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Scattering of scalar waves from a Schwarzschild black hole

Norma G. Sanchez
Citation: Journal of Mathematical Physics 17, 688 (1976); doi: 10.1063/1.522949
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.522949
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Scattering of scalar waves from a Schwarzschild black hole


Norma G. Sanchez*
Department of Theoretical Astrophysics, Paris Observatory, 92190 Meudon, France
(Received 27 May 1975)

The scattering of scalar waves from a Schwarzschild black hole is investigated for wavelengths much less
than the gravitational radius (r,). Explicit expressions for scattering parameters are obtained for two cases:
high angular momenta and low angular momenta. In the first case we obtain the phase shifts and
absorption coefficient with the JWKB method. The elastic differential cross section and the total absorption
cross section are also calculated. For low angular momenta we present a method based in the DWBA
(distorted wave Born approximation). With this method, the phase shifts and the absorption coefficients are
obtained.

I. INTRODUCTION
The scattering and absorption of scalar waves by a
Schwarzschild field is investigated here. This subject
has been previously considered by several authors, 1.2
but exact expressions for the phase shifts and for the
cross sections has not been found.
In this scattering problem, the choice of the boundary
conditions needs special attention. Every solution of
the radial wave equation remains bounded on the
Schwarzschild radius r., and consequently every solution is "physically acceptable. ,,2 This property, due to
the presence of the singular attractive term propertional
to - (y - rs)"2 in the effective potential, is intimately
connected with the wave capture by the black hole.
The physical solution of the wave equation must be
selected in order to have purely ingoing waves on the
horizon r=ys' 1
In this paper we study the scattering problem for
waves of short wavelength. That is, wavelength much
less than the Schwarzschild radius rs'
We find approximate expressions for the phase shifts,
the absorption coefficient, the elastic and the capture
cross sections for two cases:
(a) High angular momenta (l krs) and low angular
momenta (l hrs )' In the first case, we find the phase
shifts by the JWKB approximation in a partial wave
analysis. They are expressed in an expansion in powers
of (rib), where the impact parameter b=(l+1/2)/k is
large, in this case b r s'
With these phase shifts and by means of the eikonal
formalism, an expression for the differential cross
section, valid for small angles, is obtained. For b-r s ,
the absorption coefficient for the lth partial wave is
calculated. With this partial wave absorption coefficient,
the total capture cross section is obtained in Sec. III.

neglected any small gravitational field which the scalar


wave itself might produce.

II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS


In flat space-time the metric tensor in spherical coordinates is
guv=diag[l, -1, _r2, - r 2 sin 2-&],

and the scalar wave equation

o \.(f=gUV \.(f;I-'v=O,
is separable.
In Schwarzschild space-time, the metric tensor is
guv=dia g

[(l- ~s), -(1- ~sr,

B],

_r2, - r 2 sin 2

where rs is related to the mass M by the relation rs


= 2M, and the equation which determinates the scattering
is a generalization of the flat space-wave equation.
If

\.(f=R(r)y(B, )exp(-iwt),

then Y(B, ) is a spherical harmonic, and we have for


R (r), the radial wave equation
r(r - rs)

pd R + (r -

+ [h 2r 3 -l(l

dR

rJ(2r - rs) dr

+ l)(r - rs)}R = O.

where k=w.
We use now a new coordinate (the Regge-Wheeler coordinate r*)
r* =r +rs

In(;s -1),

so that as
r-+oO(rs),

r*-(+oO)(_oO).

In all of our results one recovers the geometrical


optics expressions in the limit krs - 00.

In terms of r*, the radial part of the wave equation


reads

For the case l l?r s , we exhibit a method to calculate


scattering parameters, based on a modification of the
DWBA (Distorted Wave Born Approximation). In this
approximation we find the phase shifts and the partial
wave absorption coefficients. Here, the choice of the
boundary conditions is discussed in Sec. IV.

dR

By using the Schwarzschild metric, we have of course


688

Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 17, No.5, May 1976

(1)

dr*2 + h 2 -l(l+1)/r2+rs/r3
x [rs/r +l(l + 1) -1] }R(r*) =0.

(2)

Equation (2) is similar to the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation with independent variable r*. This equation
has an effective potential
Copyright 1976 American I nstitute of Physics

688

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Ver(r*)

-;r + t I)) ,

= (1 - ~s )(

l(lr

(3)

with r considered as a function of r* .

dr* =dr(l- r./rt 1 ,

Part of this effective potential [liZ + 1)/r2], is the


"centrifugal barrier," and part [rs/r], is due to the
curvature of space-time.
This scalar wave potential is positive for all r> 2M.

xdr+trr(l+i)-kro-kr s In2krl

with
J3(r) = k- 1/vr(r - rs).

