A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pnjunction diode, which emits light when activated.

[7] When a fitting voltage is applied to the

leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor.
With the development of high-efficiency and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to
use LEDs in lighting and illumination. Replacement light bulbs have been made, as well as
dedicated fixtures and LED lamps.On October 7, 2014, the Nobel Prize in Physics was
awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for "the invention of
efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light
sources" or, less formally, LED lamps
Red-AlGaAs
Blue-InGaN
Green-AlGaP
When we talk about LED Displays, a distinction has to be made between true LED Displays
and LCD Displays with LED backlighting which also goes by the moniker LED TV/Screen.
An LED-backlit LCD display is a flat panel display which uses LED backlighting instead of
the cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) backlighting used by most other LCDs.[1] LED-backlit
LCD TVs use the same TFT LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) technologies as
CCFL-backlit LCD TVs. Picture quality is primarily based on TFT LCD technology,
independent of backlight type.
Three types of LED may be used:
Edge-lit LEDs - in which the LEDs are formed around the rim of the screen, using a
special diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the screen (the most
common use)
LED backlighting (Full array)- behind the screen, whose brightness is not controlled
individually
Dynamic local dimming backlight - LEDs controlled individually (or in clusters) to
control the level of light/color intensity in a given part of the screen.

Advantages:reduced energy consumption, better contrast and brightness, greater color range, more
rapid response to changes in scene and more accurate image rendering.Because LEDs can be
switched on and off faster than CCFLs and can offer a higher light output, it is theoretically
possible to offer very high contrast ratios. They can produce deep blacks (LEDs off) and
high brightness (LEDs on). However, measurements made from pure-black and pure-white
outputs are complicated by the fact that edge-LED lighting does not allow these outputs to
be reproduced simultaneously on screen.No Mercury is used in manafacturing.
LED TVs provide a better picture for two basic reasons. First, LED TVs work with a color wheel or distinct
RGB-colored lights (red, green, blue) to produce more realistic and sharper colors. Second, light emitting
diodes can be dimmed. The dimming capability on the back lighting in an LED TV allows the picture to
display with a truer black by darkening the lights and blocking more light from passing through the panel.
This capability is not present on edge-lit LED TVs; however, edge-lit LED TVs can display a truer white than
the fluorescent LED TVs.

Because all these LCD TVs are thin-screen, each has particular angle-viewing and anti-glare issues. The
backlit TVs provide better, cleaner angle viewing than the edge-lit LED TV. However, the backlit LED TV will
usually have better angle viewing than the standard LCD TV. Both LED and LCD TVs have good reputations
for their playback and gaming quality.

Used to make TFT/IPS displays for smartphones etc

A Full LED Display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as
a video display. An LED panel is a small display, or a component of a larger display. They
are typically used outdoors in store signs and billboards, and in recent years have also
become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles or even as part
of transparent glass area. LED panels are sometimes used as form of lighting, for the
purpose of general illumination, task lighting, or even stage lighting rather than display.
A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to form a full-color pixel, usually
square in shape. These pixels are spaced evenly apart and are measured from center to
center for absolute pixel resolution.
These are used as monochromatic dot matrix displays to display information.For
Example,destination displays in MTC buses,numbers in digital clocks etc.
Full LED displays paved way for a new display technology found in phones called OLEDOrganic LED. Here the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic
compound which emits light in response to an electric current.

A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two

electrodes, the anode andcathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are
electrically conductive as a result ofdelocalization of pi electrons caused
by conjugation over part or all of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels
ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic
semiconductors.
Valence band-Highest Occupied molecular orbital
conduction band-lowest unoccupied M.o
The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
1.An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical
current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic
molecules. The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is
the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
2.At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of
the atom that's missing an electron). When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of
a photon of light (see How Light Works).
3.The OLED emits light.

4.The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers
place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
5.The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the
more current, the brighter the light.
Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged
perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where
light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which
pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the
amount of applied current.
PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the
power needed for the external circuitry
Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that
currently power these devices.
Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED)
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film
transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get
turned on to form an image.
AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external
circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video.
The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

OLED tech can be used to make foldable displays. They do not require backlighting and
can be made ultra-thin. OLED TVs from panasonic,Sony etc are in the market as cutting
edge pieces of craft for a hand and a leg.
Advantages
Lower cost in the future
OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen
printing,[60] theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or plasma displays
Lightweight and flexible plastic substrates
Wider viewing angles and improved brightness
Better power efficiency and thickness
Response time
Disads
Lifespan-very poor.due to degradation of the organic molecules or
polymers