PURIFIER

BOWL
Produces high
centrifugal
forces
through rotation making possible
separation and clarification.
OPERATING WATER
In the rotating bowl the incoming,
rotating operating liquid generates a
high
centrifugal
pressure.
This
pressure is utilized for actuating the
annular piston and sliding piston which
closes and opens the bowl.
GRAVITY DISK
Hold the interface between the light
liquid and heavy liquid in the bowl
within a definite rage.

DISC SEPARATROR
is a kind of settlement type centrifuge
for the separation of materials difficult
to separate; such as the viscous liquid
and composed of small solid particles.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
When the denser solids are subjected
to such forces, they are forced
outwards against the rotating bowl
wall, while the less dense liquid
phases form concentric inner layers.

The area where these two

different liquid phases meet is called
the interface position. This can be
easily varied in order to ensure that
the separation takes place with
maximum efficiency.

VACUUM DEHYDRATOR
A vacuum dehydrator is one of
the very few methods to remove
dissolved water from oil.
KINDS OF FILTERS
Hydraulic Filter - are very useful for
removing solid contamination from

lube and fuel oil systems of marine

machinery.
Fine Mesh Screen Filter - It is the
most commonly used filter in lube and
fuel oil systems on board. It can be
used both on suction and discharge
side of the system.
Cartridge Filter - used for fuel oil
and lube oil filtration. They are
normally of disposable type and can
be used only once.

METHODS
OF
TREATMENT

F.O.

AND

L.O.

PURIFICATION
separation of two insoluble liquids
with different densities, and at the
same time, removing of solid.

CLARIFICATION
separation of solid contaminants from a
liquid

GRAVITATIONAL SEPARATION
a dirty liquid in a stationary vessel will clear
slowly as the heavy particles in the liquid
settle to the bottom under the influence of
gravity. In case of insoluble liquids the
heavier liquid will place itself underneath the
lighter liquid.

CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
a rapid rotating vessel gravity is replaced by
centrifugal force, which increases the settling
velocity by a factor of several thousand. That
takes hours under influence of gravity takes
only seconds in a high speed separator bowl.

THREE METHODS OF PURIFYING

1. SETTLING
Settling by gravity is a slow process of
removing contaminants;
Settling
is
temperature

2. FILTERING

reduced

at

high

A. STRAINER
Installed at the pump suction to
remove large abrasive contaminants
such as rust and scale. Strainers also
contain a powerful magnet to remove
iron particles. Magnetic strainers are
often installed at the pump suction or
in the return line to the oil reservoir as
well as the pump discharge.

Is a method of centrifuging designed

for maximum separation of solid
contaminants from a liquid
It is sometimes called dry separation
because water seal is not required and
no water seal is set up for clarification
The centrifuge is set up with only one
liquid discharge for the clean oil.

b. FINE FILTERS
Are use to remove micronic
particular matter from the oil.

size

The wire mesh type filter, are made to

filter out particles of below 125
microns in size
The auto-clean filter strainer are used
if finer particles filtration is required,
which con filter down to 25 micron in
size

C. FILTER COALESCENCE
Methods of removing particulate and
water removal from oil.

OPERATIONAL
PURIFIER

CENTRI LOCK
Uses a lightweight, non-threaded
snap ring. This prevents wear by
allowing easy removal without a
sledgehammer.
SEAL RING

A filter coalescence will remove solid

particles of 3 microns and above 90%
of the water present in oil.

TOP DISC

TWO METHODS OF CENTRIFUGING

1. PURIFICATION
A method of centrifuging when the
centrifuge is equipped with a clean
oil
discharge
and
a
water
discharge.
It is actually a separation of two
liquids
of
different
densities
including solid particles which one
present during the process.

2.

CLARIFICATION

OF

It operates in the same way as the

clarifier employing centrifugal force to
throw solids

It consist of pre-filter for particulate

removal and inorganic coalescing unit
which collect the water

To clean the unit drain first, then the

filter cartridge is removed the water
repelling screen need not be touched

PRINCIPLE

a finger ring engraved with a seal

This disc is only used in purifier

mode
DISC STACK
Disc in the bowl hood
positioning the interface

for

DISTRIBUTOR
sediment adheres firmly, dissolve it
by submerging in this part
DISCHARGE SIDE
This increases discharge accuracy
and does away with metal-to-metal
wear
BOWL BODY
Foundation of the bowl

VALVE PLUGS
are valves with
cylindrical
or
conically tapered "plugs" which can
be rotated inside the valve body to
control flow through the valve.

Oil Purifier needs the following

concerning oil:

Temperature Before entering the

purifier, the dirty oil passes through
the heater. This increases the
temperature, thus reducing the
viscosity of the oil to be purified. The
lower the viscosity, the better the
purification.

