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Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Plane Wave Propagation
Chapter Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plane Wave Equation
2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium
2.3.1 Classification of wave solution
2.3.2 Solution of Wave Equation
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters
2.1 Introduction
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4 of 53
B
H
(2.1)
xE
t
D
E
(2.2)
xH J
v t
.E
0
(2.3)
(2.4)
.H 0
Most of our work will be involved with fields having a sinusoidal or harmonic
time dependence.
In this case phasor notation is very convenient and so all field quantities will be
assumed to be complex vectors with an implied eit time dependence.
As an example if a sinusoidal electric field in the x-direction has the form:
E ( x, y, z , t ) A( x, y, z ) cos(t ) a x
(2.5)
Where A is the real amplitude, is the radian frequency, = 2f, f is the wave
frequency and is the phase reference of the wave, at t = 0, it has the phasor
form:
(2.6)
E ( x, y, z ) A( x, y, z )e j a
s
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x
ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave
E ( x, y, z , t ) Re[ Es ( x, y, z )e jt ]
(2.7)
Example 2.1
Express Ey(z, t) =0.5 cos (2x109t 30z + 60o) V/m as a phasor.
Solution:
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E
jE
t
(2.8)
1
Edt j E
(2.9)
xE jH j o H
xH j o E
v
.E
0
(2.10)
(2.11)
.H 0
Equations (2.10) and (2.11) constitute two equations for the two unknowns
and as follows:
1. Take the Curl operator of both sides of (2.10), we have:
xxE j oxH
(2.12)
2
2
2
xxE (.E ) E 0 E E
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(2.13)
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2
E o o E 0
2
2
E ko E 0
2
or
2
2
H o o H 0
or
2
H ko H 0
2
(2.15)
V
2
V .V 2 2 2
x
y
z
(2.14)
(A.6)
Equations (2.14) and (2.15) are called the wave equations or Helmholtz
equations
The constant k o o o is called the wave number or propagation constant
f 2
In the free space k o o o 2
; its unit is rad/m.
c
c o
so ko is real and ko = 2/o = / c, where c is the speed of light.
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1.
2.
3.
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E x ( z )
E x ( z )
(2.16)
and
0
E E x ( z )a x
then
2 Ex ( z)
2
k
o Ex ( z) 0
2
z
(2.17)
E x ( z ) E e jk o z E e jko z
(2.18)
E x ( z , t ) Re[ E x ( z )e jt ]
E x ( z , t ) E cos(t k o z ) E cos(t k o z )
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(2.19)
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
(z, t) = Re[100e
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j0.21z
E x ( z , t ) E cos(t k o z )
1. It is time harmonic because we assumed time dependence ejt to arrive .
2. E+ is called the amplitude of the wave and has the same units as E.
3. (t - k0 z) is the phase (in radians) of the wave; it depends on time t and space
variable z.
4. is the angular frequency (in radians/second) and k0 is the phase constant or
wave number (in radians/meter).
Due to the variation of E with both time t and space variable z, we may plot E
as a function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa. The plots of
E(z, t = constant) and E(t, z = constant) are shown in Fig. 2.3(a) and (b),
respectively.
From Fig. 2.3(a), we observe that the wave takes distance to repeat itself and
hence is called the wavelength (in meters).
From Fig. 2.3(b), the wave takes time T to repeat itself; consequently T is
known as the period (in seconds). Since it takes time T for the wave to travel
vp
distance at the speed v, we expect that:
v pT
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v pT
vp
f
v p f
2f 2 / T
k o 2 / o
Fig. 2.3 Plot of E x ( z, t ) E sin(t ko z ): (a) with constant t and (b) with constant z.
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(2.20)
The velocity of the wave is called the phase velocity, because it is the velocity
at which a fixed phase point on the wave travel and is given by dz/dt:
d
dz
(t ko z ) 0 ko
0
dt
dt
vp
dz
dt ko o o
1
o o
(2.21)
vp
o o
1
4x10 7 x
1
x10 9
36
3 x108 m / sec c
Fig. 2.4 Plot of E x ( z, t ) E sin(t ko z ) : (a) at t=0; (b) at t=T/4 (c) at t=T/2.
