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undla1585612-rf-planning-freq-gtl/
Slide 1:
11/5/2012 RF PLANNING PRESENTED BY NPD Team Jaipur Ramswaroop
Rundla
Agenda :
11/5/2012 2 Agenda NECESSITY OF RF PLANNING TOOLS USED FOR RF
PLANNING RF INPUT RF PLANNING PROCEDURE INITIAL DESIGN
SELECTION OF SITES FREQUENCY PLANNING IP Planning
Introduction To RF Planning :
11/5/2012 3 Introduction To RF Planning Designing a cellular system particularly one that incorporates both Macro cellular and Microcellular
networks is a delicate balancing exercise. RF planning plays a critical role
in the Cellular design process. By doing a proper RF planning by keeping
the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problem that we
may encounter in the future & also reduce substantially the cost of
optimization. On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads
to many network problems, it also increases the optimization costs & still
may not ensure the desired quality.
Necessity Of RF Planning :
11/5/2012 4 Necessity Of RF Planning Planning is necessary due to cost
and spectrum allocation limitations. To achieve required radio coverage. To
reach good Quality of Service. To achieve Maximum use of resources. To
maintaining a high level of system quality. To ensure that the system will
provide both the increased capacity and the improvement in network
quality where required.
Coverage & Capacity :
11/5/2012 Coverage & Capacity RF planning include two type of planning
1) Coverage Planning 2) Capacity Planning Coverage Percentage of the
geographical area covered by cellular service where mobile telephony is
available Capacity - Number of calls that can be handled in a certain area
within a certain period of time. Capacity can also refer to the probability
that users will be denied access to a system due to the simple
unavailability of radio channels.
Tools used for RF Planning :
11/5/2012 6 Tools used for RF Planning Network Planning Tool CW
Propagation Tool Traffic Modeling Tool Project Management Tool
Network Planning Tool :
11/5/2012 7 Network Planning Tool Planning tool is used to assist
engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by providing an
accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning
automatically, creating neighbor lists etc. With a database that takes into

account data such as terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation patterns, as

well as an intuitive graphical interface, the Planning tool gives RF
engineers a state-of-the-art tool to: Design wireless networks Plan network
expansions Optimize network performance Diagnose system problems
Network Planning Tool :
11/5/2012 8 Network Planning Tool Network Planning Tool (PLANET)
Propagaton Test Kit :
11/5/2012 9 Propagaton Test Kit The propagation test kit consists of Test
transmitter. Antenna ( generally Omni ). Receiver to scan the RSS
(Received signal levels). A laptop to collect data. A GPS to get latitude and
longitude. Cables and accessories. Wattmeter to check VSWR. A single
frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from the candidate
site. These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by
the Drive test kit. This data is then loaded on the Planning tool and used
for tuning models.
Propagaton Test Kit :
11/5/2012 10 Propagaton Test Kit
Traffic Modeling Tool :
11/5/2012 11 Traffic Modeling Tool Traffic modelling tool is used by the
planning engineer for Network modelling and dimensioning. It helps the
planning engineer to calculate the number of network elements needed to
fulfil coverage, capacity and quality needs. Net dim by Nokia is the
example of a Traffic modelling tool.
Planning Input :
11/5/2012 12 Planning Input Capacity Related Spectrum Available
Subscriber Growth Forecast Traffic Density Map (Traffic per Subs) Clutter
Related DENSE URBAN URBAN SUB URBAN RURAL
Slide 13:
11/5/2012 13 Coverage Related Coverage Regions Area Types Information
Coverage Objective. Total area to cover. Height information.
Slide 14:
11/5/2012 14 RF PLANNING PROCEDURE
Preliminary Work :
11/5/2012 15 Preliminary Work Propagation tool setup Terrain, Clutter,
Vector data acquisition and setup Setup site tracking database Load
master lease site locations in database Marketing Analysis and GOS
determination Zoning Analysis (ex 43N) Set Initial Link Budget Initial cell
radius calculation Initial cell count estimates
Initial Survey :

