8 Mohammed Olama

Performance Study of Hybrid
DS/FFH Spread-Spectrum
Systems in the Presence of
Multipath Fading and MultipleAccess Interference
Mohammed M. Olama
Teja P. Kuruganti
Steven F. Smith
Computational Sciences & Engineering Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Xiao Ma
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Dept.
University of Tennessee
IEEE CQR 2012
Outline
Introduction
Types of SS Systems
Multipath Fading Channel
Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS)
Performance Evaluation of DS/FFH
Numerical Results
Conclusion
Managed by UT-Battelle
for the Department of Energy
ORNLs Solution: Hybrid Spread Spectrum

Novel technique (3 Patents); adaptive, programmable.
HSS: a synergistic combination of DS, FH, and TH.
Advantages:
Adaptive Hybrid Spread-Spectrum (HSS) modulation format

combines DSSS and frequency/time hopping in a multidimensional, orthogonal signaling scheme.
Capable of excellent LPI, LPD & security properties
(programmable).
Adaptive, robust protocol for high QoS applications.
Can be operated in burst mode for very low power drain.
Superior resistance to multipath and jamming (high process
gain).
Easily deployed with modern chip technology.
Compliant with existing FCC/NTIA/ETSI rules for ISM bands.
Ideally implemented via modern FPGA-based electronics, ASICs,
and SDR techniques.
Typical HSS Applications
DIRECT-SEQUENCE SPREAD-SPECTRUM
Local PN Clock
PN Clock
PN Sequence
Generator
Carrier
DS
Signal
1
Wide
BP Filter
Data
Power
Spectral
Density
Local
Carrier
PN Sequence
Generator
Power
Spectral
Density
Narrow
BP Filter
Phase
Demod
fc
Narrow spectrum at
output of modulator
before spreading
Frequency
Data
Clock
Power
Spectral
Density
Spread
RFI
RFI
Frequency
Data
fc
Spectrum has wider bandwidth

and lower power density after
spreading with PN sequence
(PN Rate >> Data Rate)
Frequency
fc
Original narrowband, high

power density spectrum is
restored if local PN sequence is
same as and lined up with
received PN sequence
FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD-SPECTRUM
Local PN Clock
PN Clock
PN Sequence
Generator
Data
PN Sequence
Generator
FH
Signal
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
Wide
BP Filter
Power
Spectral
Density
Power
Spectral
Density
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
RFI
t4 t2 t6 t0 t3 t5 t1
Frequency
fc
Narrow spectrum at
output of modulator
while hopping
Frequency
fc
Spectrum has same bandwidth

and power density after hopping
with PN sequence (PN Rate <<
Data Rate for standard FHSS)
Narrow
BP Filter
Data
Demod.
Data
Data
Clock
RFI
causes
errors
Data
Output
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Time (hops)

power data stream is restored if
local PN sequence is same as
and lined up with received PN
sequence
SLOW HYBRID SPREAD-SPECTRUM (DS/SFH)

Local PN Clock
PN Clock
PN Sequence
Generator
PN Sequence
Generator
DS/FH
Signal
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
Data
Wide
BP Filter
Power
Spectral
Density
Power
Spectral
Density
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
RFI
t4 t2 t6 t0 t3 t5 t1
Frequency
fc
DS (wide) spectrum at
output of modulator
while hopping
Frequency
fc

with PN sequence (PN Rate <<
Data Rate for standard HSS;
>> for FastHSS)
Narrow
BP Filter
Data
Demod.
Data
Data
Clock
Data
Output
RFI
Reduced
by DS
PG
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Time (bits)

sequence
FAST HYBRID SPREAD-SPECTRUM (DS/FFH)

FastHSS
PN Clock
PN Sequence
Generator
PN Sequence
Generator
DS/FH
Signal
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
Data
t11 t20
t40 t61
Frequency
fc
DS (wide) spectrum at
output of modulator
while hopping
RF
Frequency
Synthesizer
Wide
BP Filter
Power
Spectral
Density
Power
Spectral
Density
Local PN Clock
Frequency
RFI
t21
t60
t00 t30
t31 t41
Narrow
BP Filter
Data
Data
Clock
Data
Output
t01
t50
t10
t51
fc

with PN sequence (PN Rate >>
Data Rate for FastHSS; e.g., as
above, 2 hops per bit).
RFI
Reduced
by DS
PG!
t00 t01t10 t11 t20 t21 t30 t31 t40 t41t50 t51t60 t61
Time (chips)

sequence
Gp(FH/DS) dB = Gp(FH) dB + Gp(DS)dB = 10 log (no. of hopping channels) + 10 log (BWDS/Rinfo)

8
Data
Demod.
HSS is a Multidimensional Signal

HSS can be defined in 3 axes (code, frequency,
and time).
Each dimension is orthogonal with the others.
Permissible signal spaces along an axis may also be ~
Frequency
orthogonal.
Codes
Frequencies
Time slots
(C4,F2,t0)
Code
(C2,F1,t0)
Easily adaptable to exploit

many degrees of freedom to
(C3,F0,t1)
(C0,F0,t0)
(C1,F2,t2)
meet system requirements.

