CAD design Work station:

Secondary Memory
Design Workstation

Graphic Input
CPU devices
Terminals

Output Devices
Plotters etc.
The Graphic terminals:
CRT Display
Operation of a CRT Display
z A CRT display contains a vacuum tube
z At one end are three electron guns, one each for red, green,
and blue
z At the other end is a screen with a phosphorous coating
z The three electron guns fire electrons at the screen and excite
a layer of phosphor
z Depending on the beam, the phosphor glows, either red,
green, or blue
 Flat Panel Displays

z A very thin display screen

z Most flat panel displays use LCD technology

z Other technologies

z LED (Light Emitting Diode)

z Gas plasma display

Operation of an LCD

z Two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution

between them

z An electric current passed through the liquid causes the

crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them

z Each crystal, therefore, acts like a shutter, either allowing

light to pass through or blocking the light
Display Devices Techniques
z Stroke Writing
z Raster Scanning
Types of Graphic terminals
1) Directed Beam Refresh
2) Direct View Storage Tube ( DVST)
3) Raster Scan (Digital TV)
Direct Beam Refresh Method:
Deflection
system

Text Character generation

DISPLAY DISPLAY Font
FILE Processor
CRT

X-Position
Display
Input Y-Position
command
data

CPU (HOST)
Vector Generation
¾ The refresh buffer stores the display file of or
programs, which contains points, lines , characters and
other attributes of the picture to be drawn.
¾ These commands are interpreted and processed
by the display processor .
¾ The electron beam accordingly excites a
phosphorus which glow for a short period
¾ To maintain a flicker free image , the screen
must be refreshed or redrawn at least 30 to 60 times
per second
Advantages:
z High resolution & high quality picture
z Good animation capability

Disadvantages:
z Expensive circuitry .

z Limited data content

z Displays a limited vectors on the screen

without flicker.
z large amount of memory required
Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)
Deflection
Input Devices system

Text Character generation

Font
DISPLAY
Processor
CRT

X-Position
Display Input
Y-Position
command data

CPU (HOST)
Vector Generation
¾ It eliminates the refresh processor and
a refresh buffer used with the refresh display
¾ It uses the special type of phosphorous
that has a long lasting glowing effect
¾ the picture is stored as a charge in the
phosphorous mesh located behind the screen
¾ Complex picture could be drawn without
flicker at high resolution
¾ The picture remains on the screen until it is
explicitly erased, due to having storage tubes
z Advantages:
z Inexpensive
z High resolution

z Disadvantages:
z DVST could not provide colors
z Animation is not possible
Raster Scan Display:

Color
Pixel map Deflection of
values in color system
memory

Image creation
system
Display
Processor
Rasteurization CRT

Display Input data

command

CPU (HOST)
¾ In this process area or entities are converted
in to their corresponding pixels whose intensity and
color are controlled by the image display system
¾ The creation of the raster format data from
geometric information is known as scan conversion
or rastarization
¾ These contains no.of scan conversion
algorithms
¾ This is way it is possible to create images
with different colors and hollow areas on raster
display
z Advantages :
z Good picture quality
z High data content
z Selective erase is possible
z Good color capability
z Animation is possible
z Low cost
z Disadvantages:
z More skill required to generate DDA
algorithms
Operator Input Devices

z Cursor Control Devices

(or ) Locating Devices
(or )locators
z Digitizers

z Alphanumeric and other

key board terminals
z Mouse
 There are two types of graphical interaction
accomplished by means of cursor controls and
digitizing

1) Creating and positioning new items on the

CRT screen
2) Position at or otherwise identifying
locations on the screen, usually associated with
existing images
Cursor Controls:

z Thumb wheel
z Direction keys on a key board terminals
z Joysticks
z Track balls
z Light Pen
z Electronic Tablet /Pen
Thumb Wheels:
¾ Thumb Wheel device uses two thumb
wheels one to control the horizontal position of the
cursor, the other to control the vertical position

¾ Each position is indicated on the screen by

a cross hair

¾ Thumb wheels are usually mounted on the

key board
Joy Sticks

¾ Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base

¾ These are desirable to control velocity or force in some
simulation applications where fast response is required
¾ Used to navigate screen display system
¾ Used for Radar and flight control systems
Track Ball

¾ Stationary pointing device

with a ball on its top or side

¾ To move pointer, rotate ball

with thumb, fingers, or palm
of hand

¾ Used to navigate screen

display system
¾ Used for Radar and flight
control systems
Light Pen

¾ It enables the user to select a displayed graphics item on

the screen by directly touching its surface in the
vicinity of item.
¾ light pen does not emit light but rather detects it from
graphics item displayed on the screen
¾ using emitted light as an input ,it sends an interrupt
signal to the computer to determine which item was
seen by the pen.
¾ This is used with a refresh tube type CRT but not with
storage tube
Tablet and Pen:

• The tablet is a flat surface separate from CRT

screen on which the user draws with the pen like stylus
to input instructions or to control the cursor
Digitizers
¾ Digitizer consists of a large smooth board and
an electronic tracking device which can be moved
over the surface to follow lines
¾ It is used for converting the physical locations
In to co-ordinate values so that accurate transfer of
data can be achieved
¾ Underneath the digitizer surface would be a
position sensitive mechanism, electromagnetic force is
the most generally employed in digitizer construction.
Keyboard
z What is a keyboard?
¾ Input device that contains
keys users press to enter
data into a computer

¾ Includes typing area, numeric

keypad, and function keys

¾ Can be cordless or
built-in
• PFK may be built as separate unit or buttons may just be
integrated with conventional key board
 Mouse
zWhat is an optical mouse?

