A Report On

TOUCH SCREEN
Submitted to:

Thakur College of Engineering And Technology

Cmpn Department Submitted by:

Submitted by:

Date:
 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank all the people who have helped us in this endeavour of
ours. We want to thank especially our professor Mr.Shivaji Methe for his constant
encouragement and unrelenting support and motivation.

We are also thankful that we have been provided with this opportunity to prepare
this report .We have gained knowledge about the subject and also about how to
prepare a report. This experience has enriched us thoroughly.

We also would like to thank our colleagues for their support and constant help
and motivation whenever required.

And lastly we want to celebrate the team spirit and dedication of our team
members.
 Table Of Contents

Sr.no Contents Page no.

1. Acknowledgement I

2. Abstract II

3. Introduction 1

4. Working 2

5. Different types of 4

Touchscreen

6. Uses of Touchscreen 6

7. Frequently asked

Questions

8. Applications

8.1 Double touchscreen

8.2 Touchscreen beyond

Cell phone

8.3 Iphone

8.4 Pda

9. Disadvantages
 Introduction

A touchscreen is a display which can detect the presence and location of a touch
within the display area. The term generally refers to touch or contact to the
display of the device by a finger or hand. Touchscreens can also sense other
passive objects, such as a stylus. However, if the object sensed is active, as with a
light pen, the term touchscreen is generally not applicable. The thumb rule is: if
you can interact with the display using your finger, it is likely a touchscreen -
even if you are using a stylus or some other object.

Up until recently, most touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a
time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This is
starting to change with the emergence of multi-touch technology - a technology
that was first seen in the early 1980s, but which is now appearing in commercially
available systems.

The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables you to interact with
what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than
indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring
any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand.
Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They
also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal
digital assistant(PDA), satellite navigation devices and mobile phone.
How Does a Touchscreen Work?

A basic touchscreen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and
a software driver. The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined
with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

1. Touch Sensor:
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The
touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of
the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different
touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method to
detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going
through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage
change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

2. Controller:
The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the
PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information
that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for
integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch add-
ons/overlays. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you
will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable
connection on the back for the touchscreen. Controllers are available that can
connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh).
Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD players and other
devices.
3. Software Driver:
The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touchscreen and
computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to
interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch
screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the
screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This
allows the touchscreen to work with existing software and allows new
applications to be developed without the need for touchscreen specific
programming. Some equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and
specialized computer systems either do not use software drivers or they have their
own built-in touch screen driver.

Touchscreens Add-ons and Integrated Touchscreen Monitors

There are two main types of touchscreen products, touchscreen add-ons and
integrated touchscreen monitors. Touchscreen add-ons are touchscreen panels that
hang over an existing computer monitor. Integrated touchscreen monitors are
computer displays that have the touchscreen built-in. Both product types work in
the same way, basically as an input device like a mouse or trackpad.

Touchscreens As Input Device

All of the touchscreens on a computer monitor basically work like a mouse. Once
the software driver for the touchscreen is installed, the touchscreen emulates
mouse functions. Touching the screen is basically the same as clicking your
mouse at the same point at the screen. When you touch the touchscreen, the
mouse cursor will move to that point and make a mouse click. You can tap the
screen twice to perform a double-click, and you can also drag your finger across
the touchscreen to perform drag-and-drops. The touchscreens will normally
emulate left mouse clicks. Through software, you can also switch the touchscreen
to perform right mouse clicks instead.
There are different types of touchscreen technologies.

Comparing Touchscreen Technologies

4-Wire Resistive
5-Wire Resistive
Capacitive
PenTouch Capacitive
Surface Acoustic Wave
Near Field Imaging
Infrared
Strain gauge
Optical imaging
Dispersive signal technology
Frustrated total internal reflection

4-Wire Resistive
4-Wire Resistive touchscreen technology is used in the touch add-ons for PC
monitors and notebooks. It is a reliable and affordable technology that is widely
used by individuals and in less demanding workplace applications. It is pressure
sensitive so it responds to any input device, including finger, gloved hand, or pen
stylus.

5-Wire Resistive Touchscreens

5-Wire Resistive touchscreen technology is with the CRT and LCD touch
monitors. It is a durable and accurate technology that is widely used in demanding
workplace applications such as point-of-sale systems, industrial controls, and
medical systems. It is pressure sensitive so it responds to any input device,
including finger, gloved hand, or pen stylus.