Some signal overlaps may be orthogonal.
9
Time
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
LONG-PATH REFLECTION
TRANS.
RCVR.
SHORT-PATH REFL.
Differential delays are approx. 1 ns per foot

Short-path delays (indoors) are typically < 0.1s
Spread-spectrum modulation can largely cancel long-path effects
ORNL is developing new techniques to mitigate short-path degradations!

10 Managed by UT-Battelle
Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS)

Stored Phase
Phase
Increment
Adder
Delay
Adder
Adder
Phase
Lookup
Quantization
Table
NCO
Phase
Phase
Offset
Quantization
Error
Dither
The implementation of a DDS has two distinct parts:

A phase accumulator accumulates the phase
increment and adds in the phase offset.
The DDS output is then calculated by quantizing the
results of the phase accumulator section and using
them to select values from a lookup table.
RF Coexistence Multi-User, Jamming,

and Multipath Fading Performance
The error probability of one hop is:
K
Number of users
Number of FH channels
Number of hops per bit
K 1
Ph = Pk ( j users )
j =0
T
T = b Duration of each hop
L
T
Tc = b Chip duration for PN sequence
NL
K 1
{P ( j users, no jam) + P ( j users, ful jam) + P ( j users, partial jam)}

k
j =0
K 1
= {P( j users, no jam) P k ( | j users, no jam)
Period of the
WDS
Bandwidth of DS waveform
+ P( j users, ful jam) P k ( | j users, ful jam)
WJ
Bandwidth of the wideband jamming
+ P( j users, partial jam) P k ( | j users, partial jam)}
Number of hopping channels corrupted by jamming
WJp
Part of the bandwidth of the channel partially corrupted by jamming
PN sequence
j =0
The error probability of one bit is:

Pb
=
L
L+1 d ( Ph )d (1 Ph ) Ld

d=
L
RF Coexistence Multi-User, Jamming,

and Multipath Fading Performance
P
Transmitted signal power
Number of FH channels
Number of hops per bit
From the problem formulation, we have
Tb
Duration of each hop
L
T
Tc = b Chip duration for PN sequence
NL
T=
Period of the
WDS
Bandwidth of DS waveform
WJ
Bandwidth of the wideband jamming
Number of hopping channels corrupted by jamming
WJ
PN
sequence
K 1 1
1
P( j=
users, no jam)
1
j M M
j
K 1 1
1
=
P( j users
, full jam)
1
j M M
j
Noise-to-signal ratio
JSR = N J / 2 PT
Jamming-to-signal ratio
Fraction of the channel jammed
Partial Jamming
W

M
K 1 j
1

M
No Jamming
1
P ( | j users, no jam) = Q
NSR / 2 + I k
j
Interference to signal ratio introduced by the other users hopping in user ks channel
q = WJp / WDS
M W 1
K 1 j
K 1 1
1
=
P ( j users
, partial jam)
1
j M M
Part of the bandwidth of the channel partially corrupted by jamming
NSR = N 0 / 2 PT
K 1 j
Full Jamming
1
P k ( | j users, full jam) = Q
NSR / 2 + JSR / 2 + I k
j
P k ( | j users, partial jam) q P k ( | j users, partial jam, corrupted portion) + (1 q ) P k ( | j users, partial jam, uncorrupted portion)
Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

-2
10
Severe (~worst-case)
channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
-4
10
Error Probability
K = 20-120 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
N = 127 PN code length
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Chan. covariance = 10
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
partially corrupted = 0.4
-3
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
20 users
40 users
60 users
80 users
100 users
120 users
-8
10
15
10
SNR(dB)
Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

system: Effect of different number of
users (multi-user interference).
20

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
-1
JNR=16 dB
JNR=14.7 dB
JNR=13 dB
Error Probability
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 10-16 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
10
10
10
10
JNR=10 dB
-2
-3
-4
15
10
SNR (dB)

system: Effect of different jamming-tonoise ratios (JNRs).
20

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
-1
8 channels fully jammed

Error Probability
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 2-8
Channel portion
10
10
10
10
-2
-3
-4
15
10
SNR (dB)

system: Effect of different number of
fully-jammed channels.
20

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
10
Error Probability
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 1-7 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
10
10
10
10
1 hop/bit
3 hops/bit
5 hops/bit
7 hops/bit
-1
-2
-3
-4
15
10
20
SNR (dB)

system: Effect of different numbers of
frequency hops per bit.