We obtain for girl,

()] g=O,
Vr

(4)

where

For large impact parameters, as the gravitational


field acting on the wave is weak, we will expand ol(k) in
powers of rs/b. By integration, one obtains, from Eq.
(9),

0z(k)=-krs

l(l

+ 1)

r;

+ r 2(1-r/r) - 4r 4(I_r/r)2

r-rs

)2

(5)

+0(_1_),
r-rs

_ .!(rs)3/2 _
3

(kr)2

(1)
+1

3/2

(l+'1) +0 l

(10)

~ 1T(rs)2
16

The second term depends upon the energy of incident


plane wave. The short wavelength limit gives Einstein
deflection, e=- 4M/b, for large impact parameters.
Making use of the eikonal approximation, 5 we can find
the scattering amplitude f(O) , for small angles, as

(0* 0)

(6)

r0

where ro is the classical turning point. This expression


is not valid if ro approaches the maximum of the potential of Eq. (3).4 That is, formula (6) holds for
(l+t)=kbkr s'
Due to the slow decrease of the effective potential,
the wave is distorted even at large distances by the
presence of a logarithmic term in the phase. This term
is entirely produced by the Coulomb tail of the effective
potential. The radial wave function can be written as
R z(r) - (l/r) sin[l?r
(7)

=- ik

Using the 6fwKB ,

r*

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 17, No.5, May 1976

[1+ (I~W]

Then
4M

For large values of l, waves of short wavelength


(kr s 1) can be analyzed to good approximation by the
quasiclassical method. Hence, the phase of the radial
wave function R(r*) (Eq. 2), is given by the well-known
JWKB expression,

689

JWKB

0z

)
e(b=-6+~;\

III. HIGH ANGULAR MOMENTA-JWKB


APPROXIMATION

where v is a constant with inverse length dimensions.

(l

e (l ) = 2 dld

r;

+krs IOgVr+O z(k)-Z1T/2 J +O(?) ,

k;s

The JWKB phase shift is connected with the classical


function e(l) of the same angular momenta by 3

where y = k 2 + t, is responsible of the capture of waves


by the black hole. Due to the fact that y>i, the absorption will be present at all energies. 3

J* [l,'2- Ver(r*)] 1I2 dr*+1T/4,

In(Z+i)-

1 (krs)3/2
151T
+1)1/2 + F

+"3

The function Vir) can be interpreted also as an effective


potential. As we have pointed out in Sec. I, its singular
behavior near the horizon
V(r)=- (

(9)

This JWKB phase shift can be expressed in terms of


a combination of complete and uncomplete elliptic integrals of first, second and third kinds. Due to the complex form of this expression we will proceed to calculate
ol(k) in an approximate form.

= ,B(r) . g(r),

Oz(k)=IT~~[fr([k2-Ver(r)]1/2 l-(~/r) -k)


TO

We can also write Eq. (1) in the SChrodinger form,


by means of the substitution

d g + [2
dr'l
k -

(8)

we get from Eqs. (6) and (7),

It rises from 0 at r = 2M to a barrier summit, then,


falls back to 0 at r = 00.

R(r)

We follow Matzner convention 1 in order to fix oz(k)


unambiguously, that is, we take v=2k. Then, with the
substitution

f(O

* 0) =

db b Jo(kbO) exp[2iof WKB (k, b)]


o
[Eq. (10)] to order kr" we find

:k exp {(ikr s ) [(210ge/2 - 1)

- 2 arg r(ikr s)] [ 1 +

~ (ikr s)]}.

The differential cross section is


du
16M2
;\2
dn =
+ 161T2

er-

(11)

This expression gives the Rutherford law for small


angle scattering cross section more wavelength-dependent correction.
All results up to here are valid for b rs and small
deflection angles. For b ~rS1 the wave absorption process is important and must be taken into account. Now,
we will calculate the partial wave absorption coefficient.
We can find in a simple calculation the JWKB absorption
Norma G. Sanchez

689

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coefficient for waves with impact parameter such that


k 2 is near the top of the effective potential. One sees
from expression (3) that the maximum of V ef occurs at

For b r., the wave "will see" mainly this internal


part of the potential. By this reason, we consider as the
approximate potential

rm~=trs [1- q(l~WJ +O[(l+~/2)4]'

2
},2+1/4r;
Vo(r) = - k - (1 _ rslr)2

For r sufficiently close to r m~.l" we can write


k

(r/r ) _ 1
s

This expression taken for Vo(r) reproduces the behavior


of the exact potential for r - r s and also gives the correct behavior for r- 00.

