Skeletal muscle

Skeletal Muscles are those which attach to bones and have the main function of contracting to facilitate
movement of our skeletons. They are also sometimes known as striated muscles due to their appearance. The
cause of this 'stripy' appearance is the bands of Actin and Myosin which form the Sarcomere, found within the
Myofibrils.
Skeletal muscles are also sometimes called voluntary muscles, because we have direct control over them
through nervous impulses from our brains sending messages to the muscle. Contractions can vary to produce
powerful, fast movements or small precision actions. Skeletal muscles also have the ability to stretch or contract
and still return to their original shape.
Skeletal muscle fibre type
Not all fibres within Skeletal muscles are the same. Different fibre types contract at different speeds, are suited
to different types of activity and vary in colour depending on their Myoglobin (an oxygen carrying protein) content.
Otot rangka adalah mereka yang melekat pada tulang dan mempunyai fungsi utama kontrak untuk memudahkan
pergerakan rangka kita.
Mereka juga kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai otot Striated kerana penampilan mereka.
Punca ini rupa 'stripy' adalah band Actin dan Myosin yang membentuk Sarcomere, mendapati dalam Myofibrils.
Otot rangka juga kadang-kadang dipanggil otot sukarela, kerana kita mempunyai kawalan langsung ke atas
mereka melalui impuls saraf dari otak kita menghantar mesej kepada otot.
Pengecutan boleh berbeza-beza untuk menghasilkan, pergerakan pantas yang kuat atau tindakan ketepatan
kecil.
Otot rangka juga mempunyai keupayaan untuk meregangkan atau kontrak dan masih kembali kepada bentuk
asalnya.
Rangka jenis serat otot.
Tidak semua serat dalam otot rangka adalah sama. Jenis gentian yang berbeza kontrak pada kelajuan yang
berbeza, yang sesuai untuk pelbagai jenis aktiviti dan berbeza dalam warna bergantung kepada myoglobin
mereka (protein oksigen menjalankan) kandungan.

Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as Involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movements, or
Unstriated as it does not have the stripy appearance of Skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of
hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, Bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels. This muscle type is
stimulated by involuntary neurogenic impulses and has slow, rhythmical contractions used in controlling internal
organs, for example, moving food along the Oesophagus or contricting blood vessels during Vasoconstriction.

Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)

This type of muscle is found solely in the walls of the heart. It has similarities with skeletal muscles in that it is
striated and with smooth muscles in that its contractions are not under conscious control. However this type of
muscle is highly specialised. It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system, however, even without a
nervous imput contractions can occur due to cells called pacemaker cells. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to

fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, myoglobin and a good blood supply allowing
continuous aerobic metabolism.

Sejenis tisu otot yang hanya terdapat di dalam hati dan dibezakan daripada kedua-dua bentuk otot, otot licin
(yang bergerak organ-organ dalaman, seperti usus, dan kapal, seperti dinding arteri) dan otot rangka (yang
kuasa sendi). Otot jantung bertanggungjawab untuk mengepam darah ke seluruh badan.

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Skeletal muscles also become less elastic. Aging skeletal muscles develop increasing amounts of fibrous
connective tissue, a process called fibrosis. Fibrosis makes muscle less flexible so that movement and
circulation are restricted.
Tolerance for exertion decreases. A lower tolerance for exercise results partly from the tendency to
fatigue rapidly and partly from the reduced ability to eliminate heat generated during muscular
contraction. Plus, the ability to recover from muscular injury decreases.
Between the ages of 30 and 75, overall lean body mass decreases primarily due to reduced skeletal
muscle mass. This loss is called sarcopenia and occurs as the number and size of muscle fibers
progressively decrease.
Despite age-related reductions in muscle strength, muscle functional ability is similar in older and
younger adults. Usually, healthy elderly persons can easily climb stairs, rise from a squatting position,
walk along a straight line, hop on either foot, and perform typical activities of daily living.

Otot rangka juga menjadi kurang elastik. Penuaan otot rangka dibangunkan
meningkatkan jumlah tisu penghubung berserabut, proses yang dipanggil
fibrosis. Fibrosis membuat otot kurang fleksibel supaya pergerakan dan
peredaran adalah terhad.

Toleransi untuk melakukan senaman berkurangan. A toleransi rendah untuk hasil

senaman sebahagian daripada kecenderungan untuk keletihan dengan cepat
dan sebahagian dari keupayaan dikurangkan untuk menghilangkan haba yang
dihasilkan semasa penguncupan otot. Plus, keupayaan untuk pulih daripada
kecederaan otot berkurangan.

Antara yang berumur di antara 30 dan 75, keseluruhan jisim badan tanpa lemak
berkurangan terutamanya disebabkan oleh pengurangan jisim otot rangka.
Kerugian ini dipanggil sarcopenia dan berlaku sebagai bilangan dan saiz gentian
otot secara progresif berkurangan.

Walaupun pengurangan yang berkaitan dengan usia dalam kekuatan otot,

keupayaan fungsi otot adalah sama di kalangan orang dewasa yang lebih tua
dan lebih muda. Biasanya, orang tua sihat boleh mendaki tangga, meningkat
daripada kedudukan mencangkung, berjalan di sepanjang garis lurus, melompat
dengan berjalan kaki sama ada, dan melakukan aktiviti biasa kehidupan harian.