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Directivity
and
Mixer Basics
Primer
A Tutorial for RF & Microwave Mixers
VSWR Measurements
Understanding Return Loss Measurements
by: Ferenc Marki & Christopher Marki, Ph.D.
by: Doug Jorgesen and Christopher Marki
2012
2010 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
The
Input
Output
Coupled
Isolated
(1)
32
The most obvious choice would be a circulator, but they are usually narrowband and have insufficient isolation for return loss measurements.
The coupled port is on the same side as the input port in a directional coupler since it is a backward wave coupler. This is in contrast to Bethe hole
couplers and fiber optic couplers which couple power in the forward direction.
2
2012
2010 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
(a)
Detector
Load
Z=Z
Coupled
Forward and
Leaked Reverse
Waves Add with
Arbitrary Phase
Detector
3
V
Load
Z = ???
2
Load
(Impedance Mismatch)
Source
(b)
Detector
Forward
Signal
Reflected
Signal
Figure 2: Schematic of a through line power measurement into an unknown impedance. Finite directivity causes the reflected wave to contaminate the coupled signal.
1
Load
Source
(Impedance Mismatch)
(c)
Detector
Detector
3
V
Source
1
Load
(Impedance Mismatch)
Figure 3: Operation of a directional detector measuring (a) forward power, (b) reverse power, and (c) VSWR/return loss. The large blue arrow represents input power, the black arrow is the power we wish to measure,
and the red arrow represents the interfering term due to finite directivity.
2012
2010 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
10 dB
15 dB
20 dB
25 dB
30 dB
-5
-10
5 dB
-2
10 dB
-20
15 dB
10
20
30
40
30 dB
0
20
Directivity (dB)
25 dB
-6
10
20 dB
-4
Directivity (dB)
Figure 4: Error in forward power measurement as a function of directivity
for various load return loss values.
2012
2010 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
(5)
10 dB
15 dB
20 dB
25 dB
30 dB
35 dB
40 dB
15
Directivity
20
D
10
ILRLD
20
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
The error for the return loss is plotted in Fig. 6 for various
directivities and actual return loss values.
10
15
20
25
30
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
Because Return Loss is actually a vector quantity, with both angle and
phase, it could be composed of an infinite range of resistive and reactive
components.
4
Figure 7: Potential real impedance values for a given output port return
loss (Z0 = 50 ).
2012 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
2010
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
Measurement Considerations
Directional Bridge vs. Directional Coupler
A directional coupler, as described at the beginning of this
paper (Figs. 1, 8a), uses a coupled line with wave cancellation
to make directional power measurements. A directional
bridge is a directional device similar to a directional coupler
(Fig. 8b). The directional bridge uses a Wheatstone bridge
structure with broadband baluns to achieve significantly
higher directivity and a broader bandwidth (lower cutoff
frequency) than directional couplers. The tradeoff to
achieving multi-decade bandwidth is insertion loss.
3
(a)
2
Directional Coupler
50
(b)
1
Bidirectional Coupler
50
V
PIN
10 dB
C
IL
PR
RL
Dunsmore, J., Network Analyzer Basics, as presented to UC Berkeley EECS 142, 2007.
2012 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
2010
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
Calculated
High
Error (dB)
19.3
0.2
6.5
-19.2 14.0
6.0
Airline
Coupler
23.0
0.1
4.7
-10.9 17.5
2.5
Directional
Coupler
30.1
0.5
2.4
-3.3
20.9
-0.9
Directional
Bridge
37.3
1.9
1.4
-1.6
19.3
0.7
Measured
Return
Loss (dB)
Insertion
Loss (dB)
Calculated
Low
Error (dB)
Directivity
(dB)
Competitor
Directional
Coupler
Device
Table 1: Measured return loss values and error values using different measurement devices.
Conclusion
The most reliable and convenient method for making
uncorrected return loss measurements is to use a well
matched directional device. The directivity and return loss
of the directional device determines the accuracy of the
return loss measurement. Marki Microwave has a variety
of directional devices including high directivity broadband
directional bridges, directional and dual directional couplers,
and airline directional couplers to suit any measurement
application.
2010
2012 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave
PF = P 0 C
(7)
PR = P0 IL RL C D
(8)
ILRL
10
+ 10 10 + 2 10
ILRLD
20
ILRL
10
cos)
+ 10 10 + 2 1
(13)
P0 C
Vm = Z 10
10
ILRLD
10
+ 1 + 2}
+ 1 + 2 10
cos)
ILRL
D
RL
=
IL + 10 log10 (10 10 + 10 10 + 2
m
ILRLD
ILRLD
ILRLD
ILRLD
10
20
og10 (10
+ 1 + 2 10
cos)
(10) ILRL
D
ILRLD
10
20
(10
+
1
+
2
10
cos) ILR
log
10
20
RLm = IL + 10 log10 (10 10 + 10 10 + 2 10
cos)
10
(10 10
RL
=
IL
+
10
log
m
10
ILRLD
ILRLD
ILRLD
ILRL
10
20
Reflected Power log
Measurement
+ 1 + 2 10
cos)
ILRL
D
10 (10
20
10
log
(10
+
1
+
2
10
10
10
10
RL = IL + 10 log (10
+ 10
+21
10
PR = P0 IL RL C D
PF=RL
P0 C
PR = P0 IL
C D
(11)
(12)
20
log10 (10
ILRLD
10
10
+ 1 + 2 10
ILRLD
20
cos) (16)
Marki Microwave
215 Vineyard Ct.
Morgan Hill, CA 95037
408-778-4200 (ph.)
408-778-4300 (fax)
info@markimicrowave.com
2010
2012 Marki Microwave, Inc. | 215 Vineyard Court | Morgan Hill, CA 95037
P 408.778.4200 | F 408.778.4300 | info@markimicrowave.com
Marki
microwave