Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF R.S.E.B.
Rajasthan State Electricity Board started working form 1 July, 1957. When India
becomes independent its overall installed capacity was hardly 1900 mw. During first year plan
(1951-1956) this capacity was only 2300 MW. The contribution of Rajasthan state was negligible
during 1&2 year plans the emphases was on industrialization for that end it was considered to
make the system of the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan state electricity board came into
existence in July 1957.
In 1957 RSEB (Rajasthan State Electric Board) is comes in to existence and it satisfactorily work
from 1 july1957 at that time energy level in Rajasthan is very low . The 1 st survey for energy
capacity in Rajasthan is held in 1989 at that time the total electric energy capacity of Rajasthan is
20116 MW. At that time the main aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan in the
most economical way.
And the RSEB comes under northern zone. During the 1 st survey there are few GSS in Rajasthan
and the Alwar GSS is one of them. The Alwar GSS is 2km away from the Railway station Alwar
and located near the Govt. polytechnic college Alwar.
The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan state in the most economical way.
Government of Rajasthan on 19th July 2000, issued a gazette notification unbundling Rajasthan
State Electricity Board into Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd (RRVUNL), the
generation Company; Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd, (RRVPNL), the transmission
Company and the three regional distribution companies namely Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd,
(JVVNL) Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd (AVVNL) and Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd
(JVVNL).

Fig.1.1: Graphical view of R.S.E.B

The Generation Company owns and operates the thermal power stations at Kota and Suratgarh,
Gas based power station at Ramgarh, Hydel power station at Mahi and mini hydel stations in the
State
The Transmission Company operates all the 400KV, 220 KV, 132 KV and 66KV electricity lines
and system in the State
The three distribution Companies operate and maintain the electricity system below 66KV in the
State in their respective areas
Rajasthan State Electricity Board has been divided in five main parts are:-> Electricity production authority- RRVUNL
-> Electricity transmission authority-RRVPNL
-> Distribution authority for Jaipur-JVVNL
-> Distribution authority for Jodhpur-JVVNL
-> Distribution authority for Ajmer- AVVNL
Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over Rajasthan with the help of grid
station. Depending on the purpose, substations may be classified as:1. Step up substation
2

2. Primary grid substation

3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
5. Bulky supply and industrial substation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
8. Cinematograph substation
Depending on constructional feature substation are classified as:1. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or Underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

Chapter-2

GRID SUBSTATION
1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF GSS.
A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy
from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a sub-station is an
intermediate link between the generating station and for economic transmission the voltage
should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated voltage for transmission and step down
transmitted voltage for distribution. For this purpose substations are installed.

Fig.2.1 Side Views of GSS

Description:-

A: Primary power lines' side

B: Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines
2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
4

5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10. Control building
11. Security fence
12. Secondary power lines

Fig.2.2 Grid Substation

The normal voltages for transmission are 400kv, 220kv, 132kv and for distribution 33kv, 11kv
etc.
2.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF 220KV GSS ALWAR

220V FEEDER :
1. 220 KV Heerapura (Jaipur)
2. 220 KV MIA (Badarpur)
3. 220 KV Dousa
4. 220 KV Bhiwadi
5. 220 KV Kishangarh Bass
6. 220 KV Kotputli

132 KV FEEDERS:
1. 132 KV GSS Alwar
2. 132 KV LCAL
3. 132 KV Kishangarh Bass
4. 132 KV Mundawar
5. 132 KV M.I.A.
6. 132 KV Ramgarh
7. 132 KV Malakhera
8. 132 KV Bansur
In this substation there are two yards

a. 220KV Yard.
b. 132 KV YARD
There are four bus bars in 132 KV yard and five bus-bars in 220KV yard. The incoming feeders
are connected to bus-bar through circuit breakers, Isolators, lighting arrestors, currenttransformers etc the bus-bars are to have an arrangement of auxiliary bus So that when some
repairing work is to be done an main bus the whole load can be transferred to the auxiliary bus
6

through bus-coupler. In this 220KV GSS the incoming 220KV supply is stepped down to 132KV
with the help of t220KV GSS has a large layout consisting of 3 no. of 100MVA transformers,
2nos of 20/25MVA transformers and 1 X-mer of 40/50MVA and one X-mer of 16/20MVA
having voltage ratio respectively 220/132, 132/11Kv in addition to these transformers .
Transformers which is further supplied to different sub-station according to the load.

Fig.2.4 Single line diagram of 132 KV yard

Chapter-3
8

EQUIPMENTS USED IN G.S.S.

3.1 Equipments used in 132 KV YARD IN 220 KV G.S.S.
S.No.

Name of Equipment

Specification

Qty.

132 KV P T

Make C G E

Type V C M 138
Ratio- 132/110V
Sr No -615259

132 KV C T

Make BHEL

Ratio 480/240/120
Sr No -1227

132 KV Isolator

Make HIVELM

Volts-220
Sr

No

1052,1049,

1041,502,506,974,1074

132/11 KV
Transformer

Make NGEF
Capacity-16/20MVA
Ratio-132/11 KV
Sr No -28000,30346

Yr of manafacture-1978
Currentrating-87 SA,105 A

132/33 KV

Make EMCO

Transformer

Capacity-16/20MVA

Currentrating-10373/10856
6

132 KV,ABCB

Make HBB

Type D C E 1633 1505576

Capacity-2500 KVA

33 KV Isolators

Make E M G

Capacity-400A

33 KV O C B

Make BHEL

(Oil Circuit Breaker)

(i)Type HLC 36/1000

Capacity-400 A
(ii)Type M E I 7377A

33 KV P T

Make SIMO Meters Ltd

Sr No HEO 700
10

33 KV C T

Ratio-3X33000X110V

10

(i)Make A E
Ratio-120/60/5/5

(ii)Make Merlih Gerigh

Ratio-120/60/5/5

(iii)Make-Crompton
Ratio-240/120/5/5

11

33 Bank Capacitor

Make-Sprechers & scnich

Capacity-800A,4190KVR
Type-HPRC 307 F

12

Sr no 69/21/7344051

Station Service

Make-E E

Transformer

Capacity-100KVA
Sr No -250/4

13

11 KV O C B

Make MEI

Type: ACI
Capacity-800A
Sr

No

-68/025,67/262,

68/024,67/261,67/264,
11

70/85,70/067
14

11 KV P T
Make A E
Ratio-11000/11 OV
Sr No -4124A

15

D C Rectifier
& Battery Charger

Sr No -74877381/21

Type-CP
Ratio-110/No
DC output 115-118V/10A
Make HIMD
Rectifier Standard
16

L T Panel

Cell type T15 H

Make Jyoti
17

Compressors

Sr No -205/66
Type- LTLT-5
550 V-34,4 Wire

Make intesoll Rand

12

Type-30
Size-3X11/4X2 3/4
Sr no 8100212,81oo198
Table 3.1: Equipments used in 132KV GSS
The switch house building of the G.S.S. has following parts:1. Load Dispatch Unit (L.D.U.)
2. Power Line Carrier Communication (P.L.C.C.)
3. Battery Room
4. Control Room
5. Compressor Room
3.2. DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS USED IN G.S.S.:
These equipments are used in the G.S.S. for successful Operational Breaker & a half scheme two
buses, they are:
1.