P moves along +z direction with velocity vp.
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In section 2.3.2, one of wave equations is solved [(2.14) for electric field or
(2.15) for the magnetic field ].
In general, whenever or is known, the other filed vector can be readily
found by using one of Maxwells curl equations.
Thus applying (2.10) to the electric field obtained (2.18) gives: xEs j o H s
a x
CurlE
x
a y
a z
y z x
E x E y Ez
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a x
a y a z
E x ( z )
0a x
a y 0a z j o H
y z
z
Ex ( z ) 0
Which is greatly simplified for a single Ex component varying only with z and
Hx = Hz = 0, we get:
dE x ( z )
j o H y
dz
ko
1
jko z
jko z
[ E e jk o z E e jk o z ]
Hy
[( jko ) E e
( jk o ) E e ]
j
So
H y ( z)
k0
[ E e jk o z E e jk o z ]
(2.23)
H y (z, t)
ko
[ E cos( t k o z ) E cos( t k o z )]
o
(2.24)
In general, Eqs.(2.23) and (2.24) show that the electric and magnetic field
amplitudes of the forward propagating wave in free space are related through
Ex
H y o H y
o
(2.25)
We also find the backward propagating wave amplitudes are related through
Ex
Hy
k0
Hy
H y o H y
k0
(2.26)
Where is called wave impedance for the plane wave and the intrinsic
impedance for the medium, for free space, the intrinsic impedance is given by:
o
o
k0
4 x10 7
2
2
144
x
10
10 9 / 36
120 377
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c) The magnetic field intensity, | H | at the point P(0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns.
Solution a) The propagation constant, ko is given by:
2x108
k o o o
2.094 rad / m
c
3 x108
c
108
0.33 m
b) The wavelength, is given by:
8
f 3 x10
0 .8 cos( 2 x10 8 t k o y )
0 . 8 cos( 2 x10 8 t 2 .094 y )
H
a x
a x
o
120
2 .12 cos( 2 x10 8 t 2 .094 y ) a x mA / m
At
the point P(0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns, we have:
The first term in (2.19) represents a wave traveling the +ve z direction and
the second term represents a wave traveling the - ve z direction
Some feeling for the way in which the fields vary in space may be obtained
from Fig. 2.5.
Fig.2.5 (c) Relation between E and H field vectors and the direction of propagation, z.
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E 50 cos(108 t k o x) a y V / m
vp c
ko
108
1
ko
0.333 rad / m
8
c 3x10
3
ct1
2
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t1
2 / ko
6
31.42 ns
8
2c
2c
2 x3 x10
ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave
at t 0 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 4 E y 50 cos(t k o x) 50 cos(
ko x)
4
50 cos(k o x / 2) 50 sin( ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 2 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos(
ko x)
2
50 cos(ko x ) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
Ey at t = 0, T/4 and T/2 is plotted against x as shown in Fig. 2.6. Notice that a
point P (arbitrarily selected) on the wave moves along - x as t increases.
This shows that the wave travels along the ve x direction (- x).
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The analytical treatment of the uniform plane wave is extended when the wave
propagates in dielectric of conductivity, , permittivity, and permeability, .
The medium is assumed to be homogenous (having constant and with
position) and isotropic (in which and are invariant with the field orientation).