PenTouch Capacitive Touchscreens

PenTouch Capacitive touchscreen is technology with the CRT and LCD touch
monitors that we offer. This screen combines durable Capacitive technology with
a tethered pen stylus. The screen can be set to respond to finger input only, pen
input only, or both. The pen stylus is a good choice for signature capture, on-
screen annotations, or for applications requiring precise input.
Capacitive Touchscreens
Capacitive touchscreen technology is with the CRT and LCD touch monitors. It is
a durable technology that is used in a wide range of applications including point-
of-sale systems, industrial controls, and public information kiosks. It has a higher
clarity than Resistive technology, but it only responds to finger contact and will
not work with a gloved hand or pen stylus.

Surface Acoustic Wave Touchscreens

Surface Acoustice Wave touchscreen technology is with the CRT and LCD touch
monitors. It is a very durable screen that is widely used in applications such as
computer based training and information kiosk displays. The SAW screen is a
good choice for applications where image clarity is important, but it may not
perform well in extremely dirty or dusty environments. Responds to finger or soft
rubber tipped stylus.
Near Field Imaging Touchscreens
Near Field Imaging touchscreen technology is one of the custom LCD touch
monitor solutions. It is an extremely durable screen that is suited for use in
industrial control systems and other harsh environments. The NFI type screen is
not affected by most surface contaminants or scratches. Responds to finger or
gloved hand.

Infrared Touchscreens
Infrared touchscreen technology is with the Plasma display solutions. This is the
only type of touch technology that we have available for large displays such as
42-inch Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offers high image clarity.
Responds to any input device or stylus. IR touchscreens have the most durable
surfaces and are used in many military applications that require a touch panel
display.
Strain gauge
In a strain gauge configuration the screen is spring-mounted on the four corners
and strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is touched.[4]
This technology can also measure the Z-axis. Typically used in exposed public
systems such as ticket machines due to their resistance to vandalism.

Optical imaging
A relatively-modern development in touchscreen technology, two or more image
sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared
backlights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen.
A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulated
to locate the touch. This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability,
versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units.

Dispersive signal technology

Introduced in 2002, this system uses sensors to detect the mechanical energy in
the glass that occur due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this
information and provide the actual location of the touch. The technology claims to
be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there
is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent
optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touch event,
any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and stylus. A
downside is that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless
finger.

Frustrated total internal reflection

This optical system works by using the principle of total internal reflection to fill
a refractive medium with light. When a finger or other soft object is pressed
against the surface, the internal reflection light path is interrupted, making the
light reflect outside of the medium and thus visible to a camera behind the
medium.[6] [7]
What Are Touchscreens Used For?

The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the
interface of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of
how touch input systems are being used today:

Public Information Displays

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic
displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The
user-friendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than
other input devices, especially for novice users. A touchscreen can help make
your information more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your
presentation by simply touching the display screen.

Retail and Restaurant Systems

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment.
Touchscreen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and
training time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is done right
on the screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touchscreens can be used in
cash registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more.
Customer Self-Service
In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed
up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service
at busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers
can quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them
time, and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller
(ATM) and airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can
benefit from touchscreen input.

Control and Automation Systems

The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process
control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,
valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can
monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the
screen.

Computer Based Training

Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices,
overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be
reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can
lead to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

Assistive Technology
The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using
other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction with
software such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help
make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty using
computers.

And many more uses...

The touch screen interface is being used in a wide variety of applications to
improve human-computer interaction. Other applications include digital
jukeboxes, computerized gaming, student registration systems, multimedia
software, financial and scientific applications, and more.
 Frequently asked questions

How does the touchscreen interface with PC?

Touch screen solutions generally interface to the PC via a serial port (RS-232)
connection or a USB type connection. The serial port interface generally works
with DOS, Windows, and Linux Systems. The USB port interface typically works
with Windows 98/ME/2000/XP and Macintosh systems.

Does a touchscreen require special software to operate?

Touchscreen solutions are supplied with software drivers that allow the touch
screen to emulate a mouse in Windows or Macintosh systems. Because the
touchscreen emulates a mouse, touching the screen is the same as clicking your
mouse at the same point on the screen. This allows the touch screen to work with
a vast amount of pre-existing mouse driven software. This also allows for simple
development of new applications, because no additional code or knowledge is
required to develop software for use with the touch screen. New touchscreen
applications can be developed in the same way as mouse driven software.

What mouse functions does the touchscreen emulate?