Lighting Arrester

2. CVT
3. Line isolator
4. Wave Trap
5. Circuit Breaker
6. Current Transformer
7. Bus Bars
8. Power Transformer

13

Chapter-4

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
4.1. Introduction
Lighting arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
vise, transformer from overhead voltages and lighting

When the positively charged cloud

produce negative charge on the overhead line by electrostatic induction then the negative charge
is however presented right under the cloud and portion of the line away from the cloud becomes
positively charged This charge on the line does not flow
Every instrument must be protected from the damage of lighting stroke. The three protection sin
a substation is essential:

Protection for transmission line from direct strokes

Protections of power station or substation from direct strokes

Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves

Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lighting from
striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities over insulated
structure
4.2. Description
The Thyrite Alugard lightning arrester consists of a stack of one or more units connected in
series depending on the voltage and the operating condition of the circuit three single pole
arresters are required for 3-phase installation. The arresters are single pole design and they are
suitable for indoor and out-door service.
Each arrester unit consists essentially of permanently sealed Porcelain housing equipped with
pressure relief and containing a number of thyrite value-element dieses and exclusive lumate
gaps shunted by Thyrite resistors metal fitting cemented of the housing provide means for
bolting arrester units into a stack. Each arrester unit is shipped assembled. No charging or testing
operation is required before placing them in service.
14

Installation Location:Install arrester electrically as close as possible to the apparatus being protected Line and ground
connections should be short and direct
Grounding:The arrester ground should be connected to the apparatus grounds and the main station ground
utilizing a reliable common ground network of low resistance. The efficient operation of the
lightning arrester requires permanent low resistance grounds. Station class arresters should be
provided with a ground of a value not exceeding five ohms.
Clearances: - These are given on the drawings. These are the maximum recommended. The term
clearance means the actual distance between any part of the arrester or disconnecting device at
line potential, and any object at ground potential or other phase potential.
Arrester voltage: The thvrite station-class arrester is designed to limit the surge voltages to a safe value by
discharging the surge current to ground; and to interrupt the small power frequency follow
current before the first current zero. The arrester rating is a define limit of its ability to interrupt
power follow current. It is important, therefore, to assure that the system power frequency
voltage from line to ground under any condition switching, fault, overvoltage, never exceeds the
arresters rating.

Fig.4.1

Lighting arrester
15

Lighting arrester:It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward and
short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased to zero
An ideal arrestor must therefore have the following properties:
1. It should be able to drain the surge energy from the line in a minimum time
2. Should offer high resistance to the flow of power current
3. Performance of the arresters should be such that no system disturbances are introduced
by its operation
4. Should be always in perfect from to perform the function assigned to it
5. After allowing the surge to pass, it should close up so as not to permit power current to
flow to ground .

Fig 4.2: Another View Of L.A.

16

WORKING:Lightning, is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between a rain
cloud and the earth The electric discharge is seen in the form of a brilliant arc, sometimes
several kilometers long, stretching between the discharge points How thunderclouds become
charged is not fully understood, but most thunderclouds are negatively charged at the base
and positively charged at the top However formed, the negative charge at the base of the
cloud induces a positive charge on the earth beneath it, which acts as the second plate of a
huge capacitor. When the electrical potential between two clouds or between a cloud and the
earth reaches a sufficiently high value (about 10,000 V per cm or about 25,000 V per in), the
air becomes ionized along a narrow path and a lightning flash results Many meteorologists
believe that this is how a negative charge is carried to the ground and the total negative
charge of the surface of the Earth is maintained.The possibility of discharge is high on tall
trees and buildings rather than to ground Buildings are protected from lightning by metallic
lightning rods extending to the ground from a point above the highest part of the roof The
conductor has a pointed edge on one side and the other side is connected to a long thick
copper strip which runs down the building.The lower end of the strip is properly earthed
When lightning strikes it hits the rod and current flows down through the copper strip These
rods form a low-resistance path for the lightning discharge and prevent it from travelling
through the structure itself .

17

Chapter-5

POWER TRANSFORMER
5.1. Introduction:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductor -the transformer's coils A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic
field through the secondary winding This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force, or voltage in the secondary winding This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the
number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns
less than Np

Fig.5.1: AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Generally transformer is very costly (approximately 10 lakhs) its cost increases as its rating
increase Very high cost of transformers is due to three parts:18

1) CORE
2) WINDING
3) OIL
Now we describe the three major parts of transformer
5.2. Core:Core is the main part of the transformer It is subjected to magnetic flux For efficient operation,
it is essential that the core of transformer must be constructed from laminated magnetic material
of low hysteresis loss and high permeability Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies
typically have cores made of high permeability silicon The steel has permeability many times
that of space and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current, and confine the
flux to a path which closely couples the windings Early transformer developers soon realized
that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their
designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires Later
designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has
remained in use Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer
of insulation The universal transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for
the core to avoid saturation.
The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly
elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude Thinner laminations reduce
losses, but are more laborious and expensive to construct Thin laminations are generally used on
high frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to
10 kHz.
A steel core's permanence means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is
removed When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current until
the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied
alternating current Over current protection devices such as fuses must be selected to allow this
harmless inrush to passion transformers connected to long, overhead power transmission lines,

19

induced currents due to geomagnetic disturbances during solar storms can cause saturation of the
core and operation of transformer protection devices.
5.3. Winding:-

20

Fig 5.2 winding

Core type transformers use concentric type of winding Each limb is wound with a group of coil
consisting of both primary and secondary winding, which are concentric to each other Low
voltage winding is placed near to the core (which is at earth potential) and high voltage winding
is placed outside, however L T and H T windings are inter-leaved to reduce the leakage
reactance.
The type and arrangement used for winding in core type transformers depend upon many
factors some of the factors are given below:
1.

current rating

2.

shot circuit strength

3.

temperature rise

4.

impedance

5.

surge voltage

6.

transportation facilities

The winding used for core type transformers are of following types
1.

Cylindrical type

2.

Helical type

3.

Double helical type

4.

Multi layer helical type

5.

Disc and continuous disc type

6.

Cross over type

21

7.

aluminum foil type

It is found that the magnetic properties of transformer sheet steel vary in accordance with the
direction of the grain oriented by rolling, sheet are cut as far as possible along the grain which is
the direction in which the material has a higher permeability It must be made In building the
core, considerable pressure is used to minimize air gaps between the plates, which would
constitute avoiding loosed of area and might contribute to noisy operation The reduction of core
sectional area due to presence of insulating material is of the order of 10%.
The winding is layered
type and used either rectangular or round conductors. In a cylindrical winding. Using rectangular
conductor, the conductors are wound on the flat side with three-layer side parallel to the core
axis. The winding using rectangular conductors may be simultaneously wound from or more
parallel conductors.