11/5/2012 16 Initial Survey From this we come to know the density and
height of man made or natural obstructions. Initial survey helps to more
accurately predict the path loss. Survey help to define no. of sector,
Sector orientation ect. depending on the area. Some area definitions are
Urban, Suburban, rural, open etc. Density also applies to definitions like
dense urban, light suburban, commercial etc. This basically leads to a
number of sub-area formation where the link budget will differ and hence
the cell radius and cell count will differ.
Drive Test :
11/5/2012 17 Drive Test This drive test is done to prepare generic models
for network design. Drive test is done to characterize the propagation and
fading effects. The objective is to collect field data to optimize or adjust
the prediction model for preliminary simulations. A test transmitter and a
receiver is used for this purpose.
Slide 18:
11/5/2012 18 selection of sites
Site Selection Criteria :
11/5/2012 19 Site Selection Criteria Radio criteria for site selection Good
view in the main beam direction No surrounding nearby high obstacle
Good visibility of terrain LOS to the two microwave site and if possible to
the BSC Short cabling distance Non-radio criteria Space for equipment
Aavailability of lease lines or microwave links Power supply Access
restrictions Rental costs Ease of acquisition
Selection Of Sites :
11/5/2012 20 Selection Of Sites Prepare Initial Search Ring Note the
latitude and Longitude from planning tool. Get the address of the area
from mapping software. Release the search ring with details like radius of
search ring, height of antenna etc. Release search rings to project
management. Visit friendly site location If there are friendly sites available
that can be used (infrastructure sharing), then these sites are to be give
preference. If these sites suite the design requirements, then visit these
sites first.
Slide 21:
11/5/2012 21 Select Initial Anchor Sites Initial anchor sites are the sites
which are very important for the network buildup e.g - Sites that will also
work as a BSC. Enter Data In Propagation Tool Enter the sites exact
location in the planning tool. Perform Propagation Analysis Now since the
site has been selected and the lat/lon of the actual site ( which will be
different from the designed site) is known, put this site in the planning tool
and predict coverage. Check to see that the coverage objectives are met
as per prediction.
Slide 22:

11/5/2012 22 Reset / Review Search Rings If the prediction shows a

coverage hole ( as the actual site may be shifted from the designed site),
the surrounding search rings can be reviewed. Candidate site
Visit( Average 3 per ring) For each proposed location, surveys should
carried out and at least 3 suitable site candidates identified. Details of
each candidate should be recorded on a copy of the Site Proposal Form for
that site. Details must include: Site name and option letter Site location
(Lat./Long) Building Height Site address and contact number Height of
surrounding clutter Details of obstructions or other comments (A, B, C,...)
Slide 23:
11/5/2012 23 Visit Site With All Disciplines( SA, Power, Civil etc ) A
meeting at the selected site takes place in which all concerned
departments like RF Engineering, Site acquisition, Power, Civil Engineer,
Civil contractor and the site owner is present. Any objections are taken
care off at this point itself. Good Site Selection We need to understand
various factors we must take into account to ensure that the selected site
is good. Simple way is to ask yourself three questions 1) Why am I putting
this site ? 2) Will this selected site serve that purpose ? 3) Are there any
possible problems that might arise if i select this site. If yes can I solve or
avoid those problems ?
Slide 24:
11/5/2012 24 Select Equipment Type For Site Select equipment for the cell
depending on channel requirements Selection of antenna type and
accessories.
Slide 25:
11/5/2012 25 FREQ PLANNING
Introduction :
11/5/2012 26 Introduction The objective of a cellular system is to provide
quality communication to the maximum number of users in a defined
area. The number of users supported by the system can be increased by
using more frequencies. Frequency resources are however always limited.
Hence RF Planning engineers are required to maximise spectrum
efficiency. In order to accommodate a maximum number of subscribers
per network, the available frequencies need to be reused as often as
possible. This creates interference towards other cells, which have
detrimental impact to the link quality. Finding the optimum compromise
between dense re-use and least interference is the objective of frequency
planning.
Slide 27:
11/5/2012 27 The system design and planning of the system has to be
done so as to reuse the frequencies as often as possible while keeping the
co-channel and adjacent channel interference within acceptable limits.
Also a minimum received signal level has to be provided throughout the
coverage area of the network. Frequency planning can be done Manually

