CHAPTER- I

1.1. ROAD DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TERMS

2. Abutment An abutment is made from concrete on piling and supports the end of a
bridge deck.
3. Aesthetics In the highway context, the considerations of landscaping, land use and
structures to ensure that the proposed highway is pleasing to the eye of the viewer from
the roadway and to the viewer looking at the roadway.
4. Aggregate Stone and gravel of various sizes which compose the major portion of the
surfacing material. The sand or pebbles added to cement in making concrete.
5. Aggregate Base Course The layer of the material immediately beneath the pavement. It
may be composed of crushed stone, crush crushed sand and gravel, or combinations of
these materials. To provide service intended it must be uniform in strength to support the
pavement.
6. Air pollutants Those impurities which cause the atmosphere to become contaminated.
These include: carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, sulphur dioxides, particulates, and
hydrocarbons.
7. Alignment The vertical and horizontal location of a road.
8. Average Daily Traffic or ADT A measurement of the number of vehicle which use a
highway over a period of a year divided by 365 to obtain the average for a 24-hour
period.
9. Backfill Material is used to replace, or the act of replacing, material removed during
construction. Also, may denote material placed, or the act of placing material adjacent to
structures.

10. Back slope The slope from the bottom of the ditch to natural ground, on the opposite
side of the fore slope.
11. BAM Bituminous Aggregate Mixture.

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12. Bitumen A natural asphalt or substance found in a natural state or a residue by-product
from petroleum refinement.
13. Bituminous Containing Bitumen.
14. Borrow Excavation When the Department specifies a new roadway to be constructed,
the roadway embankment is usually constructed from earth available on the right-of-way,
however, if there is insufficient earth the contractor is required to obtain the needed
additional material from off the states right-of-way (land). This material is called
excavation.
15. Borrow pit The source of approved material required for the construction of
embankments, or other portions of earthwork requirements.
16. Box Culvert A box culvert is cast-in-place or pre-cast reinforced concrete and has a box
shape that is located under the embankment to drain water from one side of the road to
the other.
17. Bridge Deck Satisfaction To remove the existing concrete driving surface in preparation
for a concrete overlay. This is usually done with a cold milling machine consisting of
hardened steel bits attached to a revolving drum.
18. Bridge Pier A bridge pier is a supporting structure at the junction of connecting spans of
a bridge.
19. Bypass Routes An arterial highway that permits traffic to avoid part or all of an urban
area.
20. Capacity Maximum number of vehicles which has a reasonable expectation of passing
over a given section of a lane or a road way in one direction during a given time period
under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.
21. Centroid An assumed point in a zone that represents the origin or destination of all trips
to or from the zone. Generally, it is the trip ends rather than a geometrical centre of zonal
area. (Also called Zone Centroid).
22. Channel Excavation When the department builds a new bridge or drainage structure
over an existing waterway it is sometimes necessary to dredge out or straighten the
existing waterway channel. This work is called channel excavation.
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23. Channelization (of road) the direction of the traffic flow into definite paths, by means
of traffic knowledge, island, or other means.
24. Concrete it is a building material made of sand and gravel bonded together with Portland
cement into a hard, compact substance.
25. Concrete Revetment Mats As an alternative to concrete riprap along a ditch or
waterway bank, sometimes a concrete revetment mat will be used. The mat is a heavy
fabric envelope which is pumped full with cement mortar that hardens sand conforms to
the shape of the surface upon which it is placed.
26. Cost Benefit ration A method of determining the economic justification of alternative
schemes for highway system improvements. The benefits and respective costs for each
alternative and determined and the ration of benefits to cost for each project is compared
to the others.
27. Cul-de-sac A local street open at one end only, which allows vehicles to turn around.
28. Design Capacity Maximum number of vehicles which can pass over a lane or roadway
during one hour without operating conditions falling below a preselected design level.
29. Design Hourly Volume A volume determined for use in design representing the traffic
that is expected to use the Highway in any designated year. It is an hourly volume,
usually the 30th highest hourly volume expected during the design year.
30. Design life Initially figured to be a 20-year period for pavement.
31. Design Speed A speed determined for design and correlation of physical features of a
highway which influence vehicle operation.
32. Design standards Specifications for such design features as curvature, grades, roadway
width, drainage facilities etc.
33. Design volume A volume determined for use in design, representing traffic expected to
use the highway 20 years in the future. Unless otherwise stated, it is an hourly volume.
34. Expressway A divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of
access and generally with grade separations at major intersections.

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35. External survey The phase of the survey in which traffic data was obtained by
interviewing motor vehicle drivers passing through survey stations on the principal
highways or streets entering the survey area.
36. Forecasting Procedure for estimating future land use, population and traffic patterns.
37. Grade Separation A crossing of two highways, or a highway and a rail road, and
different levels. The bridge that spans highways or rail tracks (as in an overpass) is a
grade separation structure.
38. Gradient the percent of vertical or longitudinal slope.
39. Horizontal Curve (or Highway) Bend from a straight line or course along a roadway.
40. Hydrology The study of water in the atmosphere, on the surface, and underground.
41. Jacking and Cribbing Underground construction of tunnels, conducts and structures
require the excavations be kept from caving in by the use of a supporting framework.
42. Level of Service The term used to indicate the quality of service provided by a facility
under a given set of operating conditions. These conditions include speed, travel time,
traffic interruptions, freedom to manoeuvre, safety, driving comfort and convenience,
and operating costs.
43. Mapping A method by which any number of different factors can be examined
individually and in combination in relation tone common objective. (e.g., the best route
for a highway after consideration of the factors).
44. Median The portion of a divided highway separating the travelled ways for traffic in
opposite directions.
45. Median Lane A speed-change lane within the median to accommodate left-turning
vehicles.
46. Meteorological Conditions Weather conditions; temperature, wind speed and direction,
and thermal gradient; used to define the mixing layer depth (height of inversion).
47. Minimum Design Standards Adopted by the Board of Public Roads Classification and
Standards. These standards ensure the teach road segment can handle the traffic pattern
and volume it is expected to carry.

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48. Mobilization The Department typically reimburses the contractor when completed
portions of work are performed. Contractors therefore must find financing to help start a
new project. The pay item mobilization was created a few years ago to help the
contractor with these early start-up costs.
49. Operating speed the highest overall speed at which a driver can travel on a given
highway under favourable weather conditions and under prevailing traffic conditions
without at any time exceeding the same speed as determined by the design speed on a
section-by-section basis.
50. Origin The zone in which a trip begins.
51. Origin-Destination Studies Trip data is obtained from vehicle drivers also where they
started, where they are going, and the purpose of their trip. This data helps the
Department to forecast traffic patterns.
52. Over-All Speed Total distance divided by total time, including all delays.
53. Overpass A grade separation where the highway passes over a highway or railroad. (See
Grade Separation).
54. PAM Pozzolanic Aggregate Mixture.
55. Pavement The part of a roadway having a constructed for the surface for the facilitation
of vehicular movement.
56. Pavement Fabric These are prefabricated sheets of steel much that are occasionally
placed into new concrete pavements.
57. Pavement Life The design life for a road way is 50 years.
58. Pavement Marking The lane lines or symbols painted on pavement surfaces, marking
can be done with several different types of materials.
59. Peak Hour That one-hour period during which the maximum amount of travel occurs.
Generally, there is a morning peak and an afternoon peak and traffic assignments may be
made for each period, if desired.
60. Radial Highway An arterial highway leading to or from an urban centre.

