CarrenApolinario

NCM106
BSN4
EndoscopicRetrogradeCholangiopancreatogram(ERCP)
Anendoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatogram(ERCP)testchecksthetubes(ducts)
thatdraintheliver,gallbladder,andpancreas.Aflexible,lightedscope(endoscope)and
Xraypicturesareused.
Thescopeisputthroughthemouthandgentlymoveddownthethroat.Itgoesintoyour
esophagus,stomach,andduodenumuntilitreachesthepointwheretheductsfromthe
pancreasandgallbladderdrainintotheduodenum.Xrayswillthenbetaken.
ERCPcantreatcertainproblemsfoundduringthetest.Insomecases,yourdoctorcan
insertsmalltoolsthroughthescopeto:
Takeasampleoftissue(biopsy)fromanabnormalgrowth.
Thenitcanbecheckedforproblems.
Removeagallstoneinthecommonbileduct.
Openanarrowedbileduct.Anarrowedbileductcanbeopenedbyinsertinga
smallwiremeshorplastictube(calledastent)intheduct.

MagneticResonanceCholangiopancreatography(MRCP)Procedure
Unlikeconventionalxrayexaminationsandcomputedtomography(CT)scans,MRI
doesnotutilizeonionizingradiation.Instead,radiowavesredirectalignmentof
hydrogenatomsthatnaturallyexistwithinthebodywhileyouareinthescannerwithout
causinganychemicalchangesinthetissues.Asthehydrogenatomsreturntotheirusual
alignment,theyemitenergythatvariesaccordingtothetypeofbodytissuefromwhich
theycome.TheMRscannercapturesthisenergyandcreatesapictureofthetissues
scannedbasedonthisinformation.
Themagneticfieldisproducedbypassinganelectriccurrentthroughwirecoilsinmost
MRIunits.Othercoils,locatedinthemachineandinsomecases,placedaroundthepart
ofthebodybeingimaged,sendandreceiveradiowaves,producingsignalsthatare
detectedbythecoils.
Acomputerthenprocessesthesignalsandgeneratesaseriesofimages,eachofwhich
showsathinsliceofthebody.Theimagescanthenbestudiedfromdifferentanglesby
theinterpretingradiologist.
Frequently,thedifferentiationofabnormal(diseased)tissuefromnormaltissuesisbetter
withMRIthanwithotherimagingmodalitiessuchasxray,CTandultrasound.
MRIexaminationsmaybeperformedonoutpatientsorinpatients.
Youwillbepositionedonthemoveableexaminationtable.Strapsandbolstersmaybe
usedtohelpyoustaystillandmaintainthecorrectpositionduringimaging.
Devicesthatcontaincoilscapableofsendingandreceivingradiowavesmaybeplaced
aroundoradjacenttotheareaofthebodybeingstudied.

IfacontrastmaterialwillbeusedintheMRIexam,aphysician,nurseortechnologist
willinsertanintravenous(IV)catheter,alsoknownasanIVline,intoaveininyourhand
orarm.Asalinesolutionmaybeusedtoinjectthecontrastmaterial.Thesolutionwill
dripthroughtheIVtopreventblockageoftheIVcatheteruntilthecontrastmaterialis
injected.
YouwillbeplacedintothemagnetoftheMRIunitandtheradiologistandtechnologist
willperformtheexaminationwhileworkingatacomputeroutsideoftheroom.
Ifacontrastmaterialisusedduringtheexamination,itwillbeinjectedintothe
intravenousline(IV)afteraninitialseriesofscans.Additionalseriesofimageswillbe
takenduringorfollowingtheinjection.
TheactualMRCPexamtakesabout10minutes,butitisoftenperformedwithastandard
MRIoftheabdomen,whichmaylastapproximately30minutesandinvolvestheuseof
contrastmaterial.Inthiscase,theentireexaminationisusuallycompletedwithin45
minutes.
Hepatitis

HepatitisA

HepatitisB

HepatitisC

causedbythehepatitisA
virus(HAV)

causedbythehepatitisB
virus(HBV)

causedbythehepatitisC
virus(HCV)

HBVisfoundinbloodand
HCVisfoundinbloodand
certainbodyfluids.Thevirus
certainbodyfluids.The
isspreadwhenbloodorbody
HAVisfoundinthefeces
virusisspreadwhenblood
fluidfromaninfectedperson
(poop)ofpeoplewith
orbodyfluidfromanHCV
entersthebodyofaperson
hepatitisAandisusually
infectedpersonenters
whoisnotimmune.HBVis
spreadbyclosepersonal
anotherpersonsbody.HCV
spreadthroughhaving
contact(includingsexor
isspreadthroughsharing
unprotectedsexwithan
livinginthesame
needlesorworkswhen
infectedperson,sharing
household).Itcanalsobe
shootingdrugs,through
needlesorworkswhen
spreadbyeatingfoodor
exposuretoneedlesticksor
shootingdrugs,exposureto
drinkingwatercontaminated
sharpsonthejob,or
needlesticksorsharpsonthe
withHAVandbytraveling
sometimesfromaninfected
job,orfromaninfected
internationallywhereHAV
mothertoherbabyduring
mothertoherbabyduring
infectionisoccurring.
birth.Itispossibleto
birth.Exposuretoinfected
transmitHCVduringsex,
bloodinANYsituationcan
butitisnotcommon.
beariskfortransmission.