In this case ( = 0 and J 0)The wave equations or Helmholtz equations are:
B
H
xE
t
t
or
or
xE s j H s
E
xH J
J
t
t
xH s Es j E s
(2.27)
(2.28)
2
Es (1 j
) Es 0
2 Es 2 E s 0
2
or
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(2.29a)
(2.29b)
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
(2.30)
j j 1 j
E xs ( z ) E e z E ez
The positive traveling wave in phasor form after substituting for is:
E xs ( z ) E e z E e ( j ) z
(2.31)
(2.32)
Multiplying (2.32) by ej and taking the real part yields a form of the field in
time domain that can be visualized as:
(2.33a)
E ( z , t ) E e z cos(t z )
x
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E z
H y ( z, t )
e cos(t z )
(2.33b)
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
E e E e 1
1
1
c
[m / s ]
k
r r
2
2
2
c
k
f rr
r r
(2.34)
o
[ m ](2.35)
r r
r
r
0
120
[]
r
r
(2.36)
0.102m
k
61.6
(b) The phase velocity can be found from (2.34):
1.51x1010
p
2.45 x108 m / sec
k
61.6
(c) This is slower than the speed of light by a factor of 1.225. The dielectric
constant, r of the medium can be found as:
8
vp
c
c
c
3.0 x10 2
gives r ( ) 2 (
) 1.50
8
p
2.45 x10
r r
r
377
o
307.8
k
r
1. 5
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j j 1 j
j j
j 1 90
and
1 90
j j
but
j 1 45
therefore
(1 j )
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(cos 45
(1 j )
j
2
2 f
2
1 45 o
1
j sin 45 o )
(1 j )
2
(1 j )
(1 j ) f
ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave
cos( t z f ) (2.44)
Definition: The depth of penetration (s) is the distance traveled inside the
medium at which the amplitude of the wave attenuates e (e 2.7) times from
its initial level as shown in Fig.2.2. This is also called skin depth or skin effect.
From Eq.(2.44) the field amplitude is given by:
E x ( z ) E e z E e
f z
(2.45)
At z = 0 |Ex(z)| = E+ and
at z = s |Ex(z)| = E+/ e, therefore:
| E x (z) | E e s
E e 1
1
s
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(2.46)
Fig.2.2
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
f
2. The phase velocity
V p /
2 /
(2.48a)
2
1
2 s 2
2
f
f
4.
j
The intrinsic impedance
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(2.48b)
(2.48c)
f o
1
(10 10 )( 4 x10 7 )
3
a) For Aluminum:
s Al 5.03x10
b) For Copper:
c) For Gold:
d) For Silver:
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sSl 5.03x10 3
1
1
5 .03 x10 3
1
7
8
.
14
x
10
m
3.816 x107
1
7
6
.
60
x
10
m
7
5.813 x10
1
7
7
.
86
x
10
m
7
4.098 x10
1
7
6
.
40
x
10
m
7
6.173x10
4
(a) The loss tangent is given by:
890 1
6
12
'
Sea water is therefore a good conductor at 1 MHz, the skin, s of Eq. (2.46) is:
1
1
2
1
f o
(b) the wavelength as:
2
2 s 1.6 m
1
0 . 25 m 25 cm
(10 6 )( 4 x10 7 ) x ( 4 )
in free space v = c
j 4 j 4
j 2x1x10 6 x 4x10 7 x( 4 j 4)
0.987 j 0.987
( 4 j 4) x ( 4 j 4)
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m 1.57m
p
2.5 x10 m / sec
4
2
j
j j10 9 x 4x10 7 109 x 4x10 7
(50 j 50 ) 222e 4
( 4 j 4)
( 4 j 4)
1 1
0.25 m
4
b) E ( z ) E e z e j z a
E z j z
H ( z)
e
e
a
s
y
E ( z ) 0.5e 4 z e
x
s
j 4z
a V /m
x
j )
j
(
4
z
z
4 a mA/m
H ( z)
e z e
a 2.25 e 4 z e
s
y
y
j
222 e 4
0,5
H ( z, t ) 2.25 e 4 z cos(109 t 4 z ) a mA / m
y
4
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P ( x , y , z , t ) ( E ( x , y , z , t ) xH ( x , y , z , t ))
(2.49)
It represents the instantaneous power density vector associated with the
EM field at a given point. The integration of the Poynting vector over any
closed surface gives the net power flowing out of that surface.