V ef '" k 2 - Vef(r mkt) - iHo(r - r mkt)2,

where

The radial wave equation (4) for the potential Vo can


be solved exactly, and the effective interaction V(r)Vo(r) will be treated as a perturbation. This approximation is expected to be good for

and

H0_- (~)6
3

l h rs 1.

7 [

9r!

JL

1-

14

(l +

1.)21
2

(l + 1/2)2

Introducing the variable

The quasiclassical approximation yields the following


expression for the absorption coefficient 3

Dr

1 [ + 2]

+ 4rI

z =r.'r s - 1,
we solve for the potential V o,

d2~O

= 1/(1 + exp(- 21TE)) ,

dz

where

+ [h r;+1/4
2
+ 2 k r; + k 22
rs ] go ()-O
z - ,
z

(15)

which corresponds to a purely attractive potential.


The linearly independent solutions of the radial Eq.

We obtain

(15) can be written as

g&-)(z) =

rz exp[ -

ikrs(z + logz)]

(16)

XF(t 1- 2ikr., 2ikrsZ)


1
+O(l+1

/W] .

(12)

g~+)(z)=v'Z exp[ikrs(z +logz)]

The total capture cross section is given by

X>l'(t 1 +2ikr., - 2 ikrsZ) ,

(13)

For large values of kr50 the partial wave series can be


approximated by an integral because the main contribution comes from the higher angular momenta. Correspondingly, we see from Eq. (13) that the capture
cross section is
(14)
If we take for the absorption coefficient the JWKB ex-

pression given by Eq. (12), the integral in Eq. (14) can


be solved exactly. 6 One obtains

aCaIlt = ;U4 1T r s2 + "-,2 //24 1T ,

(17)

where F and >l' are the confluent hypergeometric functions of the first and second kinds, respectively. 8
Both solutions are well-behaved at z = 0 (r =r s )' This
is so, because the effective potential is singular and
attractive at z = O. This means that from the point of
view of regularity, both functions are physically acceptable. Nevertheless, the function g6-) corresponds to
waves going into the black hole, while g~+) describes
outgoing waves at the Schwarzschild radius. By this
reason, we choose g6-) 1 as the physical solution. We
are interested in the asymptotic behavior for z - 00.
Making use of the asymptotic development of (16) for
large z ,8 we obtain
g~-)(r)r_~ = exp[i(krs + 1T/411 exp[(ikr s -~)

in agreement with the geometrical optical result for


kr s - 00. 7 The absorption cross section is increased by
the X-dependent corrections, because the waves can
"tunnel" through the potential barrier.

r(1- 2ikr s)
Xlog2krs] (-I)/r1/2) _ 2i1?r ) "
s

{I
(-1)

x exp[ - i(kr + l?r s log21?r)]

IV. SCATTERING FOR LOW ANGULAR MOMENTA


We will study now the radial wave equation (4) for the
low l case, l krs' As we are interested in the short
wavelength solutions, this case corresponds to b rs'
In this case, the capture coefficient is expected to be
large.
When r - r50 we see by expression (5), that

v(r)--(k2+~)
690

(l-!slr)2

+O(r~rJ'

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 17, No.5, May 1976

- exp[2iolO)] exp[i(kr + I?rs lOg2hr)1},


with
exp(2iol O) = (_

1)1+1

exp[i(o - 2krs - 1T/2)]


,,1(1/2)(1 + exp(41Tkr.))

where
o = argr(i - 2ikr s )'
Finally,
Norma G. Sanchez

690

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(18)

(0)

Imo,

/1+eXP(4'ITkrs
og\
2

11

=4:

From (21) and (22), one gets


Reo,(k) =

) .

~c

(19)

- krs

1f

1 ('IT

+2 (1+ 2 )+16
We see that the partial amplitude exp(2iolO results
in a complex quantity whose modulus is less than unity.
The physical meaning is the presence of capture processes. The fraction of the wave that is captured is
given by the partial wave absorption coefficient
plO) = 1- 1exp(2iol O) 12.
From (19),
p(O)_

1- exp(- 41fkrs) .
1 + exp(- 41fkrs)

_.!..

{exp [{

(20)
with

[(1 + W + 4(z ~ 1) ]

The Green's function corresponding to Eq. (20), which


satisfies
+k 2r;-r;v o(z)] Go(z,z')=o(z -z'),

Go(z ,z') =([ g~-) (z <). g~+) (z

with g~-) and g~+) given by (16) and (17), and where the
constant ([ is equal to

Then the differential equation (20) with the chosen


boundary conditions is equivalent to the following
integral equation,

Go(z ,z') VI (z' )g(z') dz'.

