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Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Reproduction
3.
Sexual Reproduction
1. Sexual reproduction involves two parents of different
sexes. It requires male and female structures.
2. It involves the fusion of sex cells. A male gamete
fertilizes a female gamete and a zygote is formed
(Figure 4.1).
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5
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Binary Fission
1 Binary fission is the division of a single parent cell
into two identical daughter cells.
2 Organisms that show binary fission are Amoeba,
Paramecium and bacteria.
3.
4.
Asexual Reproduction
1 Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. It does
not involve sex cells.
2 Fertilization of gametes does not take place.
3 New individuals that are formed are identical to the
parent and contain the same genetic materials as the
parent.
Budding
1 Budding is the process of bud formation at the side
of the parent organism.
2 Organisms such as Hydra and yeast reproduce by
budding.
3 A bud starts off as a swelling which grows bigger
to resemble the parent.
4 The bud becomes mature and finally drops off from
the parent. It becomes a new individual as shown in
Figure below:
Hydra
Yeast
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Spore formation
1 Spore formation occurs in non-flowering plants such as
mosses and ferns. These plants are able to produce
spores. Spores are produced by cell division in the
sporangium of a moss.
2 The mature sporangium then bursts open to release
mature spores. The spores are small and light. They
are scattered by the wind. When the spores fall on a
suitable environment, they germinate and grow into
new plants.
1
2
Vegetative reproduction
1 Vegetative reproduction is the formation of new plants
from the vegetative structures of a flowering plant
other than the flowers.
2 Examples of vegetative structures are the leaves, bulbs,
rhizomes, suckers and tubers.
3 Examples of plants that reproduce by vegetative
reproduction are ginger, onions, bananas and potatoes.
Regeneration
1 Regeneration is the ability of the fragments of certain
organisms to grow and develop into completely new
individuals.
2 Organisms like flatworms and starfish reproduce
by regeneration.
Comparison
Reproduction
between
Sexual
and
Asexual
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4.
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pubic region.
(f) Menstruation begins.
(g) Emotional changes, like experience mood
swings due to changes in their hormone level
and attracted to the opposite sex.
Puberty in Females
1. Females usually reach puberty earlier than males.
Puberty begins between the ages of 11 and 13 years
old.
2. Changes that occur to the body of the female are as
follows:
(a) Ovaries start to release mature ova and
produce sex hormones.
(b) Growth rate increases.
(c) Breasts grow bigger.
(d) Hips become wider.
(e) Hair growth on the armpits and around the
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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8.
9.
The early embryo will then travel down the fallopian tube
to the uterus.
10. Eventually, the embryo sinks in and becomes
embedded in the uterus lining and we called as
implantation.
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Sterility
1. Sterility means the inability to produce children.
Problems with the reproductive system of the husband
or the wife or both may result in a couple who cannot
have children.
2 Sterility in females may be due to
(a) Defective reproductive organs
(b) Abnormal ovulation or inability of the ovary to
produce ovum
(c) Blocked oviduct due to tissue growth or infection
(d) Inability of the zygote to implant in the uterine
lining after fertilization
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(c) The sperm ducts are cut and then tied to prevent
the sperms traveling from the testes to the urethra
and penis.
(d) No sperm will be released through the penis.
Ligation
(a) It is also known as female sterilization. It
involves a more complicated surgery compared
to a vasectomy.
(b) Like a vasectomy, it is irreversible and usually
carried out on a woman who does not want any
more children.
(c) The middle part of the oviducts is cut and the open
ends are clipped or tied.
(d) It stops the released ovum from getting into the
oviduct. Thus it prevents fertilization.
Pedicel / flower
stalk
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
4.9 Pollination
10
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11
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