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Norma G. Sanchez
Citation: Journal of Mathematical Physics 17, 688 (1976); doi: 10.1063/1.522949
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.522949
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jmp/17/5?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
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The scattering of scalar waves from a Schwarzschild black hole is investigated for wavelengths much less
than the gravitational radius (r,). Explicit expressions for scattering parameters are obtained for two cases:
high angular momenta and low angular momenta. In the first case we obtain the phase shifts and
absorption coefficient with the JWKB method. The elastic differential cross section and the total absorption
cross section are also calculated. For low angular momenta we present a method based in the DWBA
(distorted wave Born approximation). With this method, the phase shifts and the absorption coefficients are
obtained.
I. INTRODUCTION
The scattering and absorption of scalar waves by a
Schwarzschild field is investigated here. This subject
has been previously considered by several authors, 1.2
but exact expressions for the phase shifts and for the
cross sections has not been found.
In this scattering problem, the choice of the boundary
conditions needs special attention. Every solution of
the radial wave equation remains bounded on the
Schwarzschild radius r., and consequently every solution is "physically acceptable. ,,2 This property, due to
the presence of the singular attractive term propertional
to - (y - rs)"2 in the effective potential, is intimately
connected with the wave capture by the black hole.
The physical solution of the wave equation must be
selected in order to have purely ingoing waves on the
horizon r=ys' 1
In this paper we study the scattering problem for
waves of short wavelength. That is, wavelength much
less than the Schwarzschild radius rs'
We find approximate expressions for the phase shifts,
the absorption coefficient, the elastic and the capture
cross sections for two cases:
(a) High angular momenta (l krs) and low angular
momenta (l hrs )' In the first case, we find the phase
shifts by the JWKB approximation in a partial wave
analysis. They are expressed in an expansion in powers
of (rib), where the impact parameter b=(l+1/2)/k is
large, in this case b r s'
With these phase shifts and by means of the eikonal
formalism, an expression for the differential cross
section, valid for small angles, is obtained. For b-r s ,
the absorption coefficient for the lth partial wave is
calculated. With this partial wave absorption coefficient,
the total capture cross section is obtained in Sec. III.
o \.(f=gUV \.(f;I-'v=O,
is separable.
In Schwarzschild space-time, the metric tensor is
guv=dia g
B],
_r2, - r 2 sin 2
\.(f=R(r)y(B, )exp(-iwt),
pd R + (r -
+ [h 2r 3 -l(l
dR
rJ(2r - rs) dr
+ l)(r - rs)}R = O.
where k=w.
We use now a new coordinate (the Regge-Wheeler coordinate r*)
r* =r +rs
In(;s -1),
so that as
r-+oO(rs),
r*-(+oO)(_oO).
dR
(1)
dr*2 + h 2 -l(l+1)/r2+rs/r3
x [rs/r +l(l + 1) -1] }R(r*) =0.
(2)
Equation (2) is similar to the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation with independent variable r*. This equation
has an effective potential
Copyright 1976 American I nstitute of Physics
688
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Ver(r*)
-;r + t I)) ,
= (1 - ~s )(
l(lr
(3)
xdr+trr(l+i)-kro-kr s In2krl
with
J3(r) = k- 1/vr(r - rs).
()] g=O,
Vr
(4)
where
0z(k)=-krs
l(l
+ 1)
r;
+ r 2(1-r/r) - 4r 4(I_r/r)2
r-rs
)2
(5)
+0(_1_),
r-rs
_ .!(rs)3/2 _
3
(kr)2
(1)
+1
3/2
(l+'1) +0 l
(10)
~ 1T(rs)2
16
(0* 0)
(6)
r0
=- ik
r*
[1+ (I~W]
Then
4M
689
JWKB
0z
)
e(b=-6+~;\
(l
e (l ) = 2 dld
r;
k;s
In(Z+i)-
1 (krs)3/2
151T
+1)1/2 + F
+"3
(9)
= ,B(r) . g(r),
d g + [2
dr'l
k -
(8)
R(r)
f(O
* 0) =
~ (ikr s)]}.
er-
(11)
689
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2
},2+1/4r;
Vo(r) = - k - (1 _ rslr)2
(r/r ) _ 1
s
where
and
H0_- (~)6
3
l h rs 1.
7 [
9r!
JL
1-
14
(l +
1.)21
2
(l + 1/2)2
Dr
1 [ + 2]
+ 4rI
z =r.'r s - 1,
we solve for the potential V o,
d2~O
dz
where
+ [h r;+1/4
2
+ 2 k r; + k 22
rs ] go ()-O
z - ,
z
(15)
We obtain
g&-)(z) =
rz exp[ -
ikrs(z + logz)]
(16)
/W] .
(12)
(13)
(17)
where F and >l' are the confluent hypergeometric functions of the first and second kinds, respectively. 8
Both solutions are well-behaved at z = 0 (r =r s )' This
is so, because the effective potential is singular and
attractive at z = O. This means that from the point of
view of regularity, both functions are physically acceptable. Nevertheless, the function g6-) corresponds to
waves going into the black hole, while g~+) describes
outgoing waves at the Schwarzschild radius. By this
reason, we choose g6-) 1 as the physical solution. We
are interested in the asymptotic behavior for z - 00.
Making use of the asymptotic development of (16) for
large z ,8 we obtain
g~-)(r)r_~ = exp[i(krs + 1T/411 exp[(ikr s -~)
r(1- 2ikr s)
Xlog2krs] (-I)/r1/2) _ 2i1?r ) "
s
{I
(-1)
v(r)--(k2+~)
690
(l-!slr)2
+O(r~rJ'
1)1+1
where
o = argr(i - 2ikr s )'
Finally,
Norma G. Sanchez
690
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(18)
(0)
Imo,
/1+eXP(4'ITkrs
og\
2
11
=4:
) .
~c
(19)
- krs
1f
1 ('IT
+2 (1+ 2 )+16
We see that the partial amplitude exp(2iolO results
in a complex quantity whose modulus is less than unity.
The physical meaning is the presence of capture processes. The fraction of the wave that is captured is
given by the partial wave absorption coefficient
plO) = 1- 1exp(2iol O) 12.
From (19),
p(O)_
1- exp(- 41fkrs) .
1 + exp(- 41fkrs)
_.!..
{exp [{
(20)
with
[(1 + W + 4(z ~ 1) ]
with g~-) and g~+) given by (16) and (17), and where the
constant ([ is equal to
691
112
+ V2
(k:J
(l
+W
APPENDIX
With the aid of formulas (3),
}OO
exp(- Az)Zr-I(F(a,y,kz)]2 dz
and
+(l+WeXp(i1f/4)(k~sr/2
(k:J
(21)
= f'(1 -
1 ) 3/2
( rs
We now make the first approximation of the NeumanLiouville series (DWBA) and, for large distances, we
obtain
.n:
+O-k .
+ rs2
2Y2:
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
is given by
g(z) = g~-)(z)
krs
If
krs
1)r;
16
= z (z :
For krs 1,
VI (z)
krs
i exp(i1f/2)
+0(k!.)3/2 J
691
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"[ 1
= (l + 1/2)2
Z-2ikT S
(l
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
"[ 1
"[ j::=
(l
1T
xexp(-1Tkr.+i1T!4). ( krs
)1/2+0(1kr.. )3/2
692
Norma G. Sanchez
692
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