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61. Railroad Grade Crossing The general area where a highway and a railroad cross at the
same level, within which are included the railroad, roadway, and roadside facilities for
traffic traversing that area.
62. Random Selection Every combination of samples of a given size from a population, no
matter how small or how large, has an equal chance of being selected.
63. Rate of Change The proportional and consistent change in the size of a variable from
one period to the next.
64. Recreation Road A roadway which is not part of the state highway system but which
has been developed and improved by money from the State Recreation Road Fund in
accordance with Section 39-1390 of the State Statutes.
65. Reflective Crack Control Treatment A method used to retard the reflective cracking
into thru the new asphalt surface; fabric, heavy overlay or other strategies are used.
66. Registration the registration certificate or certificates and registration plates issued
under the laws of this State pertaining to the registration of vehicles.
67. Relocation Assistance Program for providing advice and assistance to persons,
business etc. Which have to be relocated due to highway construction?
68. Retaining wall Structure used to certain an embankment, also used on a back slope.
69. Right of Survey Entry The right to enter property temporarily to make surveys and
investigations for proposed highway improvements.
70. Right-of-Way Land acquired by purchased, gift or eminent domain in order to build and
maintain a public road.
71. Right-of-Way Appraisal A determination of the market value of property including
damages, if any, as of a specified date, resulting from an analysis of facts.
72. Right-of-Way Estimate An approximation of the market value of property including
damages, if any, in advance of an appraisal.
73. Right-of-Way Strip Map A plan of highway improvement showing its relationship to
adjacent property, the parcels or portions. Therefore, needed for highway purposes, and
other pertinent information.
74. Roadway Embankment A raised structure of soil, soil-aggregate, sand or rock.
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75. Rural Area An area whose character is rural in nature and which may include towns of
less than 5000 population.
76. Salvage Saving different materials from projects where existing surfacing and structures
are removed and using these in other construction.
77. Sawing Concrete Pavement When patching a failed area of existing pavement the
contractor is required to make a full depth saw cut around the perimeter of the patch so
that the segment can be dislodged and removed. Also done to control cracking in
concrete.
78. Scheduling The process of developing a plan of operations to carry out the program. The
process first involving breaking down projects into activities, setting starting and ending
times for those activities, determining the resources required toper from the work, then
adjusting the times as necessary to balance the resource requirements.
79. Screening The use of any vegetative planting, fencing, ornamental wall of masonry, or
other architectural treatment, earthen embankment, or a combination of any of these
which will effectively hide from view any undesirable areas, especially junkyards, from
the main travelled way.
80. Seal Coat An existing country or township road, or state highway can be rehabilitated or
given a new wearing surface by spraying it with liquid asphalt followed by a uniform
sprinkling of aggregate. This procedure is called a seal coat or chip and seal.
81. Shoulder The portion of the roadway adjacent to the travelled way for accommodation
of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of the base and surface
courses. On secondary roadways the shoulder usually consists of turf. On heavily
travelled roads the shoulder is usually a bituminous mixture or concrete.
82. Sight Distance the line of sight available to the driver to see another car for passing sight
distance or to see a fixed object for stopping sight distance.
83. Sight Line Easement An easement for maintaining or improving the sight distance.
84. Slope Drains The drainage structures used to prevent water erosion damage to slopes.
85. Slope Easement An easement for cuts or files.

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86. Speed-change Lane An auxiliary lane including tapered areas, primarily for the
acceleration or deceleration of vehicles entering or leaving the through traffic lanes.
87. Station (Survey) A numerical designation for points on a project centreline which
denote the distance of that point from another point on the project.
88. Surfacing Material used to construct the roadway. There are four types: Asphalt,
Bituminous, Concrete, and Gravel.
89. Survey Period That time during which the external origin and destination survey is
conducted. The survey period begins the day that the first interview station is operated up
to and including the day of the last interview station.
90. Topography Representation on maps or charts depicting natural and man-made features
of an area or region.
91. Traffic Count A count of total vehicular traffic passing a given point on a highway
during a specified time period. This might be a manual or machine count.
92. Traffic Demands The number of vehicles desiring to use a particular route.
93. Traffic Volume The amount of traffic on a particular route.
94. Traffic Time The time of travel, including stops and delays, except those off the
travelled way.
95. Underpass A grade separation where the highway passes under an intersecting highway
or railroad. (See Grade Separation).
96. Vertical Curve A smooth transition between two sloping grade lines; a hill or valley.
97. Vertical Curve (or Highway) A curve on the longitudinal profile of a road to provide
for change of gradient.
98. Viaduct A bridge for carrying a road over a valley, another road, or railroad.
99. Visibility The farthest object that can be observed. In daylight landmarks are used; but at
night unfocused lights serve.

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CHAPTER-2
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE EXTENDING 2-LANE ROAD
2.1. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
Generally, stage construction technique is adopted in highway construction to improve the
pavement structure in stages to match with increase in road traffic. Generally the road crust
consists of the following layers.
Earth work: Earth work consists of embankment and sub-grade. It is mainly adopted for
bringing the road profile to the desired grade and camber. Thickness of the embankment and
sub-grade are decided depending on the CBR Value of the existing soil and geometrical
design of the road to be constructed.
Sub-base and Base Courses: Sub-base or granular sub base is a layer consisting of crushed
stone, broken aggregate, natural sand and gravel or combination thereof compacted at
optimum moisture content to the designer of compaction. This layer will act as a drainage
layer.
Base course may be water bound macadam or wet mix macadam with the
combination of crushed aggregate and water at designed proportions. This will act as a
strength course for the pavement.
Surface course: Surface course may be of bituminous macadam, dense bituminous
macadam, Semi dense bituminous macadam. These layers will designed with different
proportions of aggregate and bitumen to meet the designed parameters. Thickness of these
layers will be decided mainly based on the traffic intensity on the proposed road. These will
act as strength course.
Wearing Course: Wearing course is dense graded premixed bituminous mix which is well
compacted to form a high quality pavement surface course. Thickness of the wearing course
layers usually ranges from 40 to 75mm.

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2.2. SITE CLEARANCE AND EXCAVATION:

This work shall consist of cutting, removing, disposing and excavating of all materials such
as trees, bushes, shrubs, stumps, roots, grass, weeds and topsoil to the required thickness in
accordance with clauses 200 and 300 of MOST.