Quantity of Flow The flow rate of a

purifier should be set to optimize
removal of whole system impurities.
The lower the flow of oil feed, the
greater the time for impurity removal
and the more efficient the purification.
The higher the quantity, the greater
the amount of system oil is purified
per unit of time.

Density/Specific Gravity
Density/Specific gravity is also
important to oil purifier because
separation of the two liquids, such as
water and oil and the solid particles
will be easier. Because of the
difference in gravity, oil will float on
top of water since oil is less dense.
The solid particles which is heavier will
sink down. The specific gravity can tell
us, based on its value, if the object will
sink or float in our reference
substance. The density is a measure of
how compact or heavy an object in a
given volume.

the interface change. To create the

correct interface between water and
oil it is very important to select correct
gravity disc size.

FUNCTIONS OF GRAVITY DISC

one which controls the output of the
quality fuel
Responsible for creating
between oil and water

interface

Maintains the back pressure

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE USE

BIG
DIAMETER/SMALL
GRAVITY
DISC?
if we use big diameter gravity disc, the
possibility of having water mix to fuel
is high while if the diameter of the disc
is smaller then the better fuel you get.
If we are to use so small diameter disc
, this will cause some good fuel oil to
be thrown to the sludge tank . There is
also a drawback if you use too much
large disc because there is a
possibility that the water will be mixed
with the fuel. So it is very important to
use the correct disc size

FUEL OIL
Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from
petroleum distillation, either as a
distillate or a residue. Broadly
speaking fuel oil is any liquid
petroleum product that is burned in a
furnace or boiler for the generation of
heat or used in an engine for the
generation of power.

TYPES OF FUEL OIL

SOLID FUEL

GRAVITY DISC
Purifiers have great role in marine
ships. A ring fitted at the top of disc
stack from where water is passing out
is called a gravity disc. Oil which is for
purification may not be of same type it
is of different densities or viscosity, so

refers to various types of solid

material that are used as fuel to
produce energy and provide heating,
usually released through combustion.
Ex. Coal

LIQUID FUEL

obtained
from
distillation
and
processes carried our on crude oil.
Ex. Engine fuel, lubricants

GASEOUS FUEL
exist naturally in the ground, are
composed of hydrocarbons (such as
methane or propane), hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, or mixtures.
Ex. LPG

VISCOSITY
Viscosity - the state of being thick,
sticky, and semifluid in consistency,
due to internal friction.
Is the resistance of a fluid

VISCOMETER
Viscometer - is an instrument used to
measure the viscosity of a fluid.
1 Stoke(St) = 0.0001 square meter/
second
1 Centistoke(cSt) = 0.000006 square
meter/ second

PROPERTIES OF FUEL OIL

FLASH POINT
Is the temperature at which an oil will
give off sufficient inflammable vapor
to produce.

CLOUD POINT

Low cetane no. = Ignition Delay

OCTANE - a chemical in petroleum that is

used to rate the quality of different kinds of
gasoline C8H18
Used in Gasoline Engine
The higher octane no. the better
Low octane no. = Engine knocks

OIL TREATMENT
Both fuel oils and lubricating oils
require treatment before passing to
the engine. This will involve storage
and heating to allow separation of
water present, fine filtering to remove
solid particles and also centrifuging.
The centrifugal separator is used to
separate two liquids, for example oil
and water, or a liquid and solids as in
contaminated
oil.
Separation
is
speeded up by the use of a centrifuge
and can be arranged as a continuous
process.

PURIFIER
where a centrifuge is arranged to
separate two liquids such as water and
oil.

CLARIFIER
where a centrifuge arranged to
separate impurities and small amount
of water from oil.

indicate the temperature at which

waxes begin to form.
cloud point temperature is it depends
on the fuel oil you use commonly
ranging 20-25.

POUR POINT
is the temperature at which it ceases
to flow.

FUEL OIL QUALITY

CETANE - a colorless oily hydrocarbon
found in petroleum C16H34
Used in Diesel Engine
The higher cetane no. the better

present in the oil to the side of the

bowl
and
accumulated
therein.
However, in order for a purifier to
operate as the centrifugal separator a
water seal is necessary.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF
GRAVITY DISC AND THE INTERFACE

GRAVITY DISC ( DAM RING)

Control the radial position of the fuel
and water interface.

If the internal diameter of the gravity

disc is too small, the separating
efficiency will be formed within the
disc pack.
If the internal diameter is too large,
the interface will form at a diameter
greater than the top disc, and oil will
flow/pass to waste through the water
outlet.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE POSTION

OF THE INTERFACE
1. Density ratio between the oil and
water
2.Viscosity
3.Flow
rate
4.Variation in density of process
liquid/oil

INTERFACE
BECAUSSE OF

MOVING

INWARD

1.

