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Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics
Assessment
Category
Total
Weightage
Quizzes
06
12%
Sessional
02
35%=(15+20)%
Final
01
40%
Assignment
02
08%
Project
01
05%
Topics Covered
S. No
Topic
Week
1-2
6-7
8-9
10-11
15-16
6
7
2-5
12
13-14
Recommended Books
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Bruce
R. Munson, Donald F. Young and Theodore H.
Okiishi (SI Version)
Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White
Fluid Mechanics by John F. Douglas, John A
Swaffield
Fluid
Mechanics-Fundamentals
and
Applications by Yunus A Cengel
Engineering Fluid Mechanics by Donal F.
Elger
What is Fluid
Substance exists in three different phases
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma (at very high temperature)
Substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred as
FLUID.
Solid
Liquid
It can resist applied shear stress by deforming It deform continuously under the action of
shear stress, no matter how small it is
Stress is proportional to strain
When a constant shear force is applied, a Fluid never stops deforming and approaches a
solid eventually stops deforming at some constant rate of strain. Fluid at rest has zero
fixed strain angle
shear stress known as hydrostatic stress
condition.
*
*
The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated throughout due to small distances
between molecules in a solid, the attractive forces of molecules on each other are large and keep the
molecules at fixed positions.
The molecular spacing in the liquid phase is not much different from that of the solid phase, except the
molecules are no longer at fixed positions relative to each other and they can rotate and translate
freely.
In a liquid, the intermolecular forces are weaker relative to solids, but still strong compared with gases.
The distances between molecules generally increase slightly as a solid turns liquid.
Rheology
Matter that acts as solid but with the
application of shear stress for the extended
period of time it behaves as fluid
Asphalt, toothpaste, slurry etc
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Visualization
Macroscopic
description
Mobility of
molecules
Density
Molecular
spacing
Effect of shear
stress
Produces deformation
Produces flow
Produces flow
Viscosity
N/A
Low-increase as T increases
compressibility
Difficult to compress-steel
has bulk modulus 160*109 Pa
Difficult to compress-water
has bulk modulus 2.2*109 Pa
system
Properties of System
Intensive and Extensive properties
Fluid as Continuum
We are all familiar with fluidsthe most common being air and
waterand we experience them as being smooth, i.e., as
being a continuous medium. Unless we use specialized
equipment, we are not aware of the underlying molecular
nature of fluids.
This molecular structure is one in which the mass is not
continuously distributed in space, but is concentrated in
molecules that are separated by relatively large regions of
empty space.
Consider how we determine the density at a point. Density is defined as mass per
unit volume. The mass m will be given by the instantaneous number of molecules in
V (and the mass of each molecule), so the average density in volume V is given by
density = m /V .
We say average because the number of molecules in V , and hence the density,
fluctuates. For example, if the gas was air at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
and the volume was a sphere of diameter 0.01 m, there might be 15 molecules in V,
but an instant later there might be 17 (three might enter while one leaves). Hence the
density at point C randomly fluctuates in time.
In this figure, each vertical dashed line represents a specific chosen volume, V, and
each data point represents the measured density at an instant. For very small volumes,
the density varies greatly, but above a certain volume, V/, the density becomes
stablethe volume now encloses a huge number of molecules.
For example, if V =0.001 mm3 (about the size of a grain of sand), there will on
average be 2.5*1013 molecules present.
d=gt2/2
g= 32.2 ft/s2
g=9.8 m/s2
=
Density is used to characterize the mass of fluid while specific
weight is used to characterize the weight of fluid system.
For example, water has specific weight of 9.80 kN/m3 at 15oC.
SG=
0 @ 4
2
P = Absolute pressure
T = Absolute Temperature
R = gas constant
Pabs = Pg + Patm
Pg is pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure.
Patm = 101 kPa
Example:The compressed air tank shown in Fig. has a volume of 0.024m3. The
temperature is 20oC and the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa.
FIND When the tank is filled with air at a gage pressure of 345 kPa,
determine the density of the air and the weight of air in the tank.
Viscosity
Fluidity of the fluid known as viscosity.
Density, specific weight are insufficient to
properly characterize the behavior of
fluid. For example, oil and water have
approximately same value of density but
their behavior is different when flowing.
Example:-
Example:The dynamic viscosity of water at 20C is 1.00 10-3 N.s/m2, and the viscosity at
40C is 6.53 10-4 N.s/m2.
estimate the viscosity at 30C.
Example:A board 1 m by 1 m that weighs 25 N slides down an inclined ramp (slope = 20)
with a velocity of 2.0 cm/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a thin film of
oil with a viscosity of 0.05 N.s/m2.
Neglecting edge effects, calculate the space between the board and the ramp.
Viscous Resistance
Viscous Resistance of Bearings
Lubrication of Bearing
1. Highly viscous oil leads to greater resistance so greater
power loss
2. Light oil may not be able to maintain the required film
between the metal surfaces results into wear and tear of
both surfaces
3. Viscosity of oil changes with temperature
Compressibility of Fluids
Bulk Modulus
Volume or density of fluid changes with the
change in pressure or temperature. Fluid
expands as they are heated and contract as
they are cooled.
The question is how compressible is the fluid
is?
The property commonly used to characterize
the compressibility of fluid is the Bulk
Modulus just as Youngs modulus of elasticity
in solids.
Equation:Example:-
Vapor Pressure
Boiling
Cavitation
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:The viscosity of some fluids changes when a strong electric field is applied on them. This
phenomenon is known as the electrorheological (ER) effect, and fluids that exhibit such
behavior are known as ER fluids. The Bingham plastic model for shear stress, which is
expressed as t = ty + (du/dy) is widely used to describe ER fluid behavior because of its
simplicity. One of the most promising applications of ER fluids is the ER clutch. A typical
multidisk ER clutch consists of several equally spaced steel disks of inner radius R1 and
outer radius R2, N of them attached to the input shaft. The gap h between the parallel
disks is filled with a viscous fluid. (a) Find a relationship for the torque generated by the
clutch when the output shaft is stationary and (b) calculate the torque for an ER clutch
with N=11 for R1=50 mm, R2=200 mm, and n=2400 rpm if the fluid is SAE 10 with =0.1
Pa.s, ty=2.5 kPa, and h=1.2 mm.