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1. The Poynting vector P ( E xH )
V A W
2
P
(
E
xH ) . 2
3. Magnitude of P : power density (power/area or W/m )
m m m
4. The theorem states that the electromagnetic power that enters a volume
through its boundary is equal to the rate of increase of stored energy in the
volume and the electromagnetic power lost in the volume .
2.6.2 Sinusoidal EMFs
For sinusoidal EMFs if we assume that the electric and magnetic field
intensities
have the forms:
(2.50a)
z
E ( z , t ) E e cos(t z ) a x
then
E z
H ( z, t )
e cos(t z )a y
(2.50b)
E 2 2 z
P ( E xH )
e
cos( t z ) cos( t z ) a z (2.51a)
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ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
Using the trigonometric identity: Cos A Cos B = [Cos (A+B) +Cos (A-B)],
Eqn.(2.51a) becomes:
E 2 2 z
P( z, t )
e [cos( 2 t 2 z ) cos( )]a z
2
(2.51b)
1
Pdav ( z )
T
1
P
(
z
,
t
)
dt
0
T
E 2 2 z
e [cos( 2 t 2 z ) cos( )]a z dt
2
E 2 2 z
E 2 2 z
Pdav ( z )
e
[ 0 cos( )]a z
e
cos( ) a z
2
2
(2.52)
E ( z, t ) E e z cos(t z )a x Re[ E e z e j (t z ) ]
E z
E z j (t z )
H ( z, t )
e cos(t z ) a y Re[
e e
]
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(2.53a)
(2.53b)
*
*
1
1
E
Pdav ( z ) Re[ E xH ] Re[ E s xH s ]
e 2 z cos( ) a z (2.54)
2
2
2
The total time-average power, Ptav crossing a given surface S is given by:
*
1
Ptav Re( E x H ). d s
(2.55)
2
We
should note the difference between P ( x , y , z , t ) , Pdav ( x , y ,,z ) and Ptav
Pdav ( x , y , z ) is the time average of the Poynting vector or time average power
density vector also in [W/m2] and it is time invariant.
Ptav is the total time average power through a surface in watts; it is a scalar
and time invariant.
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c 0.8 x3 x108 12
k o r o
r r
7
c
2x10
r
12
r
b) The time-average power density of the wave is given by:
*
1
E 2
16
Pdav ( x ) Re[ E x H ]
a x
a x 81a x mW / m 2
2
2
2 x 98 .7
40 of 53
Ptav
*
1
Re( E x H ). d s S ( x ). A a n
2
( 81 x 10
162 x 10
41 of 53
2 a x a y
) a x .( 100 x 10 )
724 . 5 W
Fig. 2.3 Plane wave reflection from a lossy medium, normal incidence
42 of 53
The incident fields can be then written in the phasor form, for z < 0 as:
Eis ( z ) E e jko z a x
(2.53)
1 k0 z
H is ( z )
E e
a y
o
(2.57)
Where, for free space Ko is the wave number, o is the wave impedance and
E+ is an arbitrary amplitude.
A reflected wave may exist in the region z < 0, with the form:
Ers ( z ) E e jko z a x
jk 0 z
H
(
z
)
E e
( a y )
(2.58)
rs
o
(2.59)
Ets ( z ) TE e z a x
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(2.60)
TE z
H ts ( z )
e a y (2.61)
j 1 j / j
(2.62)
We now have a boundary value problem, where the general form of fields are
known via (2.66) (2.61) on either side of the material discontinuity at z = 0.
The two unknown constants and T are found by applying two boundary
conditions on Ex and Hy at z = 0.
Since these tangential field components must be continuous at z = 0, for the
electric field, we have the following equation:
(2.63)
1 T
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(2.64)
Ers ( z ) E e jk o z a x
Ets ( z ) TE e z a x
Similarly for the magnetic field, from Equations (2.57), (2.59) and (2.61) we
1 k0 z
get:
H is ( z )
E e
a y
o
H is ( z ) H rs ( z ) H Ts ( z ) 1 (2.65) H ( z ) E e jk 0 z ( a )
rs
y
TE z
H ts ( z )
e a y
Solving Equation (2.64) and (2.65) for the reflection and transmission
coefficients, we have:
o
o
(2.66)
2
T 1
o
(2.67)
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j
2x109 x 4x10 7
3
(
8
.