The touchscreen is an input device like a mouse or trackpad, and it emulates basic
mouse functions. The touchscreen can emulate left-clicks, double-clicking, and
dragging. When the screen is touched, it is the same as if you used your mouse to
move the pointer to that spot, and then clicked your mouse button. Right-clicking
can be done with additional software.

Can mouse and keyboard be simultaneously used along with a touchscreen?

Yes, touchscreen products are designed to work along with a mouse, trackpad,
and/or keyboard. The touch screen will work along with a PS/2, USB, or serial
style mouse. If you are using a serial touch screen and also a serial mouse, you
will need to have two available serial ports (Com 1 and 2).

Does one have to use finger or can one use another pointing device with a
touchscreen?
This depends on the type of touch screen. Resistive touchscreens are pressure
sensitive and will work with any type of input- finger, gloved hand, stylus, pen, or
any pointing device. Capacitive screens on the other hand will only work with
finger input. PenTouch is a special type of Capacitive screen that comes with an
attached pen stylus. SAW (surface acoustic wave) touchscreens will work with
finger input or soft-tipped stylus input. With SAW technology, a hard tipped pen
will not create a touch response, but a soft-tip stylus will work.

Can the touchscreen respond to two touches / two fingers at the same time?
No, the touchscreen can only respond to one input at a time. Some touchscreens
will average together multiple touches, causing the mouse cursor move to a
position between the points touched. Some touchscreen will accept the first touch
and then ignore simultaneous touches.

What can one use to clean the touchscreen?

Any standard glass cleaner (non-ammonia based) can be used to clean the
touchscreen. Always spray the glass cleaner on the cloth or towel and then clean
the touchscreen.

Is there a software program that will turn non-touch monitor into a touchscreen?
A normal computer monitor does not have the necessary hardware to be able to
detect touches to the screen, so there is no way to make it a touch responsive
display through software. The only way to convert a standard PC monitor into a
touch screen monitor is to add the necessary touch screen hardware
 Applications

Double touch screen

Nowadays it's almost impossible to surprise someone by a touch screen cell
phone. Despite the fact that these devices appeared just for some time, they have
already managed to win users' affection and confidence. However, Chocolate
Agency, which has recently designed an absolutely new concept, thinks that some
innovations should be implemented in order to make high-end cell phones even
more attractive.

According to their new design the whole surface of the cell phone represents a
touch sensitive display. Moreover this detectable concept would be able to satisfy
both environmentalists and high-tech lovers. It's made of just 4 layers: a printed
circuit board, extruded polycarbonate, recycled titanium, and a wrap around
flexible haptic LED touch screen. Due to the small amount of used materials the
design of the gadget is highly sustainable. The wrap around screen allows endless
user interface possibilities, so you can watch/take movies or pictures and write
SMS at the same time. But that's not the half of it. In addition to that given device
is just 7mm thick, it has 3 megapixel camera and can be recharged just in 2
minutes. Unfortunately, there is no information about its price but even now we
understand that it will probably be quite a high one.

Taking into consideration the fact that the characteristics of the gadget are very
impressive, most likely it will become very successful and famous product.
Touchscreen beyond cell phone:
The touch-screen craze is spreading beyond cell phones as well.

Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates has said touch sensors and speech
recognition are a focus of the company's development efforts. Hewlett-Packard
Co. introduced a desktop PC with touch screen last year and updated the line this
year. Touch screens have become standard for GPS devices, a fast-selling
category. Colegrove expects e-book readers to start coming with touch screens
too.

Touch screens are the ideal solution, Hsu said, for maximizing screen size while
keeping gadgets small. They also make for easy-to-use devices, because each
application can present its own specific controls, rather than relying on hardware
buttons shared with other applications.

"There's really no room left for buttons," Hsu said.

Hp pc
With the touchscreen wave currently sweeping through everything from mobile
phones to the Windows OS, HP is set to show that finger-friendly displays have a
place in the average home and the average budget. Badged the TouchSmart
IQ500 series,

For starters, the system unit is now integrated into the 22in panel display rather
than parked on the desk, yet the screen remains impossibly thin. Some of the
credit goes to HP’s decision to swap out the first-gen AMD X2 chips for Intel’s
more energy-efficient Intel Core 2 Duo processors; other design choices include a
slot-loading optical drive rather than a conventional tray drive.

The scratch-resistant screen supports a range of two-fingered gestures for working

with pictures along with one-finger tap, scrolling, drag and drop actions. At this
stage your digits can drive only the HP TouchSmart UI layer which sits atop
Windows Vista, not the core OS itself. But the TouchSmart home screen is a
pretty nifty environment with its Web 2.0-like look and customisable panels for
accessing Net-based info, viewing photos, playing music and video (using a
fanned Cover Flow-like layout).

