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Cables
Connectors 2014
A Special Supplement to
CablesandConnectorsSupplement
Signal Launch
Methods for
RF/Microwave PCBs
John Coonrod
Reprinted with permission of MICROWAVE JOURNAL from the March 2014 Supplement.
2014 Horizon House Publications, Inc.
CablesandConnectorsSupplement
CONNECTOR
PIN
SIGNAL PLANE
MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION
LINE PCB
GROUND PLANE
PATH
SIDE VIEW
MICROSTRIP
TRANSMISSION LINE
3D VIEW
(a)
COPLANAR LAUNCHED
MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINE
3D VIEW
(b)
Fig. 2
launched microstrip
circuit, where the
body of the circuit
is microstrip but
the signal launch
area is a grounded
coplanar-waveguide
(GCPW). Coplanar
launched microstrip
is advantageous because it minimizes
the ground return
path and has other
beneficial properties. When using
a connector with
ground pins on both
sides of the signal conductor, the
ground pin separation distance can
have a significant
impact on performance. It has been
demonstrated that
this distance impacts the frequency
response.1
In an experiment with a coplanar
Fig. 3 Coplanar launch microstrip circuit tested with similar end launched microstrip
on
10-mil-thick
launch coaxial connectors having different ground separations.
RO4350B laminate from Rogers
lengthy for a thick microstrip transCorp., similar connectors are used, but
mission line. Using a PCB material
with different ground spacings at their
with a relatively high dielectric concoplanar launch interfaces (see Figure
stant can exaggerate the problem by
3). Connector A has a ground separaleading to a longer electrical length in
tion of approximately 0.030", while
the ground return path. Any lengthenConnector B has a ground separation
ing of this path can result in frequenof 0.064". The connectors launch onto
cy-dependent issues typically linked to
the circuit the same in both cases.
a localized difference in phase velocity
The x-axis shows frequency, with
and capacitance. Both are related and
each division representing 5 GHz.
affect the impedance in the transition
Performance is comparable at lower
area and cause differences in return
microwave frequencies (< 5 GHz),
loss. Ideally, the length of a ground rebut above 15 GHz, performance of
turn path should be minimized, with
the circuit with wider ground sepano impedance anomalies in the signal
ration degrades. The connectors are
launch area. Note that the groundsimilar, although there is a slight difing point of the connector in Figure
ference in pin diameters between the
2a is shown only on the bottom of the
two models, Connector B has a larger
circuit. This is a worst-case scenario.
pin diameter and is designed for use
Many RF connectors have grounding
with a thicker PCB material. This may
pins on the same layer as the signal. In
also have contributed to the perforthat case, the PCB will have ground
mance differences.
pads there, as well.
A simple and effective method for
Figure 2b represents a coplanar
optimizing signal launch is to mini-
CablesandConnectorsSupplement
0
1
2.00
1:
1:
2:
3:
4:
>5:
1:
1:
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
2:
13.438575 GHz
5.000000 GHz
10.000000 GHz
15.000000 GHz
20.000000 GHz
25.000000 GHz
13.438575 GHz
181.8060 ps
0.00000 H
Dist (Refl)
460.4560 ps
0.00000 H
Dist (Refl)
14.942 dB
0.44104 dB
1.0006 dB
1.3431 dB
1.5935 dB
2.4772 dB
14.695 dB
52.210
0.00000
27.252 mm
52.247
0.00000
69.021 mm
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
Fig. 5
Fig. 4
EXAMPLES
Figure 4 provides a simple example. Figure 4a is a thick microstrip
transmission line with a long and narrow taper. The taper is 0.018" (0.46
mm) wide starting at the edge of the
circuit and over a length of 0.110"
(2.794 mm), it transitions to the
width of a 50 conductor, 0.064"
(1.626 mm). The taper is reduced to
shorter lengths in Figures 4b and c.
Field-serviceable, pressure-contact,
end-launch connectors are used and
CablesandConnectorsSupplement
not soldered, so the same connector is used in each case.
The microstrip transmission line is 2" (50.8 mm) in length
and fabricated on a 30 mil (0.76 mm) thick RO4350B
microwave circuit laminate, with a dielectric constant of
3.66. In Figure 4a, the blue curve represents insertion loss
(S21), with many ripples in the response. In contrast, S21 in
Figure 4c has the least number of ripples. As these curves
reveal, the trend is for improved performance with shorter
taper.
Perhaps the most telling curves in Figure 4 show the
impedance of the cables, connectors and circuit (the
green curves). The large positive peak in Figure 4a represents the connector on the circuit attached to a cable
at port 1. The peak on that same curve to the right is the
connector at the other end of the circuit. The large impedance peak is reduced with a reduction in taper length.
The improvement of the impedance match in the signal
launch areas is due to the taper becoming wider as it is
shortened, the increase in taper width correlating with a
reduced inductance.
An excellent reference on signal launch,2 which uses this
same material and material thickness in its examples, offers
some further insight into circuit dimensions in the signal
launch area. A coplanar launched microstrip built with