by skilled expert RF Engineers. With powerful planning tool having the

option of automated frequency planning.
Frequency Planning Steps :
11/5/2012 28 Frequency Planning Steps The steps to be followed in
manual frequency planning are Calculating the frequency reuse distance
theoretically. Determining the cell repeat pattern Planning the frequency
groups. Inputting the planned frequency into the planning tool. Generating
the C/I and C/A plots and checking out the results. Rectifying the fault
areas.
Frequency Reuse Pattern :
11/5/2012 29 Frequency Reuse Pattern Frequency reuse is the process of
assigning the same frequency to two or more non-adjacent cells to enable
the provision of service to a greater number of mobile subscribers While
having the same limited frequency spectrum. Operators need to assess
their operating conditions, plan their requirements, and hence implement
a frequency reuse pattern in their networks. The resultant pattern should
ideally be able to accommodate the maximum subscriber count and be
almost totally resistant to co-channel interferences and other external
interferences.
Slide 30:
11/5/2012 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 1 4 7 6 5 Frequency Reuse Pattern
Slide 31:
11/5/2012 31 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 G3 G2 G1 F1 F2 F3 D3 D2 D1
E1 E2 E3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 G3 G2 G1 F1 F2 F3 D3 D2 D1 E1 E2
E3 Frequency Reuse Pattern
Cell Repeat Pattern :
11/5/2012 32 Cell Repeat Pattern A pattern is a number of cells grouped
together to enable full-duplex communication. This entire group of cells is
known as a cluster. One cluster serves a complete set of frequencies
ranging from the entire allocated spectrum of the operator. The cluster
pattern is then repeated throughout the required coverage area. Typical
cluster sizes include 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 19 and 21; with the most common
configuration being a 7-cell cluster.
DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS :
11/5/2012 33 DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS DIVERSITY ANTENNA
SYSTEMS
CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS :
11/5/2012 34 CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS NEED OF
DIVERSITY Building Building Building
CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS :

11/5/2012 35 CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS Transmission

media 1 Transmission Tmedia 2 Peak Fade Receiver Information
Slide 36:
20-JAN-12 36 IP Planning
Agenda :
20-JAN-12 37 Agenda MAP INFO TOOL BSC PARAMETER & BSC CAPACITY
FREQ PLANNING HOPPING NEIGHBOUR PLANNING E1 STRUCTURE &
TRAFFIC MAPPING
Site Planning Tool :
20-JAN-12 38 Site Planning Tool
Tool View :
20-JAN-12 39 Tool View Map info
Tools Used :
20-JAN-12 40 Tools Used
MIPT Tool :
20-JAN-12 41 MIPT Tool OPEN FILE SECTER SIZE IMPORT MIPT CREATE SITE
SEARCH SITE SEARCH FREQ PLOT SITE CLEAR COSMATIC LAYER EDIT
NEIGHBOUR DATABASE SEARCH NEIGHBOUR TOOLS REQ FOR DT
Main Tool :
20-JAN-12 42 Main Tool POINTER ARROW GROUP SELECTION ZOOM IN
ZOOM OUT GRABBER INFO LAYER CONTROL SCALE
DRAWING TOOL :
20-JAN-12 43 DRAWING TOOL SYMBOL LINE ARC POLYLINE TEXT SHAPE
ICON STYLE ICON Normally activated in cosmetic layer.
Slide 44:
20-JAN-12 44 PARAMETER Planning
Type Of Sites :
20-JAN-12 45 Type Of Sites New town Infill IBS (In Building Solutions) NOW
(Network on wheel) Highway Coverage Railway coverage Showcase Sites
Non- showcase Sites
BSC Parameter :
20-JAN-12 46 BSC Parameter BCF (Base Control Function):- One BCF = one
site of three or four sector One BSC= 1 to 248 BCF Ex- one site of 2+2+2
config (6 TRX) One BSC= 6 BCSU ( Base control signaling unit) One BCSU=
110, 200TRX One BSC= 660 TRX , 1000 TRX ,2000 TRX Ect.. Normally 110
or 166 sites can create in one BSC so One BSC = 1 to 248 BCF. BCF Id
Range= 1 to 660( with this parameter we identify BCF with a decimal