MACHINARY:

Excavator
Dozer
End dumpers
Rollers
Survey kit. Etc.,

METHODOLOGY:
1. The material which is unsuitable for construction of road such as trees, bushes,
stumps, roots, grass, weeds, top organic soil shall be disposed of by using excavator
and end dumpers.
2. High way property/Amenities such as trees, shrubs, any other plants, pole lines and
sewers shall be protected from injury or damage during clearance.
3. Boulders, stones, stumps and other materials usable in road constructions shall be
neatly stacked at specified locations.
4. The pits resulting from uprooting of trees and stumps shall be filled with suitable
material with proper compaction.
5. Original ground levels shall be taken in both longitudinal and transverse direction at
specified intervals.
6. Marking shall be done for excavation to its lines width and length.
7. The excavator shall carry out the excavation true to lines, curves, slopes, grades and
sections as per marking.
8. Excavated material shall be disposed from excavated area by using and dumpers.
9. Rolling shall be carried out on excavated portion till it reaches 95% compaction or as
specified by the project specifications.

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QUALITY CONTROL:
Dressed and compacted surface of the excavated area shall be checked for field density as per
IS 2720 Part-28 and the degree of compaction shall not be less than 95%.

QUALITY TIPS:
Excavated material should not be allowed to mix with the material using for road work or
it will spoil homogeneity of the layer.
Proper drainage provision shall be made to avoid pounding or erosion of the cuts due to
water stagnation.
The excavated portion shall be inspected for marshy swamps and water springs, etc., this
should be rectified to the standard of adjacent strata before proceeding for construction.

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2.3. EMBANKMENT
SCOPE:
This work shall consist of laying, spreading and compacting Embankment layer with
approved material in accordance with clause 305 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:
As per clause 305.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of embankment shall
be satisfying the following requirements.
The particle size of the course material shall not be more than 75mm.
Free swell index of the material shall not be more than 50 percent when tested as per
IS: 2720(Part-40).
Dry unit weight of the material shall not be less than 1.52gm/cc and 1.6gm/cc for
embankment up to 3mm height and embankment exceeding 3m height when tested as
per IS:2720 (part-8).
Liquid limit shall not be more than 70 percent.
Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:
Excavator
End dumpers
Dozer
Grader
Water tanker
Vibratory roller of capacity 80-100KN
Survey kit.

METHODOLOGY:
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 The original ground levels shall be taken in both longitudinal and transverse direction
at specified intervals.
Base shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and foreign matter and original
ground should be loosened and compacted in layers to achieve 97 percent
compaction.
Marking shall be done on both sides by fixing the better pegs at regular intervals to its
line and length.
The approved material from borrow area shall be transported by means of end
dumpers and dumped in the form of heaps.
Material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its loose thickness and specified
grade.
Roots and stumps shall be removed if any while spreading.
Moisture content shall be checked before commencing the compaction, if it is less
than OMC, water shall be added by sprinkler and if it is more than OMC it shall be
dried by aeration and exposure to the sun till reach the OMC.
Rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80-100KN vibratory
roller till to achieve the required compaction and no tyre impression or drum
impression on the surface.
Cross fall shall be provided by trimming the slopes as specified.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per
1000sq.m. The degree of compaction shall not be less than 95%.
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 The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25mm.

QUALITY TIPS:
In the field one can estimate OMC without instrument just by adding water or drying
borrow material until a squeezed handful of soil is deformed with finger marks for
about an average squeeze effort and the molded soil resists breaking apart.

Roots and stumps shall be removed at barrow area before loading.

The area where cracks are developed after compaction shall be removed and it should
be filled with approved material with proper compaction.
The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the rolling
until there are no wavy or sponge action.

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2.4. SUBGRADE:
SCOPE:
This work shall consist of laying, spreading and compacting sub grade layer with approved
material in accordance with clause 305 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:
As per clause 305.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of subgrade shall be
satisfying the following requirements.
i.

The particle size of the course material shall not be more than 50mm.

ii.

Free swell index of the material shall not be more than 50 percent when tested as
per IS: 2720 (Part-40).

iii.

Dry unit weight shall not be more than 70 percent.

iv.

Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:
1. Excavator
2. End
3. Dozer
4. Grader
5. Water tanker
6. Vibratory roller of capacity 80 100 KN
7. Survey kit

METHODOLOGY:
1. The Embankment top shall be cleaned off if there is any extraneous material. If the
surface is dry, it should be made wet by sprinkling water.

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2. The approved material from barrow area shall be transported by means of end
dumpers and dumped in the form of heaps.
3. Material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its loose thickness and specified
grade.
4. Roots and stumps shall be removed if any while spreading.
5. Moisture content shall be checked before commencing the compaction, if its is less
than OMC, water shall be added by sprinkler and if it is more than OMC it shall be
dried by aeration and exposure to the sun till to reach the OMC.
6. Rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80 100 KN
vibratory rollers till to achieve the required compaction and no tire impression or
drum impression on the surface.
7. Cross fall shall be maintained as per the design.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work. The
same should be -2 to +1 of OMC.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per
500 sq.m.
The degree of compaction shall not be less than 97%.
The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25 mm.

QUALITY TIPS:
In the field one can estimate OMC without instrument just by adding water or drying
borrow material until a squeezed handful of soil is deformed with finger marks for
about an average squeeze effort and the molded soil resists breaking apart.
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 Roots and stumps shall be removed at loading place.

The area where cracks are developed after compaction shall be removed and it should
be filled with approved material with proper compaction.
The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the
rolling until there are no wavy or sponge action.

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2.5. GRANULAR SUB BASE:

SCOPE:
This work shall consist of laying and compacting well-graded material on prepared and grade
in accordance with clause 401 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL: As per clause 401.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of
granular sub base shall satisfy the following requirements.
Maximum particle size of the material shall not be more than 75mm.
The ten percent fines value shall be of 50KN or more when tested in accordance with
BS: 812 (part-3).
Water absorption value of the course aggregate shall not be more than 2% when tested
as per IS: 2386 (part-3).
Soaked CBR value should be minimum 30.
Gradation of the material should satisfy the following requirements.
IS Sieve Designation in mm
75.00
53.00
26.50
9.50
4.75
2.36
0.425
0.075

Percent by passing the IS Sieve(%)

100
80-100
55-90
35-65
25-55
20-40
10-25
3-10

MACHINERY:
End dumpers
Motor grader
Vibratory roller of capacity 80-100KN (or) Preumatic tyred roller of 200-300 KN
weight.
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 Water tanker
Survey kit

METHODOLOGY:
The base shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and other extraneous matter;
sprinkled the water if necessary and rolled with two passes of 80-100KN smooth
wheeled roller.
Marking shall be done by fixing the better pegs on both sides at regular intervals to its
length and depth.
Well-graded material shall be transported and dumped at site by means of end
dumpers and dumped in the form of heaps.
The material shall be spread by means of motor grader to the required slope and
grade.
Water shall be sprinkled uniformly and it should be maintained that the moisture
content at the time of compaction is in the range of -2 tp +1 percent of OMC.
The material shall be processed by means of mechanical disc harrows and rotators or
ploughed until the layer is uniformly wet.
If there is any segregation after spreading, the same shall be rectified by spreading
fines before rolling.
The rolling shall be carried out from layer edge to upper edge with 80-100KN
vibratory roller or pneumatic roller of capacity 200-300KN weight having tire
pressure of 0.7MN/sq.m; and it should be maintain that the speed of the roller should
not more than 5km/hr.
Rolling shall be continued until there are no tire impressions marked on the surface.
Depressions and high spots shall be rectified by adding or removal of fresh material
with proper compaction.
The gradation of the material shall be controlled at crusher by making necessary
adjustments.

