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Timothy Lebrecht, Air Products, USA, and Neil Hannay, Air Products,
UK, offer several ways to treat H2S in wastewater and discuss the benefits
and drawbacks of each.
What is H2S?
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Reprinted
Reprintedfrom
fromFebruary
February2015
2015
Further
treatment
required
Process
application
area
Effluent flow
pH and stripping
control can
be difficult to
maintain at
equilibrium, plus
H2S is highly
soluble.
HS
Neutralisation
for discharge
In lagoon
Prevention,
removal and
control
SO
SO4
Maintenance
of high redox/
ORP
Effluent flow
and in lagoon
Must be
maintained to
prevent reduction
of S and SO4
H2O2
Permanganate
Chlorine
Chlorine
dioxide
Hypochlorite
Ozone
Removal and
control
S
SO
SO4
Removal of
solid and/or
prevention of
reconversion
to H2S
Effluent flow
and in lagoon
Expensive;
undesirable
organic reactions;
toxic chemical
handling
considerations.
Stripping
Air
CO2
Gas
stripping for
downstream
gas phase
treatment
H2S in carrier
gas
Gas collection
and scrubbing
Effluent flow
Low pH
maintenance
required for
effective full
sulfide removal;
CO2 carrier gas
is therefore
preferable to air.
Precipitation
Ferrous sulfate
Reaction
to solid
precipitate
Fe2S3 solid
Solids removal
and disposal
Effluent flow
Bactericidal
Acid/alkali
Chlorine
Permanganate
Kill all
bacteria
to remove
biological
reduction of
sulfur species
n/a
Ongoing
requirement
to ensure no
biological
activity
Effluent flow
Method of
control
Methods
Action
Main sulfur
compounds
produced
pH control
acid
Removal
H2S dissolved
by pushing
equilibrium to
H2S (sol)
pH control
alkali
Control by
pushing
equilibrium
to HS
Redox/ORP
control
Oxygen (as
air or pure
oxygen)
Nitrate
Oxidation
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Comments
4 - 15
Applicable for
corrosion and
odour control in
pipelines.
Efficiency
losses w/
ea 1 mg/l
DO rise
above 0
Typical
energy
required
for
dissolution
(power)
Typical
method of
application
Typical
dose
rates
quantity
required
Mechanism
Side
reactions
Effect on
ecosystem
Benefits
Issues
Pure
oxygen
2%
0.0 - 0.3
kW/kg
Continuous
dissolved
oxygen;
automatically
controlled
injection
8 - 10 g
O2/m3
5 - 10 lb/
lb H2S
Maintains
high dissolved
oxygen
preventing
reduction of
sulfur species.
Local
oxidation of
sulfur species
by biological
and chemical
processes to
H2SO4, SO4
and S.
Biological
BOD removal.
Promotes
bacterial
activity.
Improves
biodiversity
and aerobic
treatment.
High
dissolved
oxygen
for final
discharge.
High
efficiency.
Low
agitation of
basin.
Small
footprint.
No
chemical
handling.
Fully
automated.
Low power.
Good
dissolution
required
to ensure
economics.
Air
10%
0.8 kW/kg
Continuous
surface
aeration
50 - 100g
O2/m3
(150 - 300g
air/m3)
Maintains
dissolved
oxygen levels
> 0.5 mg/l
preventing
reduction of
sulfur species.
Biological
BOD removal.
Stripping of
dissolved
H2S due to
nitrogen
waste gas.
Improves
biodiversity
and aerobic
treatment.
Low
technology
investment.
Dissolution
rates drop
in warm
weather,
when
biological
activity
increases.
Waste
nitrogen
gas can
cause over
mixing and
exacerbate
the release
of H2S from
the system.
Air will
strip H2S
at effluent
inlet due to
high volume
waste
nitrogen.
H2O2
N/A
N/A
Batch
delivery and
application
N/A
reaction
not DO
rise 1 - 5
lb/lb
@ 100%
H2O2
Local
chemical
reaction to S.
Stochiometric
1:1 but in
process nearer
5:1.
Chemical
oxidation
of organic
compounds
and biological
components.
Decomposes
to oxygen and
water.
Effectively
disinfects
local
injection
region
entirely
stopping
water
treatment.
Emergency
control of
H2S levels.
Biological
destruction
stimulates
increased
activity and
anaerobic
processes
once
oxidation
potential
lost.
Hazardous
chemical
handling.
Usually
very local
injection
required.
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will not exit the treatment area. This may sound like a simple
approach, however, in biological wastewater, the micro
organisms are the key to treatment. These organisms cannot
live in such a high pH environment. The challenge is that for
these organisms to be healthy, pH must be much closer to
neutral. Doing so keeps the bacteria healthy, but it does not
keep the H2S in solution.
Another means of controlling H2S is stripping it from the
stream with air or CO2 and then scrubbing the H2S. This tends to
be a costly approach due to the large volume of water that
would need to be stripped of H2S, as well as the operating cost
of a scrubber. In most instances, this is not the chosen path of
treatment.
The most common approach in water treatment is ORP
control/oxidation. Oxidation involves the reaction of H2S with
oxygen (O2) to form sulfur (S), sulfate (SO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
or other soluble sulfur compounds. In this way, the challenge of
H2S is changed to an alternate chemical that is more simply
treated or controlled. The issue with oxidation is that it requires
the oxygen molecule in the wastewater at a concentration high
enough to react with the H2S without slipping into anaerobic
conditions. Ponds or treatment basins try to maintain dissolved
oxygen (DO) content at an acceptable level, but due to process
variation and seasonality, DO levels will vary.
A summary of the different types of control for sulfur species
odour is shown in Table 1. As described above, there are multiple
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Oxygen supply
The supply of oxygen is also an area where great expertise is needed.
Oxygen can be provided from a liquid oxygen tank or an onsite
generator.
The most common mode of supply for delivered oxygen is via on
road liquid oxygen tankers from a central manufacturing facility. The
oxygen is stored as a liquid at the site in an insulated tank and
vaporised at the time of use. This is the most flexible mode of supply.
Oxygen can also be generated onsite using cryogenic or
adsorption technologies. At locations in the vicinity of an oxygen
pipeline, supply via pipeline could be the most cost effective and
into Activated Sludge, Env Tech, Vol 28, pp. 987 - 993, 2007.
3. HJORTH et al., Redox Potential as a Means to Control the Treatment of
Slurry to Lower H2S Emissions, Sensors 2012, 12,
pp. 5349 - 5362.
4. Septicity in Sewers: Causes, Consequences and Containment, Boon
1995, Water Sci tech, Vol 31, No 7, pp. 237 - 253.
5. Metcalf and Eddy Wastewater Engineering 2003 Fourth Edition.
6. EPA: Process Design Manual for Sulfide Control in Sanitary Sewerage
Systems 1974.
7. Economical, Efficient and Effective Mixing: Three Approaches to
Controlling Odor in Wastewater Treatment Ponds White Paper
Medora Corp.
8. NIELSEN at al., Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformations of Sulphide in
a Sewer, WEFTEC 2006.
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