number). With the help of ND111 report we can plan BCF id for new site
planning.
Slide 47:
20-JAN-12 47 BTS ( Base Transreciever system) One BSC (Base station
controller) = 1 to 248 BTS One BTS = one sector of any configuration Main
BTS Types are Flexi = Max 24 TRX (cabinet=12, stack mount=24) Ultra =
Max 12 TRX Metro = Max 4 TRX BTS Id Range= 1 to 660 BTS ID= With this
parameter we identify the BTS. The identification number must be unique
within a BSC. With the help of ND111 report we can plan BTS id for new
site planning.
Slide 48:
20-JAN-12 48 LAC (Location Area Code) One BSC = One or two LAC
(mostly one) One LAC = 367 sites of 2+2+2 configuration One LAC = 266
sites of 4+4+4 configuration One BSC= two Lac also but for city one LAC
b/c it effects SD blocking and LAC updation on that channel.
Slide 49:
20-JAN-12 49 NSEI (Network service entity identifier) NSEI is hardware
device which supports the GPRS( General package radio service) in
network. one NSEI supports 64 BTS and 128 TRX (depends on DAP slot). If
any one of them is full then we can assign second NSEI port in same BSC.
NSEI= Network code+ BSC Id + Port no Ex:- 21031 here 2 is unique
network code, 103 is RAC & 1 is nsei port 1. With the help of 51 report &
neighbouring site we can plan NSEI for new site. NSEI Range= 0 to 65535
Slide 50:
20-JAN-12 50 One NSEI= supports 64 BTS and 128 TRX if any one of them
is full then we can assign second NSEI port in same BSC 1TRX=117
subscriber 1 subscriber=25 m erlangs (TCH) 1 subscriber=.004 m
erlangs(SD) 1 TRX=2.94 erlang(2% GOS ) 2 TRX=8.2 erlang(2% GOS ) 3
TRX=14.6 erlang(2% GOS ) 4 TRX=21.2 erlang(2% GOS ) If BSC 3VI, OSS
is 4 and System is S11 then max capacity of BSC is 660 TRXs. If OSS 4.2
and system S12 is using then max capacity of BSC will be 2000TRXs
Slide 51:
20-JAN-12 51 RAC (Routing Area Code) This parameter specifies that the
network service (NS) in the GPRS. RAC is basically related to GPRS With
this parameter we identify GPRS cells using the routing area code number.
RAC Range = 0 to 255 Example:- BSC id= RAC (for airtel) Ex:- BSC01WKP
Then, RAC= 01
Frequency Planning :
20-JAN-12 52 Frequency Planning BCCH (broadcast control channel) Freq
BCCH freq band is distributed district wise. We need to consider BCCH freq
band for planning Freq in any district. TCH ( traffic channel) freq is also
distributed & we need to consider TCH freq band district wise before MAL
(mobile allocation list) Planning. Before starting freq planning we need to

Confirm the BSC, Check the utilization of nearby existing site & clutter &
Cross verify the required TRX (Transreceiver) config.
Slide 53:
20-JAN-12 53 BCCH & TCH Freq Band For Nashik District
Slide 54:
20-JAN-12 54 BCCH & TCH Freq Band For Pune & Thane District
Slide 55:
20-JAN-12 55 BCCH & TCH Freq Band
Slide 56:
20-JAN-12 56 BSC boundry Raigad Satara Ratnagiri District boundry Satara
& Ratnagiri use different BCCH & TCH band freq.
Freq Planning Procedure :
20-JAN-12 57 Freq Planning Procedure Check district boundary of site,
consider Freq band of concern District boundary. Search appropriate freq
with the use of MapInfo tool. Check 232 reports for the coverage of
existing sites. Check the Logs. Take side lobe & back lobe into
consideration while freq planning. Plan freq such that interference wont
take place.
232- Report :
20-JAN-12 58 232- Report
Logs :
20-JAN-12 59 Logs
BSIC Planning :
20-JAN-12 60 BSIC Planning BSIC (base station identification code) BSIC=
NCC( network colour code) + BCC ( BTS colour code) NCC= Varies from 0
to 7. (0 or 5 for airtel) BCC= varies from 0 to 7 (for airtel) So Bsic varies
from 00 to 07 & 50 to 57. Search appropriate NCC & BCC with the use of
MapInfo tool. Plan bcch & bsic in such a way that Co-channel & Co-bsic
interference should not be there.
BCC- Base Station Colour Code :
20-JAN-12 61 BCC- Base Station Colour Code This parameter specifies the
base station color code. The BCC identifies the cells with the same BCCH
frequency in the neighborhood. According to GSM protocols, the TSC
(Training Sequence Code) and BCC of a BCCH must be the same. If cochannel interference occurs, different TSC (the same as BCC) training
sequences on TCHs are used to differentiate between interference signals
and normal speech signals. Therefore, appropriate planning of the BCC
can reduce the impact of interference on speech signals.
TSC- Training Sequence Code :