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 The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of I test per
500sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98% when tested as per
IS: 2720(part-8).
The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +/-10mm.
The material shall be loaded at quarry and also dumping at site in proper way so as to
avoid segregation.
Fines shall be added if necessary before compaction wherever the material is
segregated.
The surface shall be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing
rolling there are no impressions of the roller on the surface.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
The gradation of the material shall be controlled at crusher by making necessary
adjustments.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per
500 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98% when tested as per
IS: 2720 (part-8).
The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +/-10mm.

QUALITY TIPS:
The material shall be loaded at quarry and also dumping at site in proper way so as to
avoid segregation.
Fines shall be added if necessary before compaction wherever the material is
segregated.
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 The surface shall be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing
rolling there are no impressions of the roller on the surface.

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2.6. WET MIX MACADAM

SCOPE:
This work shall consist of laying spreading and compacting clean, crushed, graded aggregate
and granular material, pre-mixed with water, to a dense mass on prepared granular sub base
in accordance with clause 406 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:
As per clause 406.2 of MOST, the material to be used for the construction of Wet Mix
Macadam (WMM) shall satisfy the following requirements.
Aggregate impact value shall not be more than 30%.
Combined flakiness and elongation indices shall not be more than 30%.
Water absorption value of aggregate shall not be more than 2%.
The mix gradation shall satisfy the requirements given in the following table.

IS Sieve Designation in mm
53.00
45.00
22.40
11.20
4.75
2.36
600 micron
75 micron

Percent passing (%)

100
95-100
60-80
40-60
25-40
15-30
8-22
0-8

MACHINERY:
Wet mix plant
End dumpers
Motor grader
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 Paver finisher
Smooth wheeled vibratory roller of 80 to 100 KN
Survey kit

METHODOLOGY:
Base shall be cleaned off all foreign matter and marking shall be done to its length
and breadth.
Wet mix produced from the plant shall be transported to the site by means of end
dumpers.
If the mix is to be laid by means of paver finisher, string line shall be given at 5m/10m
intervals to its gradient.
The paver shall be set to required loose thickness and camber.
The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hopper and paving shall be started
uniformly as shown in fig7.3.
The levels shall be checked just after paving and after compaction with respect to
designed levels. If there is variation in the levels, the same shall be adjusted in further
paving.
If the mix is to be laid with motor grader, pegging shall be done on either side of the
carriageway at 5m/10 intervals.
The mix transported to the site shall be dumped at required intervals and shall be
graded to the marked level.
If there is any segregation after spreading or paving, the same shall be rectified by
spreading fines before rolling.
In either case, the rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80
to 100 KN smooth wheeled vibratory rollers at a speed not more than 5km/hour.
Rolling shall be continued until there are no tyre impressions ordrum impressions on
the surface.
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 The surface shall be protected from vehicular movement until covered with asphalt
layer.
The surface shall be brushed or broomed to loose dust particles until rough texture is
exposed.
The surface shall be primed with approved prime coat material at the rate of 6 to 9
kg/10m2.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
The gradation and moisture content of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the
approved design mix.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per
500sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98%.
The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +/-10mm.

QUALITY TIPS:
The mix while transporting can be covered with Asian cloth to avoid moisture loss.
The mix shall be loaded at the plant in three heaps into dumper so as to avoid
segregation.
The hopper of the paver shall not be emptied completely as it may lead to segregation
while paving successive loads.
The end portions of carriageway shall be confined with hard shoulders or any means
if the mix spreading with grader to avoid end segregation.
The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing
rolling until there is no wavy action or sponge action or impressions of the roller on
the surface.
Page 24 of 60

Page 25 of 60

2.7. DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM

SCOPE:
This work consists of laying, spreading and compacting the approved bituminous mix in
accordance with clause 507 of MOST clauses.

MATERIAL:
Ass per clause 507.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of dense
bituminous macadam shall be satisfying the following requirements.
I.

Paving bitumen of grade 60/70 shall be used generally; if it is not available 80/100
shall be used upon approval of the engineer.

II.

Course aggregates shall be of clean, strong, durable, cubical shape and free from
other deleterious matter and adherent coating.

III.

Los Angeles Abrasion value shall not be more than 40% when tested as per IS:
2386 (part-4).

IV.

Aggregate impact value shall not be more than 30%when tested as per IS: 2386
(part-4).

V.

Flakiness and Elongation Indices shall not be more than 30% when tested as per
IS: 2386 (Part-I).

VI.

Stripping value of bitumen aggregate mixtures shall be of minimum retained

coating 95% when tested as per AASHTO T 182.

VII.

Water absorption of the aggregate shall not be more than 2% when tested as per
IS: 2386 (part-5).

VIII.
IX.

Plasticity index of the filler shall not be greater than 4.

The filler shall be graded within the following limits.

IS Sieve
600 micron
300 micron
75 micron

Percent passing
100
95-100
85-100

Page 26 of 60

X.

The aggregate gradation shall be satisfying the following limits.

Sieve Designation
37.5 mm
26.5mm
13.2mm
4.75mm
2.36 mm
300 micron
75 micron

100
90-100
56-80
29-59
19-45
5-17
1-7

MACHINERY:
Hot mix plant of suitable capacity (Batch mix type)
End dumpers
Paver finisher with sensor
Vibratory rollers of capacity 80 100 KN static weight or pneumatic tired roller of
capacity 150 250 KN weight
Survey kit
Bitumen sprayer
Air compressor
Water tanker

METHODOLOGY:
The base shall be thoroughly swept clean free from dust and foreign matter by means
of mechanical broom and compressed air.
Marking shall be done by adjusting paver sensor to its lines, grades and cross sections.
Tack coat shall be applied over the prepared base by using approved cutback to the
required quantity.
Mix produced from the hot mix plant shall be transported to the sire by means of end
dumpers.
Page 27 of 60

 The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hoper and paving shall be started
uniformly as shown in the figure.8.4.
The levels shall be checked before paving and after compaction with respect to the
designed levels. If there is any variation in the levels, the same shall be adjusted in
further paving.
Initial or break down rolling shall be carried out immediately following close to the
paver in longitudinal direction from lower edge to upper edge with 80 100 KN static
weight of smooth wheeled roller. The speed of the roller shall be maintained not more
than 5km/hr.
Intermediate rolling shall be done with 80 100 KN static weight of vibratory roller
or with a pneumatic tiered roller of 150 250 KN weight having tyre pressure of at
least 0.7 Mpa; and it should be continued till the compaction achieved is at least 98%.
Traffic shall be allowed after completion of the final rolling when the mix has cooled
down to the surrounding temperature.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
i.