22

Fig 5.3 220/132KV, 100MVA, Power Transformer

The layered winding may have conductors wound in one, two or more layers and is therefore
accordingly called one, two or multi layer winding. The windings using rectangular conductors
are usually two layered because this case it is easier to secure the lead out ends. The windings
designed for heavy currents are wound with a number of conductors connected in parallel located
side by side in one layer. The parallel conductors have the same length and are located in the
magnetic field or almost the same flux density and hence it is not necessary to make any
transposition of conductors. A wedged shaped packing is used at each of two entrance ends of
winding in order to level it, the packing is made of press bar strips.
Cylindrical winding employing
rectangular conductors are used mainly as L.V. winding up to 6.6 kva/kv ratings up to 600-750
volts however their use is up to 433 volts.
Cylindrical winding using circular conductors are multi
layered. They are wound on a solid paper Bakelite cylinder.

23

Fig 5.4 Another view of power transformer in GSS

5.4. TRANSFOMER OIL:
Oil in transformers construction, serves the double purpose of cooling and insulating. For use in
transformer tank, oil has to fulfill certain specifications and must be carefully selected. All type
of oils are good insulators. Animal oil is good insulator but they are too viscous that they tend to
form fatty acids, which attack fibrous materials (e.g. cotton) and therefore are undesirable for
transformers. Vegetable oils are opt to be inconsistent in quality and like animal oils, tend to
form to form destructive fatty acids. Mineral oils are suitable for electric purpose; some have a
bituminous and other have a paraffin base. The crude oil as tapped is distilling producing a range
of volatile spirits and oils ranging from the very light to the heavy paraffin wax or bitumen. In
the choice of oil for transformer Use, following characteristics have to be concern:
(1) VISCOCITY:
It determines the rate of cooling and varies with the temperature. A high viscosity is an obvious
disadvantage because of the sluggish flow through small aperture, which it entails.
(2) INSULATING PROPERTIES:
It is usually unnecessary to trouble about the insulating properties of oil. Since it is always
sufficiently good. A more important matter is however, the reduction of the dielectric strength
due to the presence of moisture, which must be avoided. A very small quantity of the water In iol
greatly lowers its insulating power while the presence of dust and small fibers tends to paths of
low resistivity
(3)FLASH POINT:
The temperature vapor above an oil surface ignites spontaneously is termed as the flash point.
Flash point of oil, used in transformer, is not to be less than about 160 degree for the reasons f
safety.
(4)FIRE POINT:

24

The oil must not contain any impurity such as sulphur and its compounds. Sulphur when
presents, caused corrosion of metal parts and accelerates the production of degree.C
(6)SLUDGING:
This is the most important characteristic .Sludging means, the slow formation semi solid
hydrocarbons, sometime of an acidic nature. Which are deposited on winding and tank walls.
The formation of sludge is due to heat and oxidation .In its turns. It makes the whole transformer
hotter thus aggravating the trouble, which may proceed until the cooling ducts are blocked.
Experiences show that sludge is formed more quickly in the presence of bright cotter surface.
The chief remedy available is to use oil, which remains without sludge formation even it is
heated in the presence of oxygen, and to employ expansion chambers to restrict the contact of
hot oil with the surrounding air. Among the products of oxidation of transformer oil are volatile,
water soluble, organic acids and water. These in combination can attack and corrode iron and
other metals. The provision the breathers not only prevent the moisture produced by oxidation of
the oil.
Conservators are desirable to avoid the condensation of the water soluble acids on the under
surface of the tank lid from which acidic drop leads may fall back into the oil

NEW ISI FOR TRANSFORMERN OIL:Transformer oil has been a product of up gradation in our country. The first specification,
adopted by our country, was IS:335/1963.This was based on the British standard 148 through
B.S. has now undergone changes in 1984 I.S. has been changed 3-4 times during the last three
decades. The amendment made in July 1987 and feb.1988, make the transformer oil specification
most crudical in comparison to other World standard. The state electricity board now insists upon
this specification for transformer oil while accepting new transformers and tapping up running
transformer. This specification is to ensure proper quality and performance in the field.
The elaboration covers eleven points listed here under. These underline the importance of various
factors and their influence on the improvement of quality.

25

1) it is now mandatory for transformer oil manufacturers to produce onlyIS:35/1983 with

amendment no. one of 1987 and of 1988 quality transformer oil. Then we can apply the
symbol of product guaranteed (ISI mark), on our transformer oil since all the electricity
board insists for ISI marked quality. It is easy to get the instrument approve quickly
without any expanse, the use of non-ISI marked oil will result in the rejection of the
transformer.
2) All transformers designs are based on the basic quality of transformer oil which is
defined by IS:335/1983 with amen met no. two of 1988. Therefore it is imperative that
whether it is a distribution transformer or power transformer. The basic quality has to be
met to achieve the desirable performance of the equipment; setting of lower quality shall
jeopardize the performance of the equipment resulting in higher losses then the extra cost
of better quality of oil.
3) ETDC 64 is an electromechanical development committee of bureau of Indian standard
monitor and continuously upgrades the specification of products in our country; this is
the committee of experts from the field of research institutes, transformer oil processors,
transformer manufacturers, electricity utilities, railways and other associations. The body
decides the best standards for an equipment to give best performance. The present
standard is not recommended, accepted and released for adoption to achieve this goal
surely. This will result in better functioning of the requirement for higher productivity.
4)

Central power research institute has conducted a lot of equipment on indigenous paraffin
commercial oil and imported hepatic oils. Indian Oil Corporation limited supplies special
based oil for experimentation. Oil produced from this base oil was tested, as per ASTM
aging test method no.D1934 for its electrical and chemical aging. This method appears
appendix in IS:335.The resistivity and power, factor after 96 hours of aging indicate the
parameters are fixed and only best quality oil pass through this test.

5) Dielectric strength:
The electric strength and water contains are specified as follows.
BDVWATER CONTENTSOIL ISI 35 30 KV

50PPM

26

50 kV

The transformer oil after filtration is expected to give minimum 60 kV breakdown voltage
(BDV)
6) Dissolved gases: The analysis of gases that dissolved in oil can help in obtaining
Valuable information about faults such as partial discharge, arcing, local overheating, and core
bolted failure ETC. A refined oil or an over refined oil will show the analysis harmful to the
performance of the equipment. A balance of aromatics should be maintained to absorb the
hydrogen etc. gases during operation.
7) Power factor
The power factor has been changed as under;
OLD

is335

0.005(MAX) 90C

NEW

IS335

0.005(MAX) 90C

An accelerated aging test under simulative conditions for 164 hours is fine indication of the life
of the iol. The sludge and acidity specified for transformer oil is revised IS:
OLD

NEW

IS335

IS335

ACIDITY

0.4(MAX)

SLUDGE

0.1(MAX)

ACIDITY

0.4(MAX)

SLUDGE

0.1(MAX)

8) STORAGE, IDENTIFICATION AND MISABILITY:

Since there is only one grade of oil, the storage handling, identification and disability of oil
becomes very easy in the passing phase. A user had to separately store the products .The oil and
possible resultants consequences.
There are three transformer 220 KV yard and four power transformer 132 KV yard in G.S.S.
Alwar. There are following specification.
Auto transformer