20-JAN-12 62 TSC- Training Sequence Code The TSC must be the same as
the BCC. TSC= varies from 0 to 7 The delay equalization is performed by
using the specified TSC when the MS or BTS receives the signal. The
demodulation cannot be received because the delay equalization cannot
be performed for the signals with same frequency using different TSCs.
This can effectively prevent incorrectly invalid reception, and prevent the
co-channel interference. In signal processing, delay equalization
corresponds to adjusting the relative phases of different frequencies to
achieve a constant group delay.
NCC- Network Colour Code :
20-JAN-12 63 NCC- Network Colour Code This parameter specifies the
network color code, which is provided by the telecom operator. The NCC is
used to identify networks from area to area. NCC is unique nationwide.
What Is INTERFERNCE ? :
20-JAN-12 64 What Is INTERFERNCE ? Interference is the sum of all signal
contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.
Effects Of Interference :
20-JAN-12 65 Effects Of Interference Interference is a major limiting factor
in the performance of cellular systems. It causes degradation of signal
quality. TYPE OF INTERFERNCE There are two types of system generated
interference Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference Cochannel & Co-Bsic interference
Co-Channel Interference :
20-JAN-12 66 Co-Channel Interference This type of interference is the due
to frequency reuse , i.e. several cells use the same set of frequency. These
cells are called co-channel cells. Co-channel interference cannot be
combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is because an
increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to
neighboring co-channel cells. To reduce co-channel interference, cochannel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to
provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce the footprint of
the cell.
Co-Channel :
20-JAN-12 67 Co-Channel 611 611 Co- Channel interference
Co-channel, Co-Bsic :
20-JAN-12 68 Co-channel, Co-Bsic 545, bsic=56 545, bsic=56 Co- Channel,
Co-bsic interference
Adjacent-Channel Interference :
20-JAN-12 69 Adjacent-Channel Interference Interference resulting from
signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called
adjacent channel interference. Adjacent channel interference results from
imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into the

pass band. Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through

careful filtering and channel assignments. By keeping the frequency
separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible , the
adjacent interference may be reduced considerably.
Frequency Hopping :
20-JAN-12 70 Frequency Hopping Process of continuously changing
frequency is known as Frequency Hopping Freq hopping is principal
component of the variable interference planning solution offered by
Lucent technologies, & is supported in both GSM 900 & GSM 1800
networks. Freq hopping increases the probability that all calls will have
acceptable quality rather than some having very good quality & other
having unacceptable quality Call is transmitted through several
frequencies in order to average the interference minimize the impact of
fading
Type Of Hopping :
20-JAN-12 71 Type Of Hopping Base Band Hopping Fixed length( freq) Mal
(No of frequency = No of TRX) Uses two HSN( hopping sequence number),
HSN1 used for non BCCH TRX and HSN2 used for all TRX including BCCH.
RF or Synthesizer Hopping Only HSN1 is used BCCH TRX does not hope Up
to 64 frequency can hope
Slide 72:
20-JAN-12 72 BB Hopping Management BCCH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4 RTSL-0 RTSL-2 RTSL-1
RTSL-4 RTSL-3 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7 f1 f2 f3 f4 BCCH timeslot, does not
hop. 0 1 3 2 Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4).This hopping
group uses HSN-1 All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4).This hopping
group uses HSN-2
Slide 73:
20-JAN-12 73 RF Hopping Management BCCH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4 RTSL-0 RTSL-2 RTSL-1
RTSL-4 RTSL-3 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7 MA = {f1} BCCH TRX, does not hop.
0 0 2 1 MAIOs have tobe different for different TRXswithin the same
hopping group -> no collisions. MA = {f2, f3, f4,..} HSN-1
Hopping Planning :
20-JAN-12 74 Hopping Planning HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) The
order in which the mobile station should change the freq is called the
freq hopping sequence. HSN defines a number that fed into freq hopping
algo to generate freq hopping sequence. Values can be 0 to 63. Value 0
can define cyclic hopping (fixed rotation of freq) & 1-63 generates a
pseudo random sequence (random rotation of freq) Normally we use HSN
1-63 for airtel. If a particular site has more than 2 E1, ie such as having
6+6+6 then cells are not synchronized to each other. Only cells that share
same bcf id are synchronized and can share same HSN. Non synchronized