One feature is the lighting strip that runs along at the bottom of the display to
illuminate the wireless keyboard – an ambient light sensor adjusts the brightness
so you can dim the lights to watch a video yet still know where the keys are to
pause, skip ahead or back (that's assuming you don't just want to kick back and
use the supplied remote controller).

The base spec starts at a 2GHz Core 2 Duo with integrated graphics, 4GB of
RAM and a 320GB hard drive. Digging a little deeper into your wallet scores you
a peppier processor backed by a GeForce 9300M GS video card, a 500GB hard
disk and a digital TV tuner or turning the TouchSmart into a natty PVR.
Crossfire

It's the IQ770 "Crossfire," the first mass market touchscreen desktop PC. The
Vista Premium system features a massive load of options including: 19-inch
touchscreen, AMD Turion 64 X2 dual core TL-52 processor, 2GB SDRAM,
320GB drive, NVIDIA GeForce Go 7600, WiFi, Bluetooth, integrated 1.3
megapixel camera, integrated FM and ATSC HDTV tuners, a DVD±RW / DVD-
RAM burner with LightScribe, Pocket Media Drive bay, wireless keyboard,
mouse, stylus, front media reader, and a crazy amount of ports (Ethernet, two
FireWire, six USB 2.0, one with HP printer power Y-cable connector, 5.1 +
digital audio out, IR out, mini-VGA, and inputs: FM coax, TV coax, ATSC, and
two S-Video). It also features some new widget-like dashboard interface.
Iphone

The iPhone is an internet-connected multimedia smartphone designed and

marketed by Apple Inc. with a flush multi-touch screen and a minimal hardware
interface. Lacking a physical keyboard, a virtual keyboard is rendered on the
touch screen. The iPhone's functions include those of a camera phone and
portable media player (equivalent to the iPod) in addition to text messaging and
visual voicemail. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, web browsing,
and local Wi-Fi connectivity. The first generation phone hardware was quad-band
GSM with EDGE; the second generation also adds UMTS with HSDPA.[11]
Apple announced the iPhone on January 9, 2007.[12] The announcement was
preceded by rumors and speculation that circulated for several months.[13] The
iPhone was initially introduced in the United States on June 29, 2007 and is in the
process of being introduced worldwide. It was named Time magazine's Invention
of the Year in 2007.[14] On July 11, 2008, the iPhone 3G was released and
supported faster 3G data speeds and Assisted GPS.[11
Personal Digital Assistant

A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer also known as small or

palmtop computers. Newer PDAs also have both color screens and audio
capabilities, enabling them to be used as mobile phones, (smartphones), web
browsers, or portable media players. Many PDAs can access the Internet, intranets
or extranets via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWANs). Many PDAs
employ touch screen technology.

Currently, a typical PDA has a touch screen for entering data, a memory card slot
for data storage and at least one of the following for connectivity: IrDA,
Bluetooth and/or WiFi. However, many PDAs (typically those used primarily as
telephones) may not have a touch screen, using softkeys, a directional pad and
either the numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for input.

Software typically required to be a PDA includes an appointment calendar, a to-

do list, an address book for contacts and some sort of note program. Connected
PDAs also typically include E-mail and Web support.

Many original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured touch
screens for user interaction, having only a few buttons usually reserved for
shortcuts to often used programs. Touch screen PDAs, including Windows Pocket
PC devices, usually have a detachable stylus that can be used on the touch screen.
Interaction is then done by tapping the screen to activate buttons or menu choices,
and dragging the stylus to, for example, highlight. Text input is usually done in
one of four ways:

• Using a virtual keyboard, where a keyboard is shown on the touch screen.

Input is done by tapping letters on the screen.
• Using external keyboard or chorded keyboard connected by USB, IR or
Bluetooth.
• Using letter or word recognition, where letters or words are written on the
touch screen, and then "translated" to letters in the currently activated text
field. Despite rigorous research and development projects, end-users
experience mixed results with this input method, with some finding it
frustrating and inaccurate, while others are satisfied with the quality.[1]
Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical
formulas such as "1 + 2 =" was also under development.
 • Stroke recognition (termed Graffiti by Palm). In this system a predefined
set of strokes represents the various characters needed. The user learns to
draw these strokes on the screen or in an input area. The strokes are often
simplified character shapes to make them easier to remember.