MVA- 25/50

27

Vector symbol
Frequency

HV/LV-440
- 50 Hz
HV

LV

KV (No Load)

220

132

Amperes

262.4437.4

Phases

3-3

Type of cooling

on/OB/of. On Rating 50% OB Rating-70% Temperature of oil 40 C

Make

- Crompton greaves Ltd(Bombay)

Sr No

- 24062

Type

- Star-Star(Y-Y)
HV

LV

900 KVO 550 KVP

5.5 TRANSFORMER- ACCESSORIES:-

Fig 5.5 Silica Gel Transformer Breather

28

The LV line end bushings are also mounted on the cover. The bushings are rated for 36 KV and
are of the solid porcelain type, confirming to be 3347 the line bushings have single gap arcing
horns with fixed gaps.
The HV line and neutral bushings are also mounted on the cover. The line end bushing is rated
for 145 kV system voltage, and are outdoor oil filled condenser type bushings confirming to
IEC- 137/IS: 2099.
The paper is wound directly ob to the metallic central tube. Single piece and brown glazed, are
pressed on to the central tube by means of springs in the head. The space between the insulating
core and the porcelain shells is filled with transformer oil. The oil expansion chamber, located in
the head is hermetically sealed slight glass in the head permits the oil level to checked.
The bushings are provided with adjustable gap arcing horns. The hv neutral is connected to an
outdoor type, solid porcelain bushing rated for 36kv peak system. The bushing confirms to be:
3347/part Vth/sec.2.But with arcing horns removed. The bushing is mounted directly on the tank
cover.
Two terminals from tertiary winding are brought out at the tank cover by means of 12/175 kV
solid porcelain type bushings confirming to IS:3347/part III, but without arcing horns. The two
terminals, when shorted, complete the delta connection of the tertiary. A link arrangement is
provided for this purpose. The terminals should be connected to earth under operating conditions.
Winding temperature indicator
Winding temperature indicator consists essentially of a current transformer and a thermal unit
comprising a heating coil and a thermometric device. The thermal unit, which is designed to have
a thermal performance similar to that of the win windings of the power transformer, is influenced
by two factors:
(1) The temperature of the surrounding oil, and
(2) The current flowing through the heater coil, which will raise the temperature of the unit
above that of the surrounding oil.

29

The CT secondary current is chosen to the max hot spot winding gradient occurring in either
HV or LV windings of the power transformer. Thus the thermal units capable of simulating the
hottest-spot temperature of the transformer windings under al conditions.
THERMAL DEVICE
The bulb of a capillary type dial thermometer is screwed into a blind pocket, which is fitted
inside the heating coil. This type of pocket enables the dial thermometer to be removed from the
transformer without having to lower the oil level. The heating coil with its blind type pocket
fitted inside is supported independently under the cover of the transformer; hence it is always in
the hottest oil. The dial thermometer is provided with one or more sets of contacts for alarm or
trip circuit and at time for controlling cooking equipment when forced cooling is called for.
OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:An oil temperature indicator has been provided for measuring the transformer top oil
temperature. The heat sensitive device of the thermometer is placed in an oil pocket mounted at
the transformer cover; the thermometer has two adjustable mercury contacts and a maximum
reading pointer. The contact may be used to close circuit for alarm and tripping device. The
mercury switches are accessible by removing the top cover of the instrument and are adjustable
for different temperature ratings by location of the mount a repeater dial is for remote indication
of the oil temperature in the control room. The thermometer is housed in the marshalling box.
OIL SURGE REALY FOR OLTC GEAR:An oil- operated relay having one set of contracts is designed to trip the transformer between the
oil conservator. The relay is designed to trip the transformer on the occurrence of violent oil
surges arising out of any malfunction in the OLTC operation. The conservator for the OLTC gear
is separate from the main transformer conservator forms the conservator forms the conservator
for the OLTC .The terminals from the relay are wired to the terminal block located in the
marshalling box.
MARSHALLING BOX:-

30

The marshalling box is of sheet steel, weatherproof construction, mounted on the side of the
transformer. It is provided with a hinged door and pad lock, and housed the following instrument
and terminal block:(a) Win ding temperature indicator
(b) Oil temperature indicator
(c) Terminal block for alarm and contacts of bucholz relay
(d) Terminal block for oil legal alarm and contacts of Magnetic oil level Gauge.
(f) Heater with switch
(g) Magnetic oil leel gauge
The oil level gauge is mounted on the flate end of the con servitor. The indicator reads the oil
level inside the conservator and initiates an alarm by closing the mercury contacts swith when
the oil level is below the predetermined minimum. The contacts from the oil level gauge are
wired to the terminal block located in the marshalling box.
(h) Cooling equipment
The transformer having mixed cooling ONAF and ONAF is provided with detachable radiators
foxed to the tank wall through valves. The ONAF cooling equipment comprises of four 457 mm
dia fans, each blowing 3600 cu.ft. Of air per minute on the radiator element directed in such a
way that the no longer effective they turn pink. At the bottom of the breather a cup containing the
transformer oil is screwed this oil acts as a seal, preventing the crystals from absorbing moisture
except when breathing is taking place.
(g) Cooling plant
Oil cooling is normally achieved by heat exchange to the surrounding air. Sometimes a water
jacket acts as the secondary cooling medium. Fans may be mounted directly onto the radiators
and it is customary to use a number of separate fans rather than one or two large fans. Oil pumps
for OFAF cooling are mounted in the return pipe at the bottom of the radiators. The motors
driving the pumps often use the transformer oil as their cooling medium.
31

With ODAF cooling, the oil-to-air coolers tend to be compact and use relatively large fan
blowers. With this arrangement the cooling effectiveness is very dependent on proper operation
of the fans and oil pumps since the small amount of
Cooling surface area gives relatively poor cooling by natural convection alone. Water cooling
(ODWF) has similar characteristics to the ODAF cooling described above and is sometimes
found in power station situations where ample and well-maintained supplies of cooling water are
available. Cooling effectiveness is dependent upon the flow of cooling water and therefore on
proper operation of the water pumps. Natural cooling with the out-of-service water pumps is
very limited. Operational experience has not always been good, with corrosion and leakage
problems, and the complexity of water pumps, pipes, valves and flow monitoring equipment. The
ODAF arrangement is probably favorable as a replacement for the ODWF designs. Double wall
cooler pipes give added protection against water leakage. The inner tube carries the water and
any leakage into the outer tube is detected and causes an alarm. This more secure arrangement is
at the expense of slightly reduced heat transfer for a given pipe size. Normal practice with
cooling plant is to duplicate systems so that a failure of one need not directly affect operation of
the transformer. Two separate radiators or radiator banks and duplicate oil pumps may be
specified. In the larger ODAF cooling designs there may be four independent unit coolers giving
a degree of redundancy. The transformer may be rated for full output with three out of the four
coolers in service. Dry type transformers will normally be naturally air-cooled (classification
AN) or incorporate fans (classification AF).
5.6 TAPPINGS AND TAP CHANGER
The transformer has an on load tap changer to cater for a variation of +5% to -15% in the HV
voltage in 14 equal steps of 1.43% each for a constant power output. The tapping from the HV
tapping winding are connected to a 15 position f66KV Crompton greaves make high-speed
resistor transition on load tap-changer. The tap-changer may be either manually operated or
motor driven.
The motor driving mechanism is also described in the leaflet and is arranged for the following
types of control.