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
-1
10 hopping channels
20 hopping channels
30 hopping channels
Error Probability
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 10-40 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
10
10
10
10
40 hopping channels
-2
-3
-4
10
15
20
SNR (dB)

system: Effect of different numbers of
available hopping channels.

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
BER
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
N = 4-64 PN code length
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
-2
10
-6
10
-7
4 PN Code Length
10
8 PN Code Length
16 PN Code Length
-8
10
32 PN Code Length
64 PN Code Length
-9
10
5
SNR

system: Effect of different DS PN code
lengths.
10

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain
Error Probability
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1-0.7
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
gamma=0.7
gamma=0.5
gamma=0.3
gamma=0.1
10
-4
10
15
20
SNR (dB)

system: Effect of different Rician fading
channel parameters.

channel conditions:
Represents user
flooding in rough
terrain.
No Hit
2% Hit
4% Hit
6% Hit
10% Hit
-4
10
BER
K = 100 users, 100%

duty cycle
L = 5 hops/bit
M = 20 channels
DS PG = 21 dB
JNR = 13 dB
Rician coeff. = 0.1
Jammed chan. = 5
Channel portion
-3
10
-5
10
-6
10
5
SNR
10

system: Effect of different hitting rates.
Hybrid DS/FFH Comparative Simulation

channel conditions:
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
BER
Two-path Rayleigh
chan.
P1: = 0, gain = 0.7
P2: = 0.3 s, gain =
0.4
Equal-bandwidth cases
DS SF = 16
FH: 16 ch., 4 b/hop
DS/FH: SF = 16, 4
hopping freqs.
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
Represents the fixedbandwidth advantage

of DS/FFH format over
other modulations.
2-Path Rayleigh BPSK

DS
SFH
FFH
Hybrid DS-SFH
Hybrid DS-FFH
5
SNR
10
Comparative performance of a hybrid

DS/FFH versus other forms in Rayleigh
fading.
Conclusions
The performance of a hybrid DS/FFH system was

analytically evaluated in a worst-case use scenario.
We derived the average BER for a hybrid DS/FFH

system that includes the effects from wide-band and
partial-band jamming, multi-user interference and/or
varying degrees of Rician/Rayleigh fading.
Numerical results exploring the parameter space of the

HSS system have been presented to demonstrate its
effectiveness under different conditions and scenarios.
The detailed performance and security aspects of HSS

signals will be further analyzed in a future paper.

8 Mohammed Olama

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8 Mohammed Olama

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Performance Study of Hybrid

Multipath Fading Channel

Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS)

Performance Evaluation of DS/FFH

ORNLs Solution: Hybrid Spread Spectrum

Adaptive Hybrid Spread-Spectrum (HSS) modulation format

Typical HSS Applications

Spectrum has wider bandwidth

Original narrowband, high

Spectrum has same bandwidth

Original narrowband, high

SLOW HYBRID SPREAD-SPECTRUM (DS/SFH)

Spectrum has same bandwidth

Original narrowband, high

FAST HYBRID SPREAD-SPECTRUM (DS/FFH)

Spectrum has same bandwidth

Original narrowband, high

Gp(FH/DS) dB = Gp(FH) dB + Gp(DS)dB = 10 log (no. of hopping channels) + 10 log (BWDS/Rinfo)

HSS is a Multidimensional Signal

Easily adaptable to exploit

meet system requirements.

Differential delays are approx. 1 ns per foot

ORNL is developing new techniques to mitigate short-path degradations!

Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS)

The implementation of a DDS has two distinct parts:

RF Coexistence Multi-User, Jamming,

Number of hops per bit

{P ( j users, no jam) + P ( j users, ful jam) + P ( j users, partial jam)}

= {P( j users, no jam) P k ( | j users, no jam)

+ P( j users, ful jam) P k ( | j users, ful jam)

Bandwidth of the wideband jamming

+ P( j users, partial jam) P k ( | j users, partial jam)}

Number of hopping channels corrupted by jamming

Part of the bandwidth of the channel partially corrupted by jamming

The error probability of one bit is:

RF Coexistence Multi-User, Jamming,

Transmitted signal power

Number of hops per bit

From the problem formulation, we have

Bandwidth of the wideband jamming

Number of hopping channels corrupted by jamming

Fraction of the channel jammed

Part of the bandwidth of the channel partially corrupted by jamming

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 20-120 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 100 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

8 channels fully jammed

K = 100 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 100 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 100 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 100 users, 100%

Performance of a hybrid DS/FFH

Hybrid DS/FFH Multi-user Simulation

K = 100 users, 100%