239
j
8
.
239
)
x
10
1
2 .088 x10 6 m
f o
179
.
99
377.008 j8.239 x10 3
(e) The transmission coefficient, T is calculated from (2.67) as:
2
2(8.239 j8.239) x10 3
T
incident wave ( Ei , H i ), the reflected wave ( Er, H r) and the transmitted wave
( Ei , H i).
Solution:
The incident magnetic field intensity
in phasor form is:
9
k o o o
2x10
20.94 rad / s
8
c
3x10
1 jk0 z
10 jk0 z
j 20.94 z
H (z)
E e
a
e
a 26.5e
a [ A / m]
is
y 377
y
y
j
j
j
48 of 53
3.5 x 4x10 7
446
446 377
0.084
446 377
Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
The reflected electric field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
jk0 z
jk0 z
j 20.94 z
E ( z ) E e
a (0.084)(10)e
a 0.84 e
a [mV / m]
rs
x
x
x
The reflected magnetic field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
jk 0 z
0.084
jk 0 z
jk 0 z
H ( z)
E e
a
x10 xe
a 1.27 e
a [ A / m]
rs
y
y
y
377
o
H ( z, t ) 1.27 cos(2x10 9 t 20.94 z ) a [ A / m]
rs
y
The transmitted electric field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
2
2( 446)
k k o r r 20.94 3.5 x 2.5 61.94 T
1.084 1
0 446 377
jkz
j 61.94 z
j 61.94 z
E ( z ) a TE e
a (1.084)(10)e
a 10.84 e
[mV / m]
ts
x
x
x
The transmitted magnetic field intensity in instantaneous and phasor forms are:
TE jk z
10.84 k z
j 61.94 z
H ( z ) a
e
a
e
a 24.3 e
[ A / m]
ts
y
y 446
y
49 of 53
Eis ( z ) E e jk1z a x
Fig. 2.5 Plane wave reflection from a medium 1, normal incidence on medium 2.
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1 jk 1 z
100 jk1 z
H is ( z )
E e
ay
e
a y e jk1 z a y [ A / m ]
1
100
The magnitude for the average incident power density is given by.
1
1
1
Pidav Re( E i xH i ) Re ( E e jk1 z a x ) x ( E e jk1 z a y )
2
2
1
1
(100 )(1) a z 50 a z [W / m 2 ]
2
(b) The reflection coefficient, is calculated from (2.66) as:
2 1 300 100
0.5
2 1 300 100
The reflected wave that exists in the region z < 0, is calculated from (2.66) as :
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jk 1 z
50 jk1 z
H rs ( z )
E e
( a y )
e
( a y ) 0 . 5 e jk1 z ( a y ) [ A / m ]
1
100
The magnitude for the average reflected power density is given by.
*
1
1 *
1
Prdav Re( E r xH r ) E r H r ( a z ) (50 )( 0 .5) 12 .5 ( a z )[W / m 2 ]
2
2
2
(c) The transmission coefficient, T is calculated from (2.67) as
2 2
2(300)
600
T
1.5
2 1 300 100 400
The transmitted wave that exists in the region z > 0, is calculated from (2.68) as:
TE jk 2 z
150 jk 2 z
H ts ( z )
e
a y
e
a y 0 . 5 e jk 2 z a y [ A / m ]
1
300
The magnitude for the average transmitted power density is given by.
Ptdav
*
1
1
1
Re( E ts xH ts ) E t H t a z (150 )( 0 .5) a z 37 .5 a z [W / m 2 ]
2
2
2
We may check and confirm the power conservation requirement:
50 [W / m 2 ] 12 .5 [W / m 2 ] 37 .5 [W / m 2 ]
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