Local electrical independent

32

Remote electrical independent

Remote electrical group parallel control

Tap changer is used to change the HV voltage. We use tap changer in HV side only because in
HV side current is less hence it is easy to handle lower amount of current. Tap changers are of
two types.

1) No Load Tap changer

2) On Load tap changer
No Load Tap changer. In this type tap changer, we have to cut off load before changing the taps.
These kinds of tap changer are used in small transformers only.
On Load tap changer;In this type tap changer load remains connected to transformer while changing the taps. This
kind of tap changer requires special construction. Tapping winding is placed over HV winding.
Generally, tapping winding is divided in 6 parts by the combination of these 6 winding and HV
winding 17 different tap positions are used.

33

5.1 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (C.V.T.)

5.1.1 INTRODUCTION:CVTs are special king of PTs using capacitors to step down the voltage. A capacitor voltage
transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in
power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for
measurement or to operate a protective relay In its most basic form the device consists of three
parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to
tune the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay The device has at least four terminals: a
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary
terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay CVTs are typically singlephase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical In practice, capacitor C 1 is often constructed as a
stack of smaller capacitors connected in series This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a
relatively small voltage drop across C2
The CVT is also useful in communication systems CVTs in combination with wave traps are
used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency This forms a
carrier communication network throughout the transmission network

34

Fig.5.1.1: Circuit diagram of a capacitor voltage transformer

5.1.2 Application:
1) Capacitive voltage transformer can be effectively as potential sources for measuring, metering
protection, carrier communication and other vital functions of an electrical n/w
2) Capacitive voltage transformers are constructed

in single or multi-unit porcelain housing

with their associated magnetic units. For EHV system.

3) In the case of EHV CVTs the multi-unit construction offers a number of advantages easy of
transport and storing, Convenience in handling indirection etc.
5.1.3 Description:
1) The capacitive voltage transformer comprises of a capacitor devider with its associated
Electro-magnetic unit.

The divider provides an accurate proportioned

voltage, while the

magnetic unit transformers this voltage, both in magnitude and to convenient levels suitable for
measuring phase metering, protection etc. all W.S.I.capacitor units has metallic bellows to
compensate the volumetric expansion of oil inside the porcelain. In the multiunit stack, all the
potential point are electrically tied and suitably shielded to overcome the effects of corona, RIV
etc.
2) Capacitive voltage transformers are available for system voltage of 33kv to 420kv.
35

3) Packing and transportation:

3.1All the capacitor units of capacitive voltage X-mer are securely packed in woolen crates. The
electro-magnetic unit form an integral part with the capacitor unit is hermetically associated with
the electromagnetic unit; the wooden crate for this is exclusive and is sized heavier taller than for
the capacitor unit alone.
3.2 Each woolen crate is identified with the corresponding serial number of the unit.
3.3 Each capacitor unit has one nameplate designing the rating of the unit Position of the unit in
the complete assembly is also indicated in the nameplate by a suffix T or M .

5.1.4 RATINGS OF CVT:Make: W S Insulators of India Limited

Intermediate voltage:

22/ 3KV

Total output simultaneous:

500VA

Output maximum:

1000VA at 50C

Operating Voltage:

400/ 3KV

420/ 3KVmax

Voltage Factor:

15sec

30sec

Table 5.1.1: Rating of CVT used in GSS

36

5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

5.2.1 Introduction:
Potential Transformer is designed for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line
voltages in power metering applications. The primary terminals can be connected either in lineto-line or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer models are designated by a suffix of
"F" for one fuse or "FF" for two fuses. A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer
that allows meters to take readings from electrical service connections with higher voltage
(potential) than the meter is normally capable of handling without at potential transformer.

Fig 5.2.1 Potential Transformer

Potential transformers are instrument transformers they have a large number of primary turns and
a few number of secondary turns it is used to control the large value of voltage.
37

Potential Transformer is designed for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line voltages in power
metering applications.

5.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

5.3.1 Introduction:
When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments

A current

transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high.
Current transformer is a instrument transformer which is mainly used for measuring currents where very high
currents are flowing.
According to the construction of the current transformer the primary
winding of transformer is in series with high current carrying line & measuring instrument is
connected to the secondary.

38

Fig 5.3.1 Current transformer

Fig 5.3.2 Current transformer in GSS

The current X-mer is mounted one of the power transformer leads; it can be associated with an
Lv or Hv lead; depending on voltage and current consideration. A section of the lead is
demountable locally to enable the current transformer to removed, should the necessity arise,
without disturbing the main connection. The secondary of CT is connected to the heating coil

39

directly located under the main cover in the oil. On the larger X-mers the various connections
may be brought up to terminals in the main the cover for external linkage.

Fig 5.3.3 another view of Current transformer

Ratings of current transformer:

Make:

W.S.Insulators of India limited

Rated frequency :

50 Hz

High side voltage :

420 KV

Weight of oil :

750 Kg

Total weight :

2450 Kg

BIL :

630/1425 KV
Table 5.3.1 Rating of CT used in GSS

CURRENT RATIO

2000-1000/1

2000-1000-500/1
40

Turns Ratio

2000-1000

2000-1000-500

Core No.

1&2

4&5

Output(VA)

40

Accuracy Class

P.s.

0.5

p.s.

ISF/ALF

10

Table 5.3.2 Current ratio of CT used in GSS

Chapter-6

PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
6.1 MERZ-PRICE PROTECTION RELAY
Merz-Price voltage balance system for the protection of 3-phse line. Identical current
transformers are placed in each phase at both ends of the line. The pair of CTs in each line is
connected in series with a relay in such a way that under normal conditions, their secondary
voltages are equal and in opposition i.e. they balance each other.
Under healthy conditions, current
entering the line at one-end is equal to that leaving it at the other end. Therefore equal and
opposite voltages are induced in the secondary of the CTs at the two ends of the line. The result
is that no current flows through the relays. When a fault occurs at point F on the line as shown in
Fig 6. It will cause a greater current to flow through CT 1 than through CT2. Consequently, their
secondary voltages become unequal and circulating current flows through the pilot wires and
relays. The circuit breakers at both ends of the line will trip out and the faulty line will be
isolated.

41

Fig. 6.1: Merz-Price Protection Relay

6.2 FIRE PROTECTION
The fire protection of 220 KV GSS can be dividing into two parts.
1. Emulsifier system
2. Hydrant system
1.

