Handout # 1

Electrical Network Analysis

13-Oct-2014

BASIC CONCEPTS
Energy
is one of the four Basic Needs of humanity. What are the other three?!

Transfer of Energy
We are often interested in
transferring energy from one
point to another.
The energy in its rudimentary
form is converted to electricity
and then transported to site of
use. There it is converted back
to the most useful and desired
form of light, heat or motion
etc.
For this we require
interconnection of electrical
devices or elements

Earliest form of energy was fire obtained from burning of

wood and coal. Use of wood and coal for producing fire and
heat or light was cumbersome as well as its transportation. !

Conversion to electricity is a convenient means of

transportation to long distances, where it is again converted
back into end use form of heat, light or mechanical motion.!

4. Electrons carry a -ve charge

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

5. Protons carry a +ve charge

A simple electrical circuit

6. Unit of charge is Coulomb

Electric Charge
Most basic quantity is an
electric charge.
1. Charge cannot be seen
2. It cannot be created
3. It cannot be destroyed

7. Electron has -1.602x10-19C

coulomb of electrical
charge.

Electrical Circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
Our major concern in this subject is to learn techniques of
circuit analysis.
By analysis of a circuit we mean a study of behaviour of a
circuit.

Dr. M. Farooq Aslam

Faculty of Engineering

Handout # 1

Electrical Network Analysis

13-Oct-2014

System of Units

Electric Current

All measurable quantities are

measured in an international
measurement language known as
International System of Units OR
(SI Units).

(is related with Movement of Charge)

Six principal quantities & units

The relationship between charge q, current i and time t is:

Electric Current is time rate of change of charge, measured

in amperes (A).!

!
!

1. Length

meter

2. Mass

kilogram

kg

3. Time

second

4. Elec. Current

ampere

current is measured in amperes (A)

charge is measured in coulombs (C)

5. Thermal Temp. kelvin

6. Luminous intensity candela cd

!
Direct Current (dc)
A current that remains constant
with time

i!

dq
(1.1)
dt

where

and time is measured in seconds (s)

thus 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
Integrate Eq. 1.1 to obtain amount of charge transferred
between time to to t
t

Q ! i dt (1.2)
to

Alternating Current
(ac)
A current that varies sinusoidally
with time

The brilliant white-blue flash of lightning is caused by

its extreme heat. A lightning bolt is hotter than the
surface of the sun.
Dr. M. Farooq Aslam

Faculty of Engineering

Handout # 1

Electric Voltage is
(related with Separation of
Charge)
Also known as Electromotive
Force or Potential

The energy required to move

a unit charge through a circuit
element is called voltage.

Electrical Network Analysis

13-Oct-2014

Voltage Difference
Voltage difference between two points a and b is, the
difference in energy level of a unit charge located at each of
the two points.

!
!

va,b !

dw
(1.3) !
dq

where w is the energy in joules (J) q is the charge in coulombs

(C). The voltage vab is measured in volts (V).!

1 volt = 1 joule / coulomb = 1 newton-meter / coulomb

Power and Energy

Logically in general,

vab = v ab (1.4)

For all practical purposes, we

need to know;

How much power an electric

device may handle.

Power and Energy Calculations

When we pay our electric bill at

the end of a month, we know
that it is the price of electric

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.!

energy consumed over a

period of a month.

!
Sign Conventions

It is measured in watts (W).!

!
!
!

p!

dw
(1.5)
dt

Passive Sign Convention:

where p is power in watts (W) and lower case w is the

energy in joules (J) and time is in seconds (s).!

is satisfied when current

enters an element from +Ve
terminal,

That is, energy expended per unit time is the power capability
of a device.!

Thus

p = +vi!

If current enters at -Ve

terminal,
Then

p = - vi!

!
!
Dr. M. Farooq Aslam

Using equation (1.1) and eq. (1.3), we may write eq.(1.5) as:!
!

Hence !

p=

dw dw dq
=
x
= v.i (1.6) !
dt dq dt

p = v.i (1.7) !

Power p is called instantaneous power, a time-varying

quantity.

Faculty of Engineering