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Errors
Florence A. Galeon
Assistant Professor
U.P. College of Engineering
Outline
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Introduction
Error and Mistake/Blunder
Sources of Error
Kinds of Error
Accuracy and Precision
Theory of Probability
Most Probable Value
Illustrative Problems
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Introduction
80
8001
800101
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Sources of Error
1. Personal Errors these arise because of the
limitations of the human senses of sight, touch or
hearing.
2. Instrumental Errors these are due to
imperfections in the instruments or accessories
with which measurements are taken.
3. Natural Errors these are caused by variations in
the phenomena of nature.
6
Refraction illustration
Kinds of Errors
Systematic Errors
Systematic errors always follow some definite
mathematical or physical law.
They can be computed and their effects reduced
or eliminated by applying corrections.
Accidental Errors
These are the errors which remain after mistakes
and systematic errors have been eliminated.
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Accidental Errors
They are caused by factors beyond the control of
the observer, obey the laws of probability, and
are sometimes called random errors.
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Accuracy
It is the degree of conformity with a standard (the "truth").
It relates to the quality of a result.
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Precision
It is the degree of refinement in the performance of an
operation, or the degree of perfection in the instruments
and methods used to obtain a result.
It is an indication of the uniformity or reproducibility of a
result.
It relates to the quality of an operation by which a result is
obtained.
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Accuracy
Versus
Precision
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Accurate?
Precise?
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
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Accurate?
Precise?
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
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Theory of Probability
It is based on the following assumptions
relative to the occurrences of errors:
1.
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Theory of Probability
2.
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Theory of Probability
3.
4.
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Illustrative Problems
1.A UP Engineering professor sent out six groups of GE
10 students to measure a distance between two
points marked on the ground. The students came up
with the following six different values: 250.25, 250.15,
249.90, 251.04, 250.50, and 251.22 meters. Assuming
these values are equally reliable and that variations
result from accidental errors, determine the most
probable value of the distance measured.
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Illustrative Problem
A
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Illustrative Problem
3. The angles about a point Q have
the following observed values:
1301520, 1423730, and
870740. Determine the most
probable value of each angle.
870740
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Illustrative Problem
4. Measurement of three horizontal
angles about a point are:
APB = 123150,
BPC = 372920, and
CPD = 473630. If the
measurement of the single
P
angle APD is 973700,
determine the most probable
values of the angles.
A
B
D
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Basic Statistics
Definition of Terms:
1. Probable Error
a mathematical quantity giving an indication of
precision
2.Residuals or Deviations
The difference between each of the individual
measurements from the mean value
v = (x-)
where v = residual or deviation
x = an observed value
= mean of the observed values
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