EE644A: Optical Communications

Assignment #2
Due on 29th Aug 2015
1. (a) Let s(t) = 1 be a waveform defined over 0 t < T . Since continuous time
signals cannot be represented on a computer, you need to sample s(t) to represent
it on computer. Write a program to generate the sampled sequence {s(nTs ), n =
0, ..., N 1}, where Ts is the sampling interval and N is the length of sequence.
Test your program by plotting {s(nTs )} for T = 1 and N = 10, 100, and 1000.
P
(b) Now, extend your program to generate the waveform p(t) = L1
i=0 s(t iT ).
Take L = 100. Write a brief report (< 200 words) on problems you faced and how
you solved them.
(c) Use Matlabs FFT function (f f t) to obtain and sketch the FFTs of s(t) and
p(t). Comment (about 200 words) on your results.
2. In OFDM (which we will discuss later in course), data symbols are mapped onto
orthogonal subcarriers that are separated f in frequency. Suppose s0 (t) =
cos(2f0 t)rect(t/T ) is a sinusoidal signal of frequency f0 Hz defined over time
duration T , then the nth subcarrier waveform is given by
sn (t) = cos (2(f0 + nf )t) rect(t/T ), n = 0, ...., N 1.
with N = total number of subcarriers and rect(t/T ) is a rectangular pulse of
duration T seconds.
(a) Write a program to generate N = 4 waveforms {sn (t)} with T = 1 and
f = 1/T . Plot the waveforms on a single plot distinguishing each waveform
by a different color.
RT
(b) Compute the inner products 0 sn (t)sm (t)dt. Change f to 1/2T and recompute the inner products. Comment on your results.
3. As we will see in the course the signal s(t) after transmission through the channel is
given by x(t) = s(t) ? h(t), where ? denotes convolution operation and h(t) denotes
channel impulse response. In the discrete-time case, we have x[n] = s[n] ? [n]. If
s[n] = [2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 4]T and h[n] = [3, 3, 2]T determine x[n]. Now use Matlab to
find x[n] and compare your results.
4. The correlation of two complex sequences x[n] and y[n] is defined as

1 X
Rxy (n) =
x[n]y [n m].
N m=

(a) Write a program to compute the correlation between the sequences given in
Problem 3.
(b) Consider the sequence B[n] = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] transmitted through
a AWGN channel.
P 1

(a) Compute signal power, ie, PB = (1/N ) N

n=0 B[n]B [n]
(b) Assume that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is 10 dB.
What is the value of SNR in linear scale?
(c) The noise variance n2 is given by PB /SN Rlin , where SN Rlin is the SNR in
linear scale calculated above.
(d) Generate 200 samples of AWGN of variance n2 using Matlabs randn function.
(e) Let the received signal sequence be x[n] = AW GN +[zeros(1, 150) B[n] zeros(1, 139)].
Plot x[n].
(f) Consider the use of a sliding window correlator to determine the sequence
B[n]. The correlator output is given by
C[n] =

N
1
X

x[n i]w[i], w[i] = B[N 1 i].

i=0

Write a program to calculate (and plot) the correlator output sequence {C[n]}.
Can you explain your results?
5. In the delay-line interferometer receiver, we assumed that the input and output
couplers had
power splitting ratio 50 : 50. If the amplitude splitting ratio is

exp(j) : 1 , determine the output electric field and optical power. Use
coupler matrix to simplify calculation.
6. Suppose that an orthonormal basis {j (t); j = 1, ..., N } is given that spans the
set of signals {si (t); i = 1, ..., M }, M N . Find the expression for correlation
coefficient between si (t) and sj (t) in terms of projections along basis functions,
given the fact that the signal si (t) can be represented in terms of projections along
basis functions.
7. Draw the signal constellation of 8-PSK format. Assume each si (t) has the same
energy Es . Draw the corresponding decision regions and boundaries.