An increase in temperature

2.

A decrease in viscosity

3.

A decrease in flow rate

4.

A decrease in back pressure

5.

Decrease in density

INTERFACE
BECAUSE OF

MOVING

stationary. All the ships are to be

provided
with,
an
efficient main
steering gear, an auxiliary steering
gear and, except for very small ships,
the main steering gear should be
power operated.

THREE MAJOR
STEERING GEAR

COMPONENTS

OF

TELEMOTOR
Comprises of two parts namely,
transmitter
and
receiver.
The
transmitter is located on the bridge in
the form of a wheel which transmit
signal the given order to the receiver
located
in
the
steering
gear
compartment, by turning the steering
wheel

CONTROL UNIT
Is the link between the telemotor and
power unit. It receives signal from the
telemotor and operates the power unit
until it receives the another signal, this
time from the rudder to the hunting
gear to stop.

POWER UNIT
OUTWARD

1. An increase in viscosity due to a

decrease in temperature
2. An increase in flow rate or
3. An increase in density, this could
result to a loss of liquid seal

The power unit provide the force,

when required and with immediate
effect, to move the rudder to the
desired angle. Can be any prime
mover like steam engine, diesel
engine or an electric motor, directly
coupled to the rudder

TWO KINDS
SYSTEM

OF

STEERING

GEAR

MAIN STEERING GEAR

STEERING GEAR
is the equipment provided on ships to
turn the ship to left (Port side) or to
right (Starboard side) while in motion
during sailing. The Steering Gear
works only when the ship is in motion
and, does not work when the ship is

Means the machinery necessary for

effecting the movement of the rudder
for the purpose of steering the ship
under the normal service conditions.

EMERGENCY
OR
STEERING GEAR

AUXILIARY

Means the equipment other than any

part of main steering gear necessary
for effecting the movement of the
rudder for the purpose of steering the
ship in the event of the failure of the
main steering gear, but not included
the tiller, quadrant or components
serving the same purpose.

DE-SLUDGING
Desludging
breaks
up
the
sedimentation and separates out the
hydrocarbons, water and solids.
The
process
of
removing sediments by draining and cl
eaning a tank.

Steering gear

A Steering Gear is the equipment

provided on ships to turn the ship to
left (Port side) or to right (Starboard
side) while in motion during sailing.
The Steering Gear works only when
the ship is in motion and, does not
work when the ship is stationary. All
the ships are to be provided with, an
efficient main steering gear,
an auxiliary steering gear and, except
for very small ships, the main steering
gear should be power operated.

Complete Steering Gear system

consists of three main parts namely

Telemotor

Control Unit

Power Unit.

A brief description about the construction

and working of these components is as
follows
Telemotor unit comprises of two parts
namely, Transmitter and Receiver. The
Transmitter is located on the which transmits

the given order to the Receiver located in the

steering gear compartment, by turning the
steering wheel. The Receiver conveys this
order to the Control Unit, also located in the
steering gear compartment, via linear
motion.navigation bridge in the form of a
wheel,
The Telemotor is generally hydraulic type,
electric type or, as is the case with modern
steering systems, it could be electrohydraulic type. In olden days, Telemotors
were purely mechanical type consisting of
linkages and chains with sprockets. As they
were operated manually, they required very
healthy sailors to operate them.
Control Unit is the link between the
Telemotor and the Power Unit. I receives
signal from the Telemotor and operates the
Power Unit until it receives another signal,
this time from the Rudder through the
Hunting Gear, to stop the operation of Power
Unit.

Power Unit can be any prime mover

like steam engine, diesel engine or, an
electric motor, directly coupled to the
Rudder; it can be an electro-hydraulic
unit or, an all- electric unit complete
with the Telemotor.

Manually operated, mechanical Steering

Gears were in use during sailing ship days.
Sailors with strong body were required to
operate the Steering Gears. Later on, after
the onset of steam engines, mechanized
gears were used. Modern ships use all very
sophisticated Steering Gear systems which
could fall in either of the categories

Fully hydraulic type

Electro-hydraulic type

Fully electric type

Name three basic requirements for

steering gear.
The three basic requirements of steering
gears are
- to be continuously available ,move the
rudder rapidly to any position of degrees in

response to the order form the bridge during

manoeuring and hold it in the required
position

How is hydraulic steering gear

protected against overloading by
heavy seas on the rudder ?