cells must be allocated different HSN. Plan the HSN with reference to
ND111 & existing sites.
Slide 75:
20-JAN-12 75 Random vs Cyclic Hopping Sequences Where To Use? Cyclic:
In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas)
Random: In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic
areas)
Slide 76:
20-JAN-12 76 MAL (Mobile Allocation freq List) Contains the list of freq.
With this parameter we define the mobile allocation frequency list to
which the BTS will be attached. MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)
Defines the starting freq from where transmission will start o within a
hopping sequence. With MAIO offset it is possible to use the same MA
frequency list for two or more sectors of the site without collisions. Value
can be 0 to N-1, where N= no. of hopping freq.
Slide 77:
20-JAN-12 77 MS (MAIO Step) Indicate the index of freq from where freq
hopping will start for 2nd TRX & onwards. For Mal planning we use ZEBI
dump. Mal freq are adjusted as per the TCH band define in that particular
district.
Slide 78:
20-JAN-12 78 Neighbour Planning
Neighbour Definition :
20-JAN-12 79 Neighbour Definition Neighbour definition is basically for the
handover purpose. For proper neighbour planning we need to consider
following Logs (Clutter) site orientation of new site Area population
Coverage capacity of existing sites Road & railways Antenna height of new
site Type of site (new town, Infill, IBS)
Number Of Neighbours :
20-JAN-12 80 Number Of Neighbours In one SACCH multiframe there are
104 TDMA frames. Out of this 104 frames 4 frames are idle and are used
to decode the BSIC. Remaining 100 TDMA frames are used to measure
RSS( Received Signal Strength) of the neighbour. If 25 neighbours are
equipped, then in one SACCH multiframe each neighbour is measured
100/25 = 4 times and averaged out. This produces a less accurate value.
If 10 neighbors are equipped, then in one SACCH multiframe each
neighbor is measured 100/10 = 10 times and averaged out. This produces
a more accurate value. If high numbers of neighbours are equipped, then
the accuracy of RSS is decreased as should have 8 to 10 neighbours.
Maximum 32 averaging of RSS takes place. So Minimum 3 neighbour
should be defined to one cell.
Neighbour Planning In Road & Railway Cases. :

20-JAN-12 81 Neighbour Planning In Road & Railway Cases.

Neighbour planning with clutter cases. :
20-JAN-12 82 Neighbour planning with clutter cases. AMSL=39M
AMSL=45M Clutter AMSL= 254M
Handover :
20-JAN-12 83 Handover Handover is a GSM feature by which the
control/communication of a Mobile is transferred from one cell to another
if certain criterias are met. It is a network initiated process. Handover
ensures that the connection to the mobile station is maintain as it moves
from on BSS (Base station subsystem) area to another. What is the
purpose of HO? Call continuity Call quality Traffic sharing Handover
process may be triggered by Quality, field strength or distance values fall
below/exceed their threshold BSC or MSC takes the decision for handover
depends on the type of handover
Types Of Handover :
20-JAN-12 84 Types Of Handover Intra MSC handover:- Handover between
the base stations connected to the same MSC, is termed as Intra MSC
handover. Intra cell - Intra BSC handover Inter cell - Intra BSC handover
Inter cell Inter BSC handover Inter MSC handover:- Handover between
the base stations connected to the different MSC, is termed as Inter MSC
handover. This also a part of external handover process. INTERNAL
HANDOVER EXTERNAL HANDOVER
INTRA MSC Handover :
20-JAN-12 85 INTRA MSC Handover BASIC EXTERNAL INTRA MSC
HANDOVER
Slide 86:
20-JAN-12 86 BSS-A sends handover require msg to MSC. MSC Send
handover request msg to BSS-B(BSS-A & BSS-B are same in case of intra
cell-intra BSC & Inter Cell- Intra BSC handover) BSS-B allocates radio
resource for MS & send HO request acknowlgement. Then MSC instruct
BSS-A to tune to new radio resource by sending handover command to
BSS-A. Now MS access new radio resource then BSS-B ensures that
expected MS has been captured or not. If MS get verified, BSS-B send an
handover detect msg to MSC. When MS successfully communicating with
BSS-B then HO complete msg will get send by MS to BSS-B. After this
resources allocated to BSS-A get released by using the Clear command.
Intra cell - Intra BSC handover :
20-JAN-12 87 Intra cell - Intra BSC handover The smallest of the handovers
is the intra cell handover where the subscriber is handed over to another
traffic channel (generally in another frequency) within the same cell. In
this case the BSC controlling the cell makes the decision to perform
handover without any intimation to the MSC. Inter cell - Intra BSC
handover In this case subscriber moves from cell 1 to cell 2 Handover