¾ No moving mechanical
parts inside
¾ Senses light to detect
mouse’s movement
¾ More precise than
mechanical mouse
¾ More expensive
than a
mechanical mouse
 Mechanical Mouse

mouse buttons
wheel
button

ball

mouse pad

• Mouse is a relative device and not an absolute

pointing device like digitizers.
z What is a Tablet PC?

¾ Mobile computer that

includes handwriting
recognition software
¾ Primary input device is a
pressure-sensitive digital
pen
zWhat are a touchpad and a
pointing stick?

¾ Touchpad is small, flat,

rectangular pointing device
sensitive to pressure and motion
¾ Pointing stick is pointing device
shaped like pencil eraser
positioned between keys on
keyboard
Output Devices

z Printers
z Plotters
z scanners
Printers

z Main types:
z Dot matrix (Impact)
z Laser
z Ink jet
Impact vs. Non-Impact
z Impact printers physically transfer a dot or
shape to the paper
z Include dot-matrix, belt, & solid line printers
z Non-impact printers spray or lay down the
image
z Impact printers remain important because
they can print multi-part forms
Printers
z Main types:
z Dot matrix (sample impact)
z Laser
z Ink jet
 Impact Type Dot-Matrix
z A print-head moves back-and-forth in front of forms
(paper) on which characters or graphic images are
transferred.
z The print-head contains numerous wires, typically
from 9 to 24. Each wire is part of a solenoid-like unit.
z An electrical pulse applied to the solenoid creates a
magnetic field which forces the wire to move briefly
forward then backward.
z As the wire moves forward, it strikes a print ribbon
containing ink. The impact transfers an ink dot to the
paper. The paper is supported from behind by a platen.
(a hard flat piece)
Dot Matrix Print Head

One print wire

Print wires
(e.g., 12)

Front view Side view

 Dot Matrix Impact Printing

Paper
Print
wire

Platen
Ribbon

Paper

Side view Side view Front view

Operation of a Laser Printer
z Four steps
z A laser is fired in correspondence to the dots to be printed. A
spinning mirror causes the dots to be fanned out across the drum.
The drum is photosensitive. As a result of the laser light, the drum
becomes electrically charged wherever a dot is to be printed.
z The drum rotates to the next line, usually 1000th or 1600th of an
inch.

Laser
Photosensitive
drum
Spinning
mirror
Top View of Rotating Mirror

Drum Rotating Mirror:

This one has eight
faces

Laser light source

Operation of a Laser Printer
2. As the drum continues to rotate, the charged part of the drum passes
through a tank of black powder called toner. Toner sticks to the drum
wherever the charge is present. Thus, the pattern of toner on the drum
matches the image.

Toner
Operation of a Laser Printer
3. A sheet of paper is fed toward the drum. A charge wire coats the
paper with electrical charges. When the paper contacts the drum, it
picks up the toner from the drum

Charge
wire

Paper
Operation of a Laser Printer
4. As the paper rolls from the drum, it passes over a heat and
pressure area known as the fusing system. The fusing system
melts the toner to the paper. The printed page then exits the
printer.

As the same time, the surface of the drum passes over another
wire, called a corona wire. This wire resets the charge on the
drum, to ready it for the next page.

Fusing
Corona system
wire
z laser printer
¾ High-speed, high-quality non
impact printer
¾ Prints text and graphics in very
high-quality resolution, ranging
from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi
¾ Typically costs more than
ink-jet printer, but is much faster
Printers
z Main types:
z Dot matrix
z Laser
z Ink jet
How it works
z An ink-filled print cartridge is attached to the inkjet's print head.
The print head contains 50 or more ink-filled chambers, each attached
to a nozzle.
z An electrical pulse flows through thin resistors at the bottom of
each chamber. When current flows through a resistor, the resistor
heats a thin layer of ink at the bottom of the chamber to more than 900
degrees Fahrenheit for several millionths of a second .
z The ink boils and forms a bubble of vapour. As the vapour bubble
expands, it pushes ink through the nozzle to form a droplet at the tip of
the nozzle. The droplet sprays onto the paper.
z The volume of the ejected ink is about one millionth that of a drop
of water from an eye-dropper. A typical character is formed by an
array of these drops 20 across and 20 high.
z As the resistor cools, the bubble collapses. The resulting suction
pulls fresh ink from the attached reservoir into the firing chamber.
Inkjet Printer Example
z What is a thermal printer?
¾ Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper
ƒ Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo
printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated
paper
Plan
z Printers
z Scanners
How it works
z A scanner works by digitizing an image.
z A scanning mechanism consists of a light source and a
row of light sensors.
z As light is reflected from individual points on the page, it
is received by the light sensors and translated to digital
signals that correspond to the brightness of each point.
z Colour filters can be used to produce colour images,
either by providing multiple sensors or by scanning the
image three times with a separate colour filter for each
pass.
z The resolution of scanners is similar to that of printers,
approximately 300-600 dpi (dots per inch).
Scanners
z Three main types
z Flatbed
z Sheet-fed
z Handheld
 Flatbed Scanner Example

z What is a scanner?
¾ Light-sensing device that reads printed text
and graphics
ƒ Used for image processing, converting paper
documents into electronic images
Sheet-fed Scanner Example
Handheld Scanner Example

Quick Scan GP Bar Code Scanner from PSC, Inc.

z What is a plotter?

¾ Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality

drawings
¾ Large-format printer creates photo-realistic-quality
color prints