Emulsifier system
This fire protection system is used to protect the transformers in the yard by extinguish

the fire. This system consists of water tanks. Jacky pumps, D.G. sets, air compressor and two
pipelines having different colors one (red) is used to circulate the water and other (yellow) is for
air. This network of pipelines covered all the area of transformer jockey pumps are used to
maintain the pressure of water at 7 kg/cm2.
A quarterized solenoid plastic valve is used with yellow pipeline near the base of
transformer. On being fired around the transformer this plastic valve contains alcohol, which
expands and due to this valve will burst. A dilute valve is erected near the transformer, which
consists of two gates these gates are blocked due to the pressure of air. A water line is connected
to this valve whenever the air releases and pressure goes down the gate is opened and a stream of

42

water having 7Kg-cm2 pressure is flow through the pipe and a shower of water is started around
the transformer to check the air to come inside and hence this way. It extinguishes the fire.
1.

Hydrant system
This protection system is used to protect the yard and office dept from fire. A network of

this system covers 1250m areas of GSS.

It consists of three types:1)

Halon system

2)

Fire alarm system

3)

Miscellaneous system

Chapter-7

RELAY
7.1. Introduction:
A relay is an electrically operated switch Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts The coil current can be on
or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.
Relays
allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first For
example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit There is
no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and
mechanical.
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay,
but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages Most ICs
(chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current
43

to the larger value required for the relay coil The maximum output current for the popular 555
timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.
Relays
are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example
relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available For further information about
switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches.
7.2. Types of Relays:
These are called normally opened, normally closed in GSS control room there is panel in which
the relays are set and there are many types of relays
1. Over voltage relays
2. Over current relays
3. I D M T fault relay
4. Earth fault relay
5. Bucholzs relay
6. Differential relay
7.2.1 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY:
This protection is required to avoid damage of system in case line becomes open circuited at one
end These fault would trip the local circuit breaker thus block the local and remote ends This
relay is operated i e , energized by CVT connected to lines.
7.2.2 OVER CURRENT RELAY:
This relay has the upper electromagnet of non-directional relay connected in series with lower
non-directional electromagnet When the fault current flow through relay current coil which
produces flux in lower magnet of directional element Thus the directional relay has the winding
over the electromagnets of non-directional element and produces a flux in lower magnet and thus
over current operates.
44

7.2.3 EARTH FAULT RELAY:

When a conductor breaks due to some reason and it is earthen then earth fault occurs the fault
current is very high thus, there is need to of over current relay this relay has minimum operating
time.
7.2.4 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:
It allows flowing the current only in one direction then only this relay operates It has a winding
connected through the voltage coil of relay to lower magnet winding called current coil Which is
energized by C T if fault occurs This relay operates when v/I is less than theoretical value The
v/I is normally constant .
7.2.5 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:
This relay operates when phase difference of two electrical quantities exceeds the predetermined
value it has always two electrical quantities; hence in 400kv GSS for transformer differential
relay is used.
7.2.6 INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTICS RELAY:
The relay using here having the inverse time characteristics having the time delays
dependent upon current value This characteristic is being available in relay of special design
There are:i.

Electromagnetic Induction type

ii.

Permanent magnetic moving coil type

iii.

Static type

7.3 BUCHHOLZS RELAY: - It is the protective device of the transformer When any fault
occurs in the transformer then it indicates about fault and we disconnect the transformer from the
circuit It is used in the power transformer It is connected between the tank and conservator It
has two floats on which two mercury switch are attached One float is used for the bell indication
and other float is used for the tripping In the normal position the relay is filled with the oil and
contacts of the mercury switch are opened When the earth fault occurs in the transformer then it
45

increases the temperature of oil and oil flows into the conservator through relay On the way it
makes the contacts of the tripping circuit short So in the we can say that this relay works as
circuit breaker

Fig.7.1: Buchholz Relay

Fig.7.2: Directional Relay

Chapter-8

INSULATORS
In order to avoid current leakage to the Earth, through the supporting structure provide to the
conductor of overhead transmission lines, insulators are used. The conductors are secured to the
supporting structures by means of insulating feature, which do not allow current to flow through
these support and hence finally to the earth . Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass
insulators that serve to the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage
current from flowing through the structure or to ground. These insulators are similar in function
to other insulator used in substations and transmission poles and towers.
An Insulator should have following characteristic:1. High Insulation resistance.
2. High mechanical strength
46

3. No internal impurity or crack Disc

Generally Porcelain or glass is used as material for insulators. Porcelain because of its low cost.
is more common.
Insulators can be classified in following ways :Pin Type: - These are designed to be mounted on a pin, which in turn is installed on the cross arm
of a pole.

Figure 8.1 Pin Type And Suspension Type Insulators

Suspension Type:-These insulators hang from the cross arm, there by forming a string.
The centre post carries the moving contact assembled at the extremities the moving contact
engages the fixed contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded finger contact.
The insulator consist of following parts 1. Contacts :- The contacts are rated for line current and designed to withstand
electromagnetic strains and prevent charging at rated shortly time current the contact are
made of electrolytic fixed in housing.

47

Figure 8.2 insulators in Alwar GSS

2. Switching blade:- The blade is made of electrolytic copper.
3. Tandom pipe:-All three phases are opened or closed simultaneously with a tandem pipe this is
dipped galvanized and provided with on or off insulators and pad locking.
4. Motor operated:-This is meant rotary motion of the linear operating pipe for either of opening
or closing for remote level local operation. Hand operation is also provides with detectable
handle that can be fitted and square
Chapter-9

EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the substation, which has a uniform potential as
nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for an
electric system is necessary by the following reason.

48

1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not attain
dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential of
circuit with respect to earth
The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode used.
The earthing is of two principal types:1. Neutral Earthing
2. equipment Body Earthing
Neutral Earthing:Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the
neutral point i.e. the star point of generator, transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines,
generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly or
through a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from generator
or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common method used is
using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary has two
equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux density under
normal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very small magnetizing
current under normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side,
Which provides very less impedance to the current? The grounding transformers are short time
rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.
Electrical Earthing:Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic parts of
an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may attain high
potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T current for a
given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by means of Earthing

49

system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to earth. The conductor
used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc.
Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :1. The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth, since it
is connected to earth.
2.

Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or an
earth relay.

Connection of Electrical Equipment to Substation:S. NO.

Apparatus

Path to be connected

1.

Supporting of bus insulator

Base plate

2.

High voltage circuit breaker

Operating mechanism frame

3.

Isolator

Operating mechanism frame bed

4.

Potential transformer

Transformer tank LV

5.

Power transformer

Core tank

Merits of neutral Earthing:1. Arcing grounding is reduced.

2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth remains at harmless value they don't increase to root 3
times of normal value.
3. Suitable neutral point.
4. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple useful amount of earth fault current is available to
operate earth fault relay.
5. The over voltage due to lightening are discharged to earth.
50

6. Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing ground and improved of unnecessary
fringing of CB.
At GSS the neutral point of power transformer is connected solidly to earth generally the earth
connection are provided which leads reliability.