-have arrangement s for relieving abnormal

stress and returning it to its required position

Hydraulic steering gear is protexted

against overloading by heavy seas
acting on the rudder by relief valves
which operate around 10% above
normal working pressures, oil being
passed to one side of the system to
the other . The hunting gear will
correct the rudder movement putting
the steering gear pump on' stroke'

-maintain the ship on course regardless of

wind and waves.
Why are jumping stops fitted?
Jumping stops are fitted to prevent the
lifting of the rudder and stock in heavy
weather.

. In ram type hydraulic steering gear,

How is side loading relieved on the
cylinder glands?
In ram type hydraulic steering gear,
load is relieved on the cylinder glands
by the crosshead slippers bolted to the
side of the rams, which slide on a
machined surface of the guide beam.
How are ram cylinders braced againts
hydraulic pressure which tends to
push them apart?
The cylinder are braced together by
the guide beam because hydraulic
pressure tends to push them apart.
The cylinders also have feet that are
bolted to stools on which the gear is
mounted. In four cylinder sets,
adjacent cylinders are cross braced by
heavy brackets

In hydraulic steering gear ,why should

special attention be paid to high
pressure oil pipes (especially after
heavy weather ) ?
In hydraulic steering gears, attention
should be paid to high pressure oil
pipes because, in some cases, it has
been know for the pipes to fracture at
necks especially after heavy weather.
What rudder angle is permitted by a
rotary vane steering gear with two
moving and two fixed vanes ?
The rudder angle permitted by rotary
vane steering gear with two moving
and two fixed blades is 75 degrees to
port and 75 degrees to stbd , and in
three moving and three fixed blades is
35 degrees port and 35 degrees stbd.

ELECTROHYDRAULIC STEERING GEAR

How can the rudder be locked, in an

emergency, in a hydraulic steering
gears?
In an emergency in hydraulic steering,
the rudder can be locked in position by
closing the supply valves to each ram.

The direction of a ship moving through

the water is controlled by changing
the angle of its rudder, located in the
stern of the ship. As the gross tonnage
of ship increases, more and more force
is required to move the rudder through
the required angle. On a large ship,
the power required to position the
rudder is provided by one or more

electrohydraulic steering engines

which respond to rudder orders
transmitted electrically from the helm
(steering wheel) in the pilot house to
the steering gear, located directly
above the rudder in the stern.

The steering engine or gear transmits power

from the steering engine to the rudder stock.
The term steering gear normally includes the
driving engine and the transmitting
mechanism. Although several different
designs of steering engines are in common
use, their operating principles are similar.
Hydraulic Telemotor
The telemotor has become, on many vessels,
the stand-by steering control mechanism,
used only when the electric or automatic
steering fails. It comprises a transmitter on
the bridge and a receiver connected to the
steering gear variable delivery pump,

variable delivery pump

This type of pump can be controlled

by just moving a spindle. The pump is
driven by an electrical motor at
constant speed. By moving the control
spindle away from the central point,
the pump stroke increases, and the
hydraulic fluid is pumped in one
direction. Moving the spindle more
from the central point will cause more
fluid to be pumped and consequently
more pressure is generated to drive
the rams. Moving the control spindle
back to the original position and then
away in the opposite direction causes
the hydraulic fluid to be pumped in the
reversed direction. The rams will also
move in the reversed direction.

Floating Lever Feedback Mechanism

When the rudder stock has reached the
desired angle, the pump control lever moves
back to the original position, and the
pumping action stops. The rudder is stopped
at the required angle. Moving the steering
wheel to the opposite direction will cause the
rudder to come back to the original zero
position.

Variable Delivery Pump

generally used in applications, which

require constant variation in the
amount of oil that is to be supplied.

is to alter the pump stroke in order to

vary the amount of oil displaced,
according to the requirement.

radial cylinder Hele Shaw pump

It consists of a short shaft, which is

attached to a cylindrical body that
rotates inside the casing.

The cylindrical body surrounds a

central valve and has ball bearings at
the ends.

The central valve and the cylindrical

ports are connected to each other by
means of ports, which open in the
outer casing from where the oil is
supplied and delivered

Working principle

the circular ring, which

accommodates the slippers is
concentric with the central valve
arrangement .

Due to this, the piston doesn't have

any relative reciprocating motion
inside the cylinder. No oil is pumped or
sucked in and although the pump is
rotating no fluid is delivered, during
this state.

But this is only until the arrangement

is concentric. As soon as the circular
floating ring is pulled to the right the
pistons in the cylinder undergo a
reciprocating motion.

The lower piston moves inwards and

discharges fluid through the lower
port. The piston moves till the
horizontal position and then moves
outwards in the opposite direction,
drawing in fluid through the upper
ports. Thus in this way the top ports
act as suction ports and the lower
ports act as discharge ports. If the

circular ring is