PDAs for business use, including the BlackBerry and Treo, have full keyboards
and scroll wheels or thumb wheels to facilitate data entry and navigation, in
addition to supporting touch-screen input. There are also full-size foldable
keyboards available that plug directly, or use wireless technology to interface with
the PDA and allow for normal typing. BlackBerry has additional functionality,
such as push-based email and applications.

Newer PDAs, such as the Apple iPhone and iPod touch include new user
interfaces using other means of input. The iPhone and iPod touch uses a
technology called Multi-touch.
Disadvantages Of TouchScreen

Finger stress

An ergonomic problem of touchscreens is their stress on human fingers when

used for more than a few minutes at a time, since significant pressure can be
required and the screen is non-flexible. This can be alleviated with the use of a
pen or other device to add leverage, but the introduction of such items can
sometimes be problematic depending on the desired use case (for example, public
kiosks such as ATMs). Also, fine motor control is better achieved with a stylus, a
finger being a rather broad and ambiguous point of contact with the screen.

Fingernail as stylus

These ergonomic issues of direct touch can be bypassed by using a different

technique, provided that the user's fingernails are either short or sufficiently long.
Rather than pressing with the soft skin of an outstretched fingertip, the finger is
curled over, so that the top of the forward edge of a fingernail can be used instead.
(The thumb is optionally used to provide support for the finger or for a long
fingernail, from underneath.)

The fingernail's hard, curved surface contacts the touchscreen at a single very
small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure is needed, much greater
precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with a little experience), much
less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernail can be silently moved
across the screen with very little resistance, allowing for selecting text, moving
windows, or drawing lines.

The human fingernail consists of keratin which has a hardness and smoothness
similar to the tip of a stylus (and so will not typically scratch a touchscreen).
Alternately, very short stylus tips are available, which slip right onto the end of a
finger; this increases visibility of the contact point with the screen. Oddly, with
capacitive touchscreens, the reverse problem applies in that individuals with long
nails have reported problems getting adequate skin contact with the screen to
register keystrokes (note that ordinary styli do not work on capacitive
touchscreens nor do gloved fingers).

The concept of using a fingernail trimmed to form a point, to be specifically used

as a stylus on a writing tablet for communication, appeared in the 1950 science
fiction short story Scanners Live in Vain.
Fingerprints

Touch screens also suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This
can be mitigated by the use of materials with optical coatings designed to reduced
the visible effects of fingerprint oils.

"Gorilla arm"

Gorilla arm was a side-effect that destroyed vertically-oriented touch-screens as a

mainstream input technology despite a promising start in the early 1980s.[2]

Designers of touch-menu systems failed to notice that humans are not designed to
hold their arms in front of their faces making small motions. After more than a
very few selections, the arm begins to feel sore, cramped, and oversized -- the
operator looks like a gorilla while using the touch screen and feels like one
afterwards. This is now considered a classic cautionary tale to human-factors
designers; "Remember the gorilla arm!" is shorthand for "How is this going to fly
in real use?".

Gorilla arm is not a problem for specialist short-term-use devices such as ATMs,
since they only involve brief interactions which are not long enough to cause
gorilla arm.

Gorilla arm also can be mitigated by the use of horizontally-mounted screens such
as those used in Tablet PCs, but these then have the problem that the user's need
to rest their hands on the device increases the amount of dirt deposited on the
screen, and occludes the user's view of the screen.
No Tactile Feedback - There's just something to be said about hitting a physical
button. It's a lot easier dialing on a conventional numeric keypad than it is on a
virtual keypad. Some handsets have tried to rectify this with haptic feedback, but
it's just not the same.

Have to Look to Touch - Yes, you probably shouldn't be dialing and text
messaging while driving, but it's inevitable that people still want to do this. When
you have a phone with a regular keypad, it's possible to "feel" where the buttons
are and to press them without looking. With a touchscreen phone, this is virtually
impossible and can drastically increase the possibility of a bad motor vehicle
accident.

Sensitivity and Response - When you press a button a regular phone, you know
you pressed it. There's no calibration, no mistakes. When you press a virtual
button on a touchscreen phone, it's not nearly as perfect. Again, haptic feedback
can aid in this department, but it's not on par just yet. That's because most devices
make use of the cheaper resistive touchscreens and the iPhone has the more
expensive capacitive touchscreen.
 Thus we can see that touchscreens have revolutionized our devices and our
technology.It has not only(……write a proper conclusion….