Figure 9.1 Earthing in Alwar GSS

Chapter-10

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

10.1 INTRODUCTION
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as Power line Digital
Subscriber Line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), or power line
51

networking (PLN), is a system for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric power
transmission. Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) uses PLC by sending and receiving
information bearing signals over power lines.
Electrical power is transmitted over high voltage transmission lines, distributed over medium
voltage, and used inside buildings at lower voltages. Power line communications can be applied
at each stage. Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set of wires (for example, premises
wiring), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and
premises wiring). Typically the transformer prevents propagating the signal so multiple PLC
technologies are bridged to form very large networks.
All power line communications systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier signal on the
wiring system. Different types of power line communications use different frequency bands,
depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring used. Since the power
wiring system was originally intended for transmission of AC power, in conventional use, the
power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation
problem is a limiting factor for each type of power line communications. A new discovery called
E-Line that allows a single power conductor on an overhead power line to operate as a
waveguide to provide low attenuation propagation of RF through microwave energy lines while
providing information rate of multiple Gbps is an exception to this limitation.
Data rates over a power line communication system vary widely. Low-frequency (about 100200 k Hz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog
voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of a few hundred bits
per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data rates generally imply
shorter ranges; a local area network operating at millions of bits per second may only cover one
floor of an office building, but eliminates installation of dedicated network cabling.

10.2 MAJOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS EQUIPMENT

The major components of a PLC channel are shown in Figure. The problem associated with the
PLC channel is the requirement to put the carrier signal onto the high voltage line without
52

damaging the carrier equipment. Once the signal is on the power line it must be directed in the
proper direction in order for it to be received at the remote line terminal.

Fig10.1 Basic Power Line Carrier Terminal

10.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC

In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines result in
increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long distances.
Since telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage lines,
suitably designed coupling devices have therefore to be employed. These usually consist of high
voltage capacitors or capacitor with potential devices used in conjunction with suitable line
matching units (LMUs) for matching the impedance of line to that of the coaxial cable
connecting the unit to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.
Also the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from entering the power
equipment used in G.S.S as this would result in high attenuation or even complete loss of
communication signals when earthed at isolator.. Wave traps usually have one or more suitably

53

designed capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils so as to resonate at carrier
frequencies and thus offers even high impedance to the flow of RF currents.

FIG10.2 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

10.4 LINE TRAPS OR WAVE TRAPS:To communicate between two G.S.S. we use power line itself. Power line carrying 50Hz power
supply also carries communication signals at high frequency. Wave Trap is a device used for this
purpose. It traps the frequency of desired level for communication and sends it to P.L.C.C.
department. It is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT.
Rejection
filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L and C in parallel)
tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the protected line such a
circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current thus preventing the
dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to be prevented from entering
the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete loss of communication signals. For
this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission line and power station
equipment to Avoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other
PLC Circuits connected to the same power station.
Ensure proper operating conditions and signal
levels at the PLC transmit receive equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power
circuit and equipments in the stations.
54

10.4.1. Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments:

For matching the transmitter and receiver unit to coupling capacitor and power line matching
filters are provided. These flitters normally have air corral transformers with capacitor assumed.
The matching transformer is insulated for 7-10 KV between the two windings and performs two
functions. Firstly, it isolates the communication equipment from the power line. Secondly, it
serves to match.

Fig-10.3 Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments

10.4.2. Transmitter:
The transmitter consists of an oscillator and a amplifier. The oscillator generates a frequency
signal within 50 to 500 HZ frequency bands the transmitter is provided so that it modulates the
carrier with protective signal. The modulation process usually involves taking one half cycle of
50 HZ signal and using this to create block to carrier.
10.4.3. Receivers:55

The receivers usually consist of an alternate matching transformer band pass filter and amplifier
detector.
The amplifier detector converts a small incoming signal in to a signal capable of operating a
relatively intensive carrier receiver relay. The transmitter and receiver at the two ends of
protected each corresponds to local as far as transmitting.
The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed toward the remote line terminal and
not toward the station bus, and it must be isolated from bus impedance variations. This task is
performed by the line trap. The line trap is usually a form of a parallel resonant circuit which is
tuned to the carrier energy frequency. A parallel resonant circuit has high impedance at its tuned
frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier energy to flow toward the remote line terminal.
The coil of the line trap provides a low impedance path for the flow of the power frequency
energy. Since the power flow is rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in
terms of physical size.

FIG 10.4 : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF WAVE TRAP

56

Fig.10.5: ACTUAL V IEW OF WAVE TRAP

Once the carrier energy is on the power line, any control of the signal has been given over to
nature until it reaches the other end. During the process of traveling to the other end the signal is
attenuated, and also noise from the environment is added to the signal. At the receiving terminal
the signal is decoupled from the power line in much the same way that it was coupled at the
transmitting terminal. The signal is then sent to the receivers in the control house via the coaxial
cable.
10.5 COUPLING CAPACITORS:The coupling capacitor is used as part of the tuning circuit. The coupling capacitor is the device
which provides a low
impedance path for the carrier energy to the high voltage line and at the same time, it blocks the
power frequency current by being a high impedance path at those frequencies. It can perform its
function of dropping line voltage across its capacitance if the low voltage end is at ground
potential. Since it is desirable to connect the line tuner output to this low voltage point a device
must be used to provide a high impedance path to ground for the carrier signal and a low
impedance path for the power frequency current. This device is an inductor and is called a drain
coil. The coupling capacitor and drain coil circuit are shown in Figure.

57

Fig 10.6 Coupling Capacitor and Drain Coil Combination

It is desirable to have the coupling capacitor value as large as possible in order to lower the loss
of carrier energy and keep the bandwidth of the coupling system as wide as possible. However,
due to the high voltage that must be handled and financial budget limitations, the coupling
capacitor values are not as high as one might desire. Technology has enabled suppliers to
continually increase the capacitance of the coupling capacitor for the same price thus improving
performance.
10.6 DRAINAGE COILS:The drainage coil has a pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequency charging to
appear in the output of the unit. The coarse voltage arrester consists of an air gap, which sparks
over at about 2 KV and protects the matching unit against line surges. The grounding switch is
kept open during normal operation and is closed if anything is to be done on the communication
equipment without interruption to power flow on the line. The matching transformer is isolated
for 7 to 10 KV between the two winding and former two functions. Firstly it isolates the
communication equipment for the power line. Secondly it serves to match the characteristic
impedance of the power line 400-600 ohms to that of the co-axial vacuum arrester (which
sparks) is over at about 250 V is provided for giving additional protection to the communication
equipment. The LMU which consists of the matching transformer and tuning capacitors indicated
above is tailor-made to suit the individual requirements of the coupling equipment and is
generally tuned to a wide band of carrier frequencies-(100-450 KHz typical).
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10.7 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC

ADVANTAGES
1

No separate wires are needed for communication purposes as the power lines themselves
carry power as well as the communication signals. Hence the cost of constructing
separate telephone lines is saved.

When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher mechanical
strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the condition which might
seriously damage telephone lines.

Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.

4 Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low resisntanc3 per unit
length. Consequently the carrier signal suffers lesser attenuation than when travel on
usual telephone lines of equal lengths.
5. Power lines are well insulated to provide negligible leakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather conditions.
6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which results in smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a considerable
extent.
DISADVANTAGES
1

Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against
high voltage and currents on the line.

Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases
attenuation and create other problems.

High voltage lines have transformer connections, which attenuate carrier currents. Substation equipments adversely affect the carrier currents.