We obtain (see Appendix)

691

112

+ V2

(k:J

(l

+W

The first term, plO), corresponds to the approximative


potential V o, while the second term gives the first-order
contribution due to the potential VI' As is seen from Eq.
(23), this second term is a small correction to the plO)
because krs 1.
The sign of the contribution of VI is related to its
repulSive character. As is seen from Eq. (23), ppWBA
tends to one for krs going to infinity. However, the
JWKB absorption coefficient (Eq. 12) remains always
much less than one in its range of validity. In other
words, the lower angular momenta partial waves are
more absorbed than the higher ones.

We have applied and adapted to the scattering of waves


from a Schwarzschild black hole, apprOXimation methods
appropriate for small wavelengths. In this way, we have
obtained explicitly the leading behavior on the wavelength of several scalar scattering parameters.

APPENDIX
With the aid of formulas (3),

}OO

exp(- Az)Zr-I(F(a,y,kz)]2 dz

and

2ikrs)(2krs)2ikTS exp(- 1fkrs) [

+(l+WeXp(i1f/4)(k~sr/2

(k:J

+ o (kr s)"3 12] }.

(21)

= f'(1 -

1 ) 3/2
( rs

The formalism exhibited here can be generalized to


the wave scattering and the quantum processes of
particle production in the Kerr-Newmann geometry.

We now make the first approximation of the NeumanLiouville series (DWBA) and, for large distances, we
obtain

.n:

+O-k .

The methods used here can be applied to the neutrino


equation, as the electromagnetic and gravitational wave
scattering, in the Schwarzschild geometry.

([=r(i- 2ikr s)/r(l- 2ikr s)'

+ rs2

2Y2:

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS

is given by

g(z) = g~-)(z)

krs

pDWBA _ 1 - exp( - 41fkrs) _ 2 exp( - 41fkrs)


I
- 1 + exp(- 41fkrs)
1 + exp(- 41fkr s)

In order to improve the previous results for o,(k) and


P,(k), we will consider the perturbation V o- V. The
exact radial equation (4) can be written in the form

If

krs

Then, the absorption coefficient in the DWBA is given


by

The absorption coefficient increases with kr s ' this is


with the energy, as expected.

1)r;

(~) 1/2_ ~ (1 + 1/2)2

16

plO) = 1- 2 exp(- 41fkr s)'

= z (z :

)1/2+0 (1krs )3/2 '

" (k) _1. I [1 + eX P(41fkrs )]


Imvl
- . og
2

For krs 1,

VI (z)

krs

i exp(i1f/2)

+0(k!.)3/2 J

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 17, No.5, May 1976

F(a,{3,y;z)=(1-zt- a - 6 F(y-a, y-{3, y;z),


(22)

whereF(a,{3,y,z) is the Gauss' hypergeometric func-

tion, we have reduced the integral


Norma G. Sanchez

691

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"[ 1

= (l + 1/2)2

Z-2ikT S

exp(- 2ikr sZ) (z + 1)


o

X[F(t 1- 2ikr .. , 2ikrsz)]2 dz,


corresponding to the first term of the perturbation V I1
to the following expression:
"[ 1::=

(l

+ 1/2)2 r(l- 2ikrs)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank H. J. de Vega for valuable suggestions and


helpful discussions. We thank J. R. Albano and S.
Bonazzola for useful remarks and valuable
encouragement. I would like to express my appreciation
to Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio, where
part of this work was realized.

*On leave on absence from Institute of Astronomy and Spacial


Physics (CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina).
lR.A. Matzner, J. Math. Phys. 9,163 (1968).
2S. Persides, J. Math. Phys. 14, 1017 (1973); 15, 885
(1974) .

The asymptotic expansion for kr. 1, of the integral


can be calculated by the stationary phase method,9

"[ 1

"[ j::=

(l

+ 1/2)2 r(l- 2ikrs)(2krs)2IkTs

1T
xexp(-1Tkr.+i1T!4). ( krs

)1/2+0(1kr.. )3/2

The integral corresponding to the second term of Vj


follows immediately from the previous results.

692

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 17, No.5, May 1976

3L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifschitz, Quantum Mechanics


(Pergamon, London, 1965).
4W. Ford and J. A. Wheeler, Ann. Phys. (NY) 7, 239
(1959).

sR. G. Newton, Scattering Theory of Waves and Particles


(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966).
61. S. Gradsteyn and 1. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series
and Products (Academic, New York and London, 1965).
lC.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne, and J.A. Wheeler, Gravitation
(Freeman, San Francisco, 1973).
8N. N. Lebedev, Special Functions and Their Applications
(Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1965).
9A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic Expansions (Dover, New York,
1956) .

Norma G. Sanchez

692

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