process is controlled by BSC and inform MSC about the same. The traffic
connection with cell 1 is released when the connection with cell 2 is set up
successfully
Inter cell - Inter BSC handover :
20-JAN-12 88 Inter cell - Inter BSC handover In this case subscriber moves
from cell 2 to cell 3, which is served by another BSC. Handover process is
carried out by the MSC, but, the decision to make the handover is still
done by the first BSC. Connection with the first BSC (and BTS) is released
when the connection with the new BSC (and BTS) is set up successfully.
Inter MSC Handover :
20-JAN-12 89 Inter MSC Handover BASIC EXTERNAL INTER MSC
HANDOVER
Slide 90:
20-JAN-12 90 BSS-A sends handover require msg to MSC-A. MSC-A
generates handover request msg to MSC-B & MSC-B forwards this request
to BSS-B. BSS-B allocates radio resource for MS & send HO request
acknowlgement. MSC-B now provides this HO response to MSC-A. Then
MSC-A instruct BSS-A to tune to new radio resource by sending handover
command to BSS-A. Now MS access new radio resource then BSS-B
ensures that expected MS has been captured or not. If MS get verified,
BSS-B send an handover detect msg to MSC-B. MSC-B sends Access signal
to ensure that expected & correct MS is captured. When MS successfully
communicating with BSS-B then HO complete msg will get send by BSS-B
to MSC-B. Now MSC-B sends end signal request. After this resources
allocated to BSS-A get released by using the Clear command.
Slide 91:
20-JAN-12 91 E1 Structure And Traffic Mapping
E1 Basics :
20-JAN-12 92 E1 Basics T-1 and E-1 are digital telephony schemes
provided by communication carriers that multiplex a number of digital
voice channels onto a single, higher speed line. T1 has 24 channels with
data rate of 1.544 Mbps E1 has 32 channels with data rate of 2.048 Mbps.
The T-1 or E-1 transmission path is bidirectional and transmits and
receives the digital information simultaneously. E-1 is a multiplexing
scheme used primarily in Europe and Asia that allows 30 individual voice
channels to be carried on a common transmission medium. By converting
analog voice signals to digital signals using pulse coded modulation (PCM)
and the multiplexing these signals onto a high speed digital line, 30
separate phone calls can be transmitted simultaneously over a single
transmission path. Framing given in 0th channel is necessary so any
equipment receiving the E1 signal can synchronize identify, and extract
the individual channels.
E1 Structure :

20-JAN-12 93 E1 Structure 32 time slots in one E1. Each one is 64 Kbps. 32

x 64 Kbps = 2.048 Mbps. 0th slot is used for framing purpose. We divide
each slot in four part (each 16 kbps). So one TRX needs 2 time slot. Each
TRX and BTS needs its signaling Bits generally mapped at the end. For
normal case we put TRX from 1 to 20th slot, from 21 to 26th slot is used
for giving Edge i.e. EDAP Pool and 27 to 31 timeslot is used for TRX and
BTS signaling. Last 31st slot is used for BTS signaling and management
purpose
Traffic Mapping :
20-JAN-12 94 Traffic Mapping
Example Of Traffic Mapping :
20-JAN-12 95 Example Of Traffic Mapping
Details Of Traffic Mapping :
20-JAN-12 96 From the traffic plan we can show how the time slot
mapping of E1 channel is done. We can assign maximum 13 TRX to one
E1 in normal mode. Here the traffic channel is allocated in time slot 1 and
time slot 0 is given for link management i.e. frame synchronization.
Number of TRX used here are 6 in 222 configuration in 3 sectors so the
numbers given are 1,2,5,6,9 and 10 i.e. first 2 TRX of all the sectors. Time
slot 27 and 28 is used for signaling of TRX as each TRX requires its own
signaling. Time slot 31 used for BCF signaling, priority bits, MCB/LCB and
Q1 management. P1 indicates the priority for the site. Details Of Traffic
Mapping
Example Of Traffic Mapping With EDAP :
20-JAN-12 97 Example Of Traffic Mapping With EDAP
Example of Traffic Mapping In Case Of Multi Drop :
20-JAN-12 98 Example of Traffic Mapping In Case Of Multi Drop
Slide 99:
11/5/2012 99 THANK YOU