Noise introduced by power lines is much more than in case of telephone lines. This due to
the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes.
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10.8 FAILURE SCENARIOS

There are many ways in which the communication signal may have error introduced into it.
Interference, cross chatter, some active devices, and some passive devices all introduce noise or
attenuation into the signal. When error becomes significant the devices controlled by the
unreliable signal may fail, become inoperative, or operate in an undesirable fashion.
1

Interference: Interference from nearby systems can cause signal degradation as the
modem may not be able to determine a specific frequency among many signals in the
same bandwidth.

Signal Attenuation by Active Devices: Devices such as relays, transistors, and rectifiers
create noise in their respective systems, increasing the likelihood of signal degradation.

Signal Attenuation by Passive Devices: Transformers and DC-DC converters attenuate

the input frequency signal almost completely. "Bypass" devices become necessary for the
signal to be passed on to the receiving node. A bypass device may consist of three stages,
a filter in series with a protection stage and coupler, placed in parallel with the passive
device.

Chapter-11

CONTROL ROOM
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To remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates located
at a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.
At "GSS ALWAR" the separate control room provided for remote protection of 220KV switch
yards transformer incoming feeder, outing feeders. Bus bar has their own control plant in their
control rooms. The control panel carrier the appropriate relays. Necessary meters indicating lamp
control switches and fuses. There are meters for reading purpose. A circuit concerning the panel
is shown on the panel with standard co lour.
On each panel a control switch is provided for remote operation of circuit breaker. There are two
indicators which show that weather circuit breaker is closed or open. A control switch for each
insulator is also provided. The position indicator of isolator is also done with the help of single
lamp and indicator. The color of signal lamps are as follows:RED:- For circuit breaker or isolator is close option
Green - For circuit breaker is in open position.
Amber - Indicates abnormal condition requiring action.
In addition to used indication an alarm is also providing for indicating abnormal condition when
any protective relay or tripping relay has operated. Its constants energies on auxiliary alarm
.Relay which on operation completes the alarm belt circuit.
Synchronizing:There is a hinged Synchronizing panel mounted at the end of control panel .Before coupling any
incoming feeders to the bus-bar. It just be Synchronized with switches. When the synchronous
copy shows zero we close the circuit breaker.
Synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instant of closing the switch which connect the
new supply to bus bar. The correct instant of synchronizing when bus bar incoming voltage.

1. Are in phase
2. Are equal in magnitude
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3. Are in some phase sequence

4. Having same frequency
5. The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate
the difference in phase and frequency.

Fig.11.1: A PANEL OF CONTROL ROOM

ENERGY METER: - These are fitted on different panel to record transmitted energy and
recorded in energy hours .For this purpose MWH meter have been provided.
62

WATT METER: - This is mounted on each feeder panel to record import or export power.
FREQUENCY POWER: - Provided to each feeder to measure frequency which analog or
digital.
LT METER:-Provided on each panel or the purpose of indication of voltage.
AMMETER:-These are used to indication the line current.
MVAR METER:-Provided for indicating power factor of import and export.
MAXIMUM INDICATOR DEMAND:-

Chief requirement of these indicators to record the minimum power factor taken by feeder during
a particular period. This record the average power successive predetermined period.

Fig 18.2 control room

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FIG11.2 ANOTHER OF VIEW OF CONTROL ROOM

Chapter-12

BATTERY ROOM
To remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates located at
a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.
There is a battery room which has 55 batteries of 2 volt each for 132KV section and 110 batteries
for 220KV section. Therefore D.C. power available is for functioning of the control panels. A
battery charger to charge the battery.
1. Various parts of lead acid batteries:1. Plates
2. Separators
3. Electrolyte
4. Container
5. Terminal port
6. Vent plugs

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Fig.12.1: A VIEW OF BATTERY ROOM

CHARGING OF BATTERIES:INITIAL CHARGING:It is the first charging given to batteries by which the

positive plates are converted to lead

peroxide, whereas the ve plates will converted to spongy lead. Also in a fully charged battery
the electrolyte specific gravity will be at its highest venue or 1.2 and its terminal voltage will be
24 volts

65

Fig.12.2: ANOTHER VIEW OF BATTERY ROOM

DISCHARGING:When a fully charged battery delivers its energy out by meeting a load the lead peroxide of the
+ve plates slowly gets converted to lead sulphate and the spongy lead of the ve plates also gets
converted into lead sulphate during this time the specific gravity of the electrolyte also decreases
the value around 1.00 and the terminal voltage also decreases from its initial to a lower value
which may be around 1.85 or 1.8.

Chapter-13

CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the electrical supply and the efficient
operation of the power system. Studies show that a flat voltage profile on the system can
significantly reduce line losses. Capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive and can be easily
installed anywhere on the network.

66

Fig. 13.1:- CAPACITOR BANK

The capacitor unit is made up of individual capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/ series
connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The internal discharge device is a resistor that
reduces the unit residual voltage to 50V or less in 5 min. Capacitor units are available in a variety
of voltage ratings (240 V to 24940V) and sizes (2.5 kvar to about 1000 kvar).

The capacitor bank used for 33 kV at Alwar is

1
2
3
4

3 units of 2*5.4 MVAR

1 unit of 4.2 MVAR
1 unit of 2*2.1 MVAR
1 unit of 6.6 MVAR

The capacitor bank used for 11 kV at Alwar is

1

1 unit of 4 MVAR
67

Fig. 13.2: ANOTHER VIEW CAPACITOR BANK

CONCLUSION
The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts of electrical
power transmission and distribution.
Protection of various apparatus was a great thing. Maintenance of transformer, circuit breaker, isolator,
insulator, bus bar etc was observable.

68

I had a chance to see the remote control of the equipments from control room itself, which was very
interesting.

References

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

oneindia. "GSS America - Change of Name of the Company".

capital4. "GSS America Infotech changes its name".
Sulekha Money. "America Infotech to buy 30 million revenue companies in US".
NDTV Profit. "GSS America Infotech buying 30 million revenue companies in US".
The Hindu Business Line. "GSS Infotech gets nod to raise Rs 337 crore".
edelweiss. "GSS America Infotech net profit rises 0.40% in the December 2010 quarter".
edelweiss. "GSS Infotech net profit rises 70.73% in the March 2011 quarter".
69

8. Infospectrum Consulting Inc. "GSS America acquires Infospectrum Consulting,".

9. Free Press Release. "Infospectrum Consulting Adopts GSS Infotech Brand".
10. Capital Market. "GSS America Infotech - Acquisitions drive growth".
11. Bloomberg. "ATEC Group to Contribute to Growth of Capital Region Economy".
12. The Business Review (11 November 2009). "Global software company acquires
Colonies ATEC Group".
13. R K Global. "Investment Strategy: Importance of siblings".
14. Veloc. "Veloc Group has become GSS Infotech".
15. Hindustan Times. "20 Indian companies in Forbes Best Under A Billion list".
16. Forbes (1 September 2010). "Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion".
17. The Economic Times (11 September 2009). "20 Indian cos in Forbes 'Best Under A
Billion' list". The Times Of India.

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