Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
a
A
p
b,mb
B
d
d,nd e
D
e
e
E
g,ng i
G
i
I
I
dz k
j,nj k
J K
l
L
m n
ly m n
Ly M N
o
ny fl o
Ny O
p
p
P
s
s
S
t
t
T
u
u
U
w j
w y
W Y
Consonants
Bilab
LabDen Dental
Alveo
Plosive
Nasal
Postalv
Retro
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Trill
Tap/Flap
Fricative
Lateral
Fricative
Approx
Lateral
Approx
Ejective
Stop
Implos
/b/
/d/
//
/dz/
/w/
paangi
apa
'thight'
'father'
b baak
mb
'alone'
'only one'
Pharyn
Glottal
Enga OPD
Page 2
m ma
m
'taro'
'over there'
sil
ms
'like'
'banana'
walak
awa
'arrow'
'sugar cane'
kalpu
akitpa
'peanuts'
'how many'
tna
lti
'snare'
'grass spec.'
glu
angitki
'spider'
'alike'
d dn
lund
'down there'
'pig grease'
flfla
palfla
'baby'
'plank'
'tree spec.'
'dirt'
nyakma
apiny
dz jing
konja
'fruit,nut'
'jam'
yla
ky
'shame'
'bird'
'rain'
'ear'
lyka
klya
'tree spec.'
'handsome'
nka
kun
laka
kal
Vowels
i
t
kgi
lyndi
gi
'tree, wood'
'hand, arm'
'bird spec.'
'time'
ulumba
kt
lpu
uan
'bird spec.'
'grass skirt'
'leaf'
'fater-in-law'
da
nel
kek
poeeg
'woman'
'insect spec.'
'tongue'
'washes'
okylo
kne
ngo
ko
'frog'
'red'
'the,that'
'bad, evil'
pu
sk
mba
kaing
'rain'
'green'
'tree oil'
'light'
ambno 'bean'
te 'pig exchange'
amban 'cordyline'
te 'ant'
Enga OPD
Page 3
Syllable Patterns
V
.a 'gourd'
ku..ka 'yesterday'
ku.ke.a 'swamp'
CV
da. 'here'
ka.ng.pu 'insect'
a.nd.nda 'empty'
Conventions: Phonological
/k/ as a rule is fricativized between low and back vowels.
/t/ is often pronounced [r] intervocalically.
/s/ is pronounced [ts] word initially.
All final vowels are devoiced.
Conventions: Orthographic
The words marked with a high tone mark < > on their first syllable are tonetically [ ], those with a tone mark
on the final syllable only [ ], and those with a tone mark on the last two syllables [ ].
Prenasalized phonemes [b d dz] are written <b d g dz > word initially and < mb nd ng nj > word
medially.
<ly > and <ny> are digraphs for one sound, but <py>, <ky>,<my>,<ty>, < pw>, <kw> etc. are interpreted as
consonant plus vowel, the vowel being a non-syllabic [i] or [u].
The man and the woman and the boy are hitting the pig. That pig is somewhat large. My brothers and I own a
lot of pigs.
Bibliography
Lang, Adrianne. 1975. 'The semantics of classificatory verbs in Enga.' Pacific Linguistics B 39.
___. 1973. 'Enga dictionary with English Index.' Pacific Linguistics C 20.
Lang, Ranier. 1973. 'Grammatical Sketch.' In A.Lang 1973.
Larson, James. 1967. 'Enga language speaking manual.' 2 vols. NGLM-manuscript.
Laycock, D.C. n.d. 'Notes on Enga suprasegmental phonemes.' Manuscript.