The application of tack coat shall be checked as per the following table.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Type of Surface
Nominal bituminous surface
Dry and hungry bituminous surface
Granular surface treated with primer
Non bituminous surface
a) Granular base (not primed)
b) Cement concrete payment

Quantity/10 sq.m.
2.0 2.5
2.5 3.0
2.5 3.0
3.5 4.0
3.0 3.5

ii.

The gradation of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the approved designed
mix.

iii.

Mix temperature shall be controlled at plant within the range of 150 163 0C and
the temperature less than 1200 shall not be used for paving.
Page 28 of 60

iv.

The compacted surface shall be checked for field density by taking cores at the
frequency of 1 test for 250 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less
than 98%.

v.

The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m intervals longitudinally and

transversely and the same shall be within +/-6mm.

vi.

Cores will be collected after satisfactory compaction of the layer using mechanical
core cutting machine and will be tested for the parameters like Thickness,
Compaction % of air voids etc as per the table 500-10 of MOST.

QUALITY TIPS:
Laying shall not be taken up when atmospheric temperature is less than 100C.
The temperature difference between bitumen and aggregate shall not be more than
140C during mixing at plant.
The mix shall be loaded at the hot mix plant in three heaps on dumpers so as to avoid
segregation.
Temperature should not be less than 1200C during paving.
The hopper of the paver shall not be emptied completely as it may lead to segregation
while paving successive loads.
The rollers should not stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted and
where temperature is still more than 700C.
The mix while transporting shall be covered with Asian cloth to protect from rain and
temperature loss.
Cold bins and stockpiles shall be covered with Asian cloth during rainy season to
protect from wetness.

Page 29 of 60

Page 30 of 60

2.8. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE

SCOPE:
This work shall consists constructing in single layer of bituminous concrete on previously
prepared bituminous course to the required thickness in accordance with clause 512 of MOST
clause.

MATERIAL:
As per clause 512.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of bituminous concrete
shall be satisfying the following requirements.
Paving bitumen of grade 60/70 shall be used generally; if it is not available 80/100
shall be used upon approval of the engineer as per IS: 73.
Coarse aggregates shall be clean, strong, durable, cubical shape and free from other
deleterious matter and adherent coating.
Los Angeles Abrasion value shall not be more than 40% when tested as per IS: 2386
(part-4).
Aggregate Impact value shall not be more than 30% when tested as per IS: 2386 (part4).
Flakiness and Elongation |Indices shall not be more than 30% when tested as per IS:
2386 (part-1).
Stripping value of bitumen aggregate mixtures shall be minimum retained coating
95% when tested as per AASHTOT182.
Water absorption of the aggregate shall not be more than 1% when tested as per IS:
2386 (part-5).
Plasticity index of the filler shall not be greater than 4.
The stone polishing value of aggregate shall not be less than 55 when tested as per
BS: 812 (part-114).
The filler shall be graded within the following limits.

Page 31 of 60

IS Seive
600 micron
300 micron
75 micron

Percent passing by Weight

100
95-100
85-100

The aggregate gradation shall be satisfying the following limits.

Sieve Designation
26.5 mm
19.0 mm
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
300 micro
75 micron

Percent passing the Sieve by Weight

100
90-100
56-80
35-65
23-49
5-19
2-8

MACHINERY:
Hot mix plant
End dumpers
Paver finisher
Vibratory rollers of capacity 80 100 KN static weight or pneumatic tyred roller of
capacity 150 250 KN weight
Survey kit
Bitumen sprayer
Air compressor
Water tanker

METHODOLOGY:
The base shall be thoroughly swept clean free from dust and foreign matter by means
of mechanical broom and compressed air.
Marking shall be done by adjusting paver sensor to its lines, grades and cross sections.
Tack coat shall be applied over the prepared base by using approved cutback to the
required quantity.
Page 32 of 60

 Mix produced from the hot mix plant shall be transported to the site by means of end
dumpers.
The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hoper and paving shall be started
uniformly.
The levels shall be checked before paving and after compaction with respect to the
designed levels. If there is any variation in the levels, the same shall be made to good.
Initial or break down rolling shall be carried out immediately following close to the
paver in longitudinal direction from lower edge to upper edge with 80 100 KN static
weight of smooth wheeler roller. The speed of the roller shall be maintained not more
than 5 Km/Hr.
Intermediate rolling shall be done with 80 100 KN static weight of vibratory roller
or with a pneumatic tiered roller of 150 250 KN weight having tyre pressure of at
least 0.7 Mpa; and it should be continued till the compaction achieved is at least 98%.
Traffic shall be allowed after completion of the final rolling when the mix has cooled
down to the surrounding temperature.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality Control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
The gradation of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the approved designed
mix.
Mix temperature shall be controlled at plant within the range of 150-163 0C and the
temperature less than 1200C shall not be used for paving.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density by taking cores at the
frequency of 1 test for 250 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than
98%.
The surface shall be checker for levels at 5m intervals longitudinally and transversely
and the same shall be within +/-6mm.
Cores will be collected after satisfactory compaction of the layer using mechanical
core cutting machine and will be tested for the parameters like Thickness, Compaction
% of air voids etc as per the table 500-10 of MOST.
Page 33 of 60

QUALITY TIPS:
Laying shall not be taken up when atmospheric temperature is less than 100C.
The temperature difference between bitumen and aggregate shall not be more than
140C during mixing at plant.
The mix shall be loaded at the hot mix plant in three heaps on dumpers so as to avoid
segregation.
Temperature should not be less than 1200C during paving.
The hopper of the paver shall not be emptied completely as it may lead to segregation
while paving successive loads.
The rollers should not stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted and
where temperature is still more than 700C.
The mix while transporting shall be covered with Asian cloth to protect from rain and
temperature loss.
Cold bins and stockpiles shall be covered with Asian cloth during rainy season to
protect from wetness.

Page 34 of 60

2.9. HARD SHOULDERS

SCOPE:
The work shall consist of constructing hard shoulder on either side of the pavement as per the
lines, grades and cross-sections in accordance with clause 407 of MOST.

MATERIAL:
As per MOST clauses 305 and 401, the material to be used for construction of shoulder shall
be satisfying the following requirements.
The particle size of the coarse material shall not be more than 50mm.
Free swell index of the material shall not more than 50 percent when tested as per IS:
2720 (part-40).
Dry unit weight of the material shall not be less than 1.75 gm/cc when tested as per
IS: 2720 (part-8).
Liquid limit shall not be more than 70 percent.
Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:
Excavator
End dumpers
Dozer
Grader
Water tanker
Vibratory roller of capacity 80 100 KN and survey kit.

METHODOLOGY:
Page 35 of 60

 The base shall be prepared properly by cleaning of all vegetation and foreign matter if
any.
Approved material of shoulder shall be dumped by means of trucks in the form of
heaps.
The material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its lines and length of the
shoulder portion.
Rolling shall be carried out till getting required compaction.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.
Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work.
The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per
500 sq.m.
The degree of compaction shall not less than 97%.
The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intevrals longitudinally and
transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25mm.

QUALITY TIPS:
Moisture content of the material shall be checked before loading the material at
barrow area of the material is too wet condition.
Roots and stumps shall be removed at loading place.
Material shall be placed only on shoulder portion to not to damage or dragged on
pavement surface.
The area where cracks are developed after compaction shall be removed and it should
be filled with approved material with proper compaction.
The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the
rolling until there are no wavy or sponge action.
Page 36 of 60

 During the construction care shall be taken to maintain the cross fall to drain off
surface water.

Page 37 of 60

2.10. PRECAUTIONS

FOR

SAFEGUARDING

THE

ENVIRONMENT:
1. General:
The contractor shall take all precautions for safeguarding the environment during the course
of the construction of the works. He shall abide by all laws, rules and regulations in force
governing pollution and environmental protection that are applicable in the area where the
works are situated.

2. Borrow pits for Embankment Construction:

Borrow pits shall not be dug in the right-of-way of the road. The stipulations in clause
305.2.2 shall govern.

3. Quarry Operations:
The contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after the consent of the forest
department or other concerned authorities is obtained. The quarry operations shall be
undertaken within the purview of the rules and regulations in force.

4. Control of Soil Erosion, Sedimentation and Water Pollution:

The contractor shall carry out the works in such a manner that soil erosion is fully controlled,
and sedimentation and pollution of natural water courses, ponds, tanks, and reservoirs is
avoided. The stipulations in clause 306 shall govern.

5. Pollution from Hot-Mix plants and batching plants:

Bituminous hot-mix and concrete batching plants shall be located sufficiently away from
habitation, agricultural operations or industrial establishments. The contractor shall take
every precaution to reduce the levels of noise, vibration, dust and emissions from his plant
and shall be fully responsible for any claims for damages caused to the owners of property,
fields and residences in the vicinity.
6. Substance Hazardous to Health:
The contractor shall not use or generate any material in the works which are hazardous to the
health of persons, animals or vegetation. Where it is necessary to use some substances which
Page 38 of 60

can cause injury to the health of workers, the contractor shall provide protective clothing or
appliances to his workers.
7. Use of Nuclear Gauges:
Nuclear gauges shall be used only where permitted by the Engineer. The contractor shall
provide the Engineer with a copy of the regulations governing the safe use of nuclear gauges
he intends to employ and shall abide by such regulations.
8. The contractor takes all reasonable steps to minimize dust nuisance during the construction of
the works.
9. All existing highways and roads used by vehicle of the contractor or any of his sub
contractors or suppliers of material or plant, and similarly any new roads, which are a part of
the works and which are being used by traffic, shall be kept clean of all dust/mud or other
extraneous materials dropped by the said vehicles or their tyres. Similarly, all dust/mud or
other extraneous materials from the works spreading on these highways shall be immediately
cleared by the contractor.
10. Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal of debris, or, if so
directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and clearing equipment, and all dust, mud
and other debris shall be removed entirely from the road surface. Additionally, if so directed
by the Engineer, the road surface shall be hosed or watered using suitable equipment.
11. Any structural damage caused to the existing roads by the contractors construction equipment
shall be made good without any extra cost.
12. Compliance with the foregoing will not relieve the contractor of any responsibility for
complying with the requirements of any highway authority in respect of the roads used by
him.

Page 39 of 60

2.11. ARRANGEMENT

FOR

TRAFFIC

DURING

CONSTRUCTION:
1. General:
The contractor shall at all time carry out work on the highway in a manner creating
least interference to the flow of traffic while consistent with the satisfactory execution of the
same. For all works involving improvements to the existing highway, the contractor shall, in
accordance with the directives of the Engineer, provide and maintain, during execution of the
work, a passage for traffic either along a part of the existing carriageway under improvement,
or along a temporary diversion constructed close to the highway. The contractor shall take
prior approval of the Engineer regarding traffic arrangements during construction.

2. Passage of Traffic along a part of the Existing Carriageway under Improvement:

For widening/strengthening existing carriageway where part width of the existing
carriageway is proposed to be used for passage of traffic, treated shoulders shall be provided
on the side on which work is not in progress. The treatment to the shoulder shall consist of
providing at least 150mm thick granular base course covered with bituminous surface
dressing in a width of at least 1.5m and the surface shall be maintained throughout the period
during which traffic uses the same to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The continuous length,
in which such work shall be carried out, would be limited normally to 500m at a place.
However, where work is allowed by the Engineer in longer stretches passing places at least
20m long with additional paved width of 2.5m shall be provided at every 0.5m interval.

In case of widening existing two-lane to four-lane, the additional two lanes would be
constructed first and the traffic diverted to it and only thereafter the required treatment to the
exciting carriageway would be carried out. However, in case where on the request of the
contractor, work on existing two-lane carriageway is allowed by the Engineer with traffic
using part of the existing carriageway, stipulations as in Para above shall apply.
After obtaining permission of the Engineer, the treated shoulder shall be dismantled, the
debris disposed of and the area cleared as per the direction of the Engineer.

Page 40 of 60

3. Passage of Traffic along a Temporary Diversion:

In stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on part width of the
carriageway, a temporary diversion shall be constructed with 7m carriageway and 2.5m
earthen shoulders on each side (total width of roadway 12m) with the following provision for
road crust in the 7m width:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

200 mm (compacted) granular sub base;

225 mm (compacted) granular base course; and
Premix carpet with Seal Coat/Mix Seal Surfacing.

The alignment and longitudinal section of diversion including junctions and temporary
cross drainage provision shall be as approved by the Engineer.

4. Traffic Safety & Control:

The contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during
construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings,
flags, lights and flagmen as may be required by the Engineer for the information and
protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highway under
improvement. Before taking up any construction, an agreed phased programme for the
diversion of traffic on the highway shall be drawn up in consultation with the Engineer.

The barricades erected on either side of the carriageway/portion of the carriageway

closed to traffic, shall be of strong design to resist violation, and painted with alternate black
and white stripes. Red lanterns and warning lights of similar type shall be mounted on the
barricades at night and kept lit throughout from sunset to sunrise.
At the points where traffic is to deviate from its normal path (whether on temporary
diversion or part width of the carriageway) the channel for traffic shall be clearly marked
with the aid of pavement markings, painted drums or a similar device to the directions of the
Engineer. At night, the passage shall be delineated with lanterns or other suitable light source.
One-way traffic operation shall be established whenever the traffic is to be passed
over part of the carriageway inadequate for two-lane traffic. This shall be done with the help
of temporary traffic signals or flagmen kept positioned on opposite sides during all hours. For

Page 41 of 60

regulation of traffic, the flagmen shall be equipped with red and green flags and
lanterns/lights.
On both sides, suitable regulatory/warning signs as approved bt the Engineer shall be
installed for the guidance of road users. On each approach, at least two signs shall be put up,
one close to the point where transition of carriageway begins and the other 120m away. The
signs shall be of approved design and of refectory type, if so directed by the Engineer.

5. Maintenance of Diversions and Traffic Control Devices:

Signs, lights, barriers, and other traffic control devices as well as the riding surface of
diversions shall be maintained in a satisfactory condition till such time they are required as
directed by the Engineer. The temporary travelled way shall be kept free of dust by frequent
applications of water, if necessary.

6. Measurements for Payment and Rate:

All arrangements for traffic during construction including provision of temporary
cross drainage structures, if required, and treated shoulder as described in clause 112.2
including their maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, shall be
considered as accidental to the works and shall be the contractors responsibility.

The construction of temporary diversion including temporary cross drainage

structures as described in clause 112.3, shall be measured in linear metre and the unit contract
rate shall be inclusive of full compensation for construction (including supply of material,
labour, tools etc.), maintenance, final dismantling and disposal.

Page 42 of 60

CHAPTER 3
LAB VALUES
3.1.

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF WET MIX MACADAM:

Laboratory Ref. No.

Location/Source
Type of Material
Proposed use
Weight of Sample

Sieve Size in
mm

101
108 chainage
WMM
WMM 1st Layer
24320 grams

Weight
Retained in
gms.

Dated Sampled
Sampled by
Date of Test
Tested by

22-03-12
23-03-12

Cumulative
weight
Retained in

% Retained

% Passing

Spec %
Passing

gms.

53

100

100

45

100

95-100

22.4

7075

7075

29

70.9

60-80

11.2

4745

11820

48.6

51.4

40-60

4.75

5035

16855

69.3

30.7

25-40

2.36

2285

19140

78.7

21.3

15-30

0.600

1385

20525

84.4

15.6

8-22

0.75

3360

23885

98.2

1.8

0-8

PAN

Page 43 of 60

3.2.

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF WET MIX MACADAM:

Laboratory Ref. No.

Gpl.2/qclab/wmm-179

Dated Sampled

Location/Source

106+840-107+0001/s106+900

Sampled by

Type of Material

WMM

Date of Test

Proposed use

WMM 1st Layer

Tested by

Weight of Sample

24820 grams

Sieve Size in
mm

Weight
Retained in
gms.

Epc/Hkrrl/I
c
Epc/Hkrrl/I
c

Cumulative
weight
Retained in

% Retained

% Passing

Spec %
Passing

gms.

53

100

100

45

100

95-100

22.4

7075

7075

29

70.9

60-80

11.2

4745

11820

48.6

51.4

40-60

4.75

5035

16855

69.3

30.7

25-40

2.36

2285

19140

78.7

21.3

15-30

0.600

1385

20525

84.4

15.6

8-22

0.75

3360

23885

98.2

1.8

0-8

PAN

Page 44 of 60

3.3.

AGGREGATE IMPAC TEST:

Laboratory Ref. No.

103

Dated Sampled

Type of Material

Wmm

Sampled by

Location

106+840-107+000 4s

Date of Test

Source

106+900 4s

Tested by

Proposed Use

WMM 1st layer

DESCRIPTION
Weight of surface dry sample passing 12.5 mm and retained
on 10mm I.S sieves w1
Weight of fraction passing 2.36mm sieve after the test w2
(g)
Weight of fraction retained 2.36mm sieve after the test w3
(g)
W4=w1-(w2+w3)

[g]

Aggregate impact value (A.I.V)=(w2/w1)X100%

Average value of A.I.V.

23-3-12

23-3-12
Epc/Hkrrl/I
c

TEST 1

TEST 2

318.6

320.4

62.1

59.6

256

260.6

0.5

0.7

19.5

18.6

19

19

Note: if w4.1g discards and retest.

Page 45 of 60

3.4.

CEMENT TESTING:

As per IS 8112-1989

Cement brand name & week: orient

Cement grade: OPC 43 grade
Date sampled: 23-3-2012
Date tested: 23-3-2012

S.NO

Name of the test

1

Normal Consistency

Result

Specification

5.7

Setting Time
2

a) Initial setting time

b) Final setting time
Fineness (retained on 90
micron sieve)

Soundness (mm) (by

Le-chatlier method)

195
295

Min 30min
Max 600 min.

1.0

Max 10%

Max 10mm

Page 46 of 60

3.5.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT OF CEMENT:

Cement grade: OPE 43 Grade

Brand name of cement: Orient
Age in days: 3 days
Date of sampled: 23-3-2012
Date of testing: 23-3-2012

Weight of Cube

Failure Load

Compressive

Average

(g)

(KM)

strength N/mm2

strength N/mm2

795

150

30.1

800

155

31.1

800

162

32.5

S.NO

31.2

Page 47 of 60

3.6.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT OF CEMENT:

Cement grade: OPE 43 Grade

Brand name of cement: Orient
Age in days: 7 days

Weight of Cube

Failure Load

Compressive

Average

(g)

(KM)

strength N/mm2

strength N/mm2

810

220

44.2

795

218

43.8

805

225

45.2

S.NO

44.4

Page 48 of 60

3.7.

PENETRATION TEST FOR BITUMEN (IS: 1203):

Sample no

bitumen/106

Date of sampling

25-03-2012

Location

Hm plant

Date of testing

25-03-2012

Invoice no

651486043

Description of Material V.G.30

Source of Material

CPCL

OBSERVATIONS
Pouring Temperature

90 degree C+ Approx. softening point

Period of cooling in air

1 to 1.5 hr (Between 15 to 30 dreg C

Atmospheric temp)

Period of cooling in water

Train No.

1 to 1.5 hr (at 25 + or dreg C temp)

Intitial Reading 1/10 mm (R1)

254

293

200

Final Reading 1/10 mm (R2)

321

353

264

67

60

64

Depth of penetration 1/10 mm

(R2-R1)
Average penetration 1/10 mm

50-70 for
Specification Limit

VG30 Grade

<60 For

paving

CRMB-55 As

Bitument As

per SP-53

per IS: 73

Page 49 of 60

3.8.

FIELD DENSITY OF BITUMINOUS LAYERS:

Sample no

- GPL-2/QC/DBM/Core/zy

Location

- 96+380-96+680 Rhs-top layer Date of testing

Description of Material V.G.30

Source of Material

Date of sampling Invoice no

25-03-2012

25-03-2012

651486043

CPCL

OBSERVATION:
Location
Avg
Thickne
ss

Weight
in Air
(gm)

Weight
in water
(g)

SSD
weight
(g)

Density
(g/cc)

%
compactio
n

(E/G-F)

(H/a)x100

Chainag
e km

Offset
form
kerb (m)

106+392

7.4

47

890.2

510.8

893.4

2.327

98.8

106+420

7.4

50

950.8

547.9

955.0

2.336

99.0

106+448

7.4

49

946.7

540.9

948.3

2.324

98.7

106+476

7.4

52

970.8

558.6

972.9

2.343

99.5

106+502

7.4

51

973.2

559.0

975.6

2.336

99.2

106+532

7.4

48

901.5

517.0

905.6

2.320

98.5

106+560

7.4

47

900.9

515.1

904.3

2.315

98.3

106+588

7.4

50

960.6

553.3

963.6

2.341

99.4

106+616

7.4

52

993.9

572.2

995.9

2.346

99.6

106+644

7.4

51

980.5

565.0

984.2

2.339

99.3

106+672

7.4

49

971.0

558.2

975.1

2.329

98.9

Page 50 of 60

Page 51 of 60

3.9.

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR SUB BASE:

Laboratory

Ref.

GPL-2/QClab/GSB

No.

Dated Sampled

Location/Source
GSB

Date of Test

Proposed use

GSB

Tested by

Weight of Sample

32075 gms

Weight

Cumulative

Retained in

weight

g.

Retained.

75 mm

26.5 mm

Sieve Size in

EPC/HKRRL/I

Sampled by

Type of Material

24-3-2012

C
24-3-2012
EPC/HKRRL/I
C

Spec %

% Retained

% Passing

100

100

12413

12413

38.7

61.3

55-75

4.75 mm

13118

25531

79.6

20.4

10-30

0.075 mm

6031

31562

98.4

1.6

0-10

mm

Passing

PAN

Page 52 of 60

3.10. FIELD DENSITY OF BITUMINOUS LAYERS:

Type of Material

Soil

Location

106 chainage Date tested

Proposed use

SUBTOP

Mould No

Trial No

Date Sampled

Weight of mould (A) = 5935 gms

24-03-2012

24-03-2012

Volume of mould (V) =

2250cc

Weight of wet
soil+mould (g)

10484

10776

10969

10928

10867

Weight of wet soil

(E=D-A)

4549

4841

5034

4993

4932

Wet density of soil,

(F=E/V) (g/cc)

2.022

2.151

2.237

2.219

2.192

Container No (g)

35

22

25

Weight of Container

84.3

72.0

86.3

89.4

85.3

Weight of wet
soil+cont

286.2

278.3

284.1

288.5

288.6

Weight of dry
soil+cont

278.4

265.9

268.8

269.7

266.2

1
0

Weight of water
(L=J-K)

7.8

12.4

15.3

18.8

22.4

11

Weight of dry soil

(M=K-H)

194.1

193.09

182.5

180.4

180.9

1
2

Water Content
[N=100x(L/M)]%

4.0

6.4

8.4

10.4

12.4

1
3

Dry Density
[P=100x(F/100+N]
gm/cc

1.944

2.022

2.064

2010

1.950

Method used : Modified

OMC

: 8.0

MDD : 2.070
No: of blows/layer: 55

Rammer Weight : 4.9 kg

No: of Layers: 5

Page 53 of 60

3.11. CALIFORNIA BERING RATIO (AASHTO-T 193):

MDD: 2.070

OMC: 8.0%

Location: Shoulder: 106 R/S

Date Sampled: 24-03-2012

Type of Material: Gravel

Date of casting: 26-03-2012

Proposed to use: Subgrade 1st

Date of Testing: 30-03-2012

Period of soaking: 986 hours

MOISTURE CONTENT AND UNIT WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLES:

No: of Layers
No: of blows per
layer
CONDITION OF
SAMPLE
Weight of mould,
W1 (g)
Weight of wet soil +
mouldW2 (g)
Weight of wet soil,
W3 = (W2 W1)
(g)
Volume of mould, V
(cc)
Wet density, Yb =
W3/V (g/cc)
MOISTURE
DETERMINATION
Container No
Weight of container,
W5 (g)
Weight of wet
soil+cont, W6 (g)
Weight of wet
soil+cont, W7 (g)
Weight of water,
W8 = (W6-W7)

Mould no.1
5

Mould no.2
5

Mould no.3
5

10

10

10

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

soaking

soaking

soaking

soaking

soaking

soaking

6789

7166

7128

11066

11174

11900

11981

12164

12215

4277

4385

4734

4814

5036

5087

2250

2250

2250

2250

2250

2250

1.901

1.949

2.104

2.14

2.238

2.261

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

soaking
14

soaking
19

soaking
15

soaking
5

soaking
8

soaking
10

84.5

79.3

88.9

86.2

84.3

90.4

289.7

276.5

267.4

293.7

290.1

277.1

274.5

256.5

254

274.3

274.7

260.6

15.2

276.5

267.4

293.3

290.1

277.1

Page 54 of 60

Weight of water,
W8 = (W6-W7)
Weight of dry soil,

190

177

165

188

190

170

8.0

11.3

8.1

10.3

8.1

9.7

1.760

1.751

1.946

1.940

2.070

2.061

W9 = (W7-W5) (g)

Water container W
= W/W9 (%)

Dry density
Yd = Yb (1+w/100)
(g/cc)

Page 55 of 60

3.12. LOAD PENETRATION TEST DATA:

Providing ring no: 636

S.
N
O

Penetrat
ion
(mm)

Providing ring calibration factor: 6.5

Mould no.29

Mould no.11

Mould no.20

Providing
ring
reading

Correcte
d Load
(kg)

Providin
g ring
reading

Correcte
d Load
(kg)

Providin
g ring
reading

Correcte
d Load
(kg)

0.50

39.0

11

71

10

65.0

1.00

58.5

22

143

23

149.5

1.50

13

84.5

34

221

35

227.5

2.00

15

97.5

41

266

46

299.0

2.50

19

123.5

48

312

55

357.5

3.00

22

143.0

54

351

62

403.0

4.00

26

169.0

64

416

74

481

5.00

29

188.5

73

474

84

546.0

7.50

35

227.5

93

604

108

702.0

10

10.00

40

260.0

108

108

124

806.0

Page 56 of 60

IMAGES OF ROAD LAYING VEHICLES

1. VIBRATORY ROAD ROLLER

2. ROAD ROLLER:

Page 57 of 60

3. MOTOR GRADER:

4. END DUMPERS:

Page 58 of 60

5. DOZER:

Page 59 of 60

6. BITUMIN:

7. AUTO LEVEL INSTRUMENT:

Page 60 of 60