Chapter 5 - In Review

1. 8 ft, since $k = 4$
2. $\dfrac{2\pi}{5}$, since $\dfrac{1}{4}x" + 6.25x = 0$
3. $\dfrac{5}{4}$ m, since $x = cos \,4t + \dfrac{3}{4} sin\, 4t$
4. True
5. False; since an external force may exist
6. False; since the equation of motion in this case is $x(t) = e^{-\lambda t}(c_1 +
c_2t)$ and $x(t) = 0$ can have at most one real solution
7. overdamped
8. From $x(0) = \left( \dfrac{2}{2}\right)\, sin \,\theta =-\dfrac{1}{2}$ we see that
$sin\, \theta = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$, so $\theta$ is an angle in the third or fourth
quadrant. Since $x'(t) = \sqrt{2}\,cos(2t +\theta)$, $x'(0) = \sqrt{2}\,cos\,\theta =
1$ and $cos \,\theta > 0$. Thus $\theta$ is in the fourth quadrant and $\theta =
\dfrac{\pi}{4}$.
9. $y = 0$ because \lambda = 8$ is not an eigenvalue
10. $y = cos\, 6x$ because $\lambda = (6)^2 = 36$ is an eigenvalue
11. The period of a spring/mass system is given by $T =\dfrac{2\pi}{w}$ where
$w^2 = \dfrac{k}{m} = \dfrac{kg}{W}$, where $k$ is the spring constant, $W$ is
the weight of the mass attached to the spring, and $g$ is the acceleration due to
gravity. Thus, the period of oscillation is $T = \left(\dfrac{2\pi}{\sqrt{kg}}\right)
\sqrt{W}$. If the weight of the original mass is $W$, then $\left(\dfrac{2\pi}
{\sqrt{kg}}\right)\sqrt{W} = 3$ and $\left(\dfrac{2\pi}{\sqrt{kg}}\right)\sqrt{W8} = 2$. Dividing, we get $\dfrac{\sqrt{W}}{W-8} = \dfrac{3}{2}$ or $W =
\dfrac{9}{4}(W - 8)$. Solving for $W$ we find that the weight of the original mass
was 14.4 pounds.
12. (a) Solving $\dfrac{3}{8}x''+ 6x = 0$ subject to $x(0) = 1$ and $x'(0) = -4$ we
obtain $x = cos \,4t - sin \,4t = \sqrt{2}\, sin \left(4t + \dfrac{3\pi}{4}\right)$.
12. (b) The amplitude is $\sqrt{2}$, period is $\dfrac{\pi}{2}$, and frequency is
$\dfrac{2}{\pi}$.
12. (c) If $x = 1$ then $t = \dfrac{n\pi}{2}$ and $t = - \dfrac{\pi}{8} +
\dfrac{n\pi}{2}$ for $n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots $.
12. (d) If $x = 0$ then $t = \dfrac{\pi}{16} + \dfrac{n\pi}{4}$ for $n = 0, 1. 2,
\ldots $. The motion is upward for $n$ even, downward for $n$ odd.
12. (e) $x'\left(\dfrac{3\pi}{16}\right) = 0$
12. (f) If $x' = 0$ then $4t +\dfrac{3\pi}{4} = \dfrac{\pi}{2} + n\pi$ or $t =
\dfrac{3\pi}{ 16} + n\pi$.

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22. (a) By Kirchhoff's second law, $L \,\dfrac{d^2q}{dt^2} +R\, \dfrac{dq}{dt}
+\dfrac{1}{C}\,q = E(t)$. Using $q'(t) = i(t)$ we can write the differential equation
in the form $L\, \dfrac{di}{dt} + Ri + \dfrac{1}{C}\, q E(t)$. Then differentiating
we obtain $L\, \dfrac{d^2i}{dt^2}+R\,\dfrac{di}{dt}+\dfrac{1}{C}\, i=E'(t)$.
22. (b) From $Li'(t) + Ri(t) + \left(\dfrac{1 }{C}\right)\,q(t) = E(t)$ we find $Li' (0) +
Ri( 0) + \left(\dfrac{1}{C}\right)\,q(0) = E(0)$ or $Li'(0) + Ri_0 + \left(\dfrac{1}
{C}\right)\,q(0) = E(0)$. Solving for $i'(0)$ we get $i'(0) = \dfrac{1}{L} \left[E(0)
- \dfrac{1}{C}\, q(0) - Ri_0\right]$ .
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24.
25. Unlike the derivation given in (1) of Section 5.1 in the text, the weight, $mg$ of
the mass $m$ does not appear in the net force since the spring is not stretched by
the weight of the mass when it is in the equilibrium position (i.e. there is no $mg
ks$ term in the net force). The only force acting on the mass when it is in motion is
the restoring force of the spring. By Newton's second law, $m\,\dfrac{d^2x}{dt^2}
= kx$ or $\dfrac{d^2x}{dt^2}+\dfrac{k}{m}\,x = 0$.
26. The force of kinetic friction opposing the motion of the mass in $\mu N$, where
$\mu$ is the coefficient of sliding friction and $N$ is the normal component of the
weight. Since friction is a force opposite to the direction of motion and since $N$ is
pointed directly downward (it is simply the weight of the mass). Newtons second
law gives, for motion to the right $(x > 0)$ , $m\, \dfrac{d^2x}{dt^2}=-kx-\mu
mg$, and for motion to the left $(x <0)$, $m\, \dfrac{d^2}{dt^2}=-kx +\mu mg$.
Traditionally, these two equations are written as one expression $m\, \dfrac{d^2x}
{dt^2}+f_x\, sgn(x)+kx=0$, where $f_k= \mu mg$ and $sgn(x)=1$, if $x>0$ or
$sgn(x)=-1$, if $x<0$.