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Bellville Campus
Department of Mechanical Engineering
THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
BOILER EFFICIENCY & CONDENSERS
By
Subject:
Student name
Student no
Signature
M CHAKUVINGA
213013525
CR COETZEE
212120468
T JEBETLE
000000000
T MUCHINEUTA
000000000
JN PETER
000000000
APT200S
Lecturer:
S Makhomo
Evaluation Criteria
Introduction: (Aim for each lab, Background, List of the apparatus, Procedure etc)
10%
55%
Explanations (did you explain what you are doing rather than put formulas.)
10%
Discussion: (Discussion of the results, do they make sense? Any possible errors, etc)
10%
5%
Presentation, layout and neatness: (Cover page, Typed/ print neat, report format, etc)
10%
Total
100%
Date of submission:
1.1 Aim
The aim of the experiment is determine the boiler efficiency, Equivalent
evaporation and the Rankine efficiency.
1.2 Background
A boiler is an apparatus used to produce steam. Thermal energy released by
combusting of fuel is used to produce steam at the desired temperature and
pressure. The steam produced is used to produce mechanical work by expanding it
in a steam turbine.
1.2.1 Boiler efficiency
Boiler efficiency is the ratio between the heat transferred to the feed water being
converted to steam, and the heat supplied by the complete combustion of the fuel.
Heat output
100
Heat input
M s ( hwetto) /( M f / s CV ) 100
Boiler efficiency
Heat output
Heat input
M s (hwetto )
M f / s 2256.7
Equivalent evaporation
kg steam / kg fuel
1.2.3 Rankine efficiency
The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict the performance of steam engines. The
Rankine cycle is an idealised thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into
mechanical work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as
the working fluid. It is given by the formula below:
1.4 Procedure
In this experiment, diesel was used as fuel to produce the heat and it was burned at
a rate of 0.361 kg/min. The heat produced was used to boil the water in the
evaporator to produce steam.
Water was pumped from the hot well and fed into the economizer to increase its
liquid enthalpy. From the economizer hot water was then sent to the evaporator, a
component which transformed it into wet steam at a constant pressure. From the
evaporator wet steam was then sent to the super heater, a component which
operates at the same pressure with the evaporator. The temperature of the steam
was then increased by high temperature flue gasses which are channelled from the
combustion chamber on to the superheater. This increase in temperature improved
the quality of the steam by reducing the amount of water vapour in the steam. After
super heating, the quality of steam was then determined by siphoning some of the
steam from the supply line into a combined calorimeter.
Superheated steam in the supply line was then used to drive the turbine, from the
turbine it was sent to a low pressure condenser to reject the remaining heat energy
thus obeying the cycle of a heat engine.
2. Result:
Readings
Volume of fuel
Time
Mass flow rate of steam
CV of fuel
Density of fuel
Reading
1.6 103
Units
m3
3:49
5.3133
45
0.84
min
kg/min
MJ/kg
kg/L
The given steam production rate per hour was converted to production rate per
minute. Fuel consumption rate was determined by first multiplying the density of
the fuel and the amount of fuel consumed. The result was divided by the time
period; in this case the time was 3 min 49 sec. This resulted in a fuel consumption
rate of 0.361kg/min.
The enthalpies from lab 2 were used to determine the various efficiencies.
The boiler efficiency was then calculated using the formula;
Boiler efficiency
Heat output
100
Heat input
M s ( hwetto) /( M f / s CV ) 100
Heat output is the energy needed to convert feed water entering the boiler at a
specific pressure and temperature to steam leaving the boiler at a specific pressure
and temperature. Heat input is the gross heat energy to the boiler.
The equivalent evaporation is the quantity of steam produced in a given steam
boiler if supplied and evaporated at the normal boiling point (100 and normal
atmospheric pressure. The equivalent evaporation was computed using the
formula:
Heat output
Heat input
M s (hwetto )
M f / s 2256.7
Equivalent evaporation
kg steam / kg fuel
Appendix
Calculations
m= v
3
=0.84 1.64 10
1.3776 kg
t = 3 min 49 sec =229 sec
=229/60 =3.8167 min
f=1.3776/38167=0.361 kg/min
Heat output
100
Heat input
M s ( hwetto) /( M f / s CV ) 100
Boiler efficiency
b =
5.313 ( 2867.46479.7284 )
100
0.361 45000
=91.19%
Heat output
Heat input
M s (hwetto )
M f / s 2256.7
Equivalent evaporation
kg steam / kg fuel
E E=
5.313(2867.46479.7284)
=18.18 kg steam/kg fuel
0361 2256.7
R=
( 2867.4642327.339 )
100=20.86
(2867.464278.289)