Constants
164
Tradeoff Strategies
165
Penalty Functions
166
Values for the Exchange Constants, a
167
Further Reading
170

Chapter 5 presents a structured design

process based on material property
charts that can be used for material
selection and resolving conflicting
design objectives. The approach is of
great interest to design-oriented
engineers and technically oriented
architects.

Contents

Chapter 6, 7, and 8 provide an

introduction to the classes and
fundamental characteristics of
nanomaterials, how they are made and
characterized, and their properties. The
treatment generally assumes some level
of prior technical background in
materials. These chapters are of interest
to engineers and material scientists who
are entering the field of nanomaterials.
Technically oriented architects and
designers who want a deeper
understanding of nanomaterials will
find these sections useful.

CHAPTER 6
6.1
6.2

Nanomaterials: Classes and

Fundamentals

177

Classification of Nanomaterials
Size Effects
Surface-to-Volume Ratio Versus Shape
Magic Numbers
Surface Curvature
Strain Confinement
Quantum Effects
Further Reading

177
182
182
187
190
194
194
197

CHAPTER 7 Nanomaterials: Properties

Mechanical Properties
7.1

7.2

7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

CHAPTER 8
8.1

Scale and Properties

Scale Dependence of
Material Properties
The Mechanical Properties of
Nanostructured Materials
Thermal Properties of Nanomaterials
Melting Point
Thermal Transport
Electrical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Optical Properties
Acoustic Properties
Special Cases
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanocomposites
Further Reading
Nanomaterials: Synthesis and
Characterization
Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials
and Structures
Methods for Making 0-D Nanomaterials
Methods for Making 1-D and 2-D
Nanomaterials
Methods for Making 3-D Nanomaterials
-Down Processes
Intermediate Processes
Bottom-Up Processes
Methods for Nanoprofiling

199
199
199
200
201
211
211
214
218
222
227
232
233
233
239
254

257
257
257
260
263
264
266
267
267

Characterization of Nanomaterials
Further Reading

271
289

Design Environments and Systems

Environments and Systems
Structural and Mechanical Environments
Nano-Based Structural/Mechanical
Applications
The Thermal Environment
Basic Heat Transfer
Thermal Environments in Products
Thermal Environments in Spaces
Application of Nanomaterials in the
Design of Thermal Environments
Electrical and Magnetic Environments
Electronic Materials
General Trends
Impacts
Light and Optical Environments
Fundamentals of Light
Color
Visual Perception
Luminous Environments
Applications of Nanomaterials
Nano-Related Phenomena
Light Control Films, Coatings, and
Sheets
Antireflection, Transmission,
and Contrast Enhancement
Dichroics
Polarizing Films and Glasses
Chromics
Luminescence
Nanophosphors in Lighting
Solid-State Lighting: Quantum Dots
andQLEDs
Displays, Screens, and Electronic
Papers
Other Nano-Based Technologies
Sound and Acoustical Environments
Fundamental Characteristics of Sound
Environments
General Noise-Control Approaches

291
291
293
296
307
308
309
312
317
328
328
328
331
334
336
339
340
342
344
345
347
348
350
351
352
355
355
357
360
363
364
365
367

Chapter looks at characteristics of

primary design environments that are
important in architecture and product
design. The role of nanomaterials and
nanotechnologies within these
environments are explored in a
qualitative way. For those not in the
design fields, the chapter provides an
insight into how nanomaterials impact
real applications and how an
applications perspective can stimulate
ideas about developing novel materials.

Contents

9.7
9.8

9.9

Chapter 10 explores the many different

and exciting functional and form
characteristics of nanomaterials that are
related to architecture, engineering, and
product design as well to the several
industries that produce them. Chapter
10 is suitable for readers with any type
of background.

Space Acoustics
Applications of Nanomaterials in Sound
Environments
Manipulating Properties
Nanoporous Sound Insulation Materials
Acoustical Damping and Isolation
Sound Sources
Musical Instruments
Other Applicaations
Enabling Environments and Systems:
Energy
Interactive, Smart, and Intelligent Systems
and Environments
Responsive Environments
Characterizing Interactive, Smart,
and Intelligent Environments
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
Applications
Nanomaterials Costs
Types
Further Reading

CHAPTER 10 Nanomaterial Product Forms and

Functions
10.1
Characterizing Forms and Functions
.2
Functional Characteristics
Fundamental Approaches for Cleaning
a n d Antimicrobial Actions
Self-Cleaning and Easy-Cleaning
Materials
Self-Healing Materials
Antifogging, Antireflection, and Other
Characteristics
10.3
"Smart" Materials
10.4
Nanoproduct Forms
Nanocoatings
Multilayers and Nanofilms
Nanopaints and Nanosealants
Nanoadhesives
Nanoporous Materials
Nanotextiles
Nanocosmetics
Further Reading

369
372
372
374
374
376
377
378
379
389
389
392
395
396
397
401
403
403
406
407
412
423
427
427
431
433
436
438
443
446
450
459
465

Contents

CHAPTER 11 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies

in Health and the Environment
11.1
The Context
11.2
Medical and Pharmaceutical
Nanotechnology Applications
11.3
Health Concerns
Primary Considerations
Effects
A Specific Debate
11.4
Environmental Benefits and Impacts
Reducing Environmental Impacts:
General Source Reductions
General Remediation and Treatment
Environmental Monitoring
Water Cleaning and Purification
Air Cleaning and Purification
Special Applications in Air Pollution
Reduction
Soil Remediation
General Environmental Risks
Workplace Sources and Exposures
Further Reading

467
467
468
472
475
476
478
481

Chapter 11 surveys the many positive

applications of nanomaterials and
nanotechnologies in the medical and
pharmaceutical world as well as in
improving the environment. Health
questions are also addressed. Chapter
11 is suitable for readers with any type
of background.

482
485
486
486
491
494
495
496
498
499

CHAPTER 12 The Broader Context

12.1
Industry Perspectives
12.2
The Automotive Industry
12.3
The Building and Construction Industry
Directions
Systems
12.4
Aerospace, Textiles, Sports, and Other
Industries
12.5
A Closing Comment
Further Reading

501
501
502
510
510
512

Index

527

518
523
525

Chapter 12, the final chapter of the

book, succinctly reviews drivers
(economic, societal, ethical) that are
leading to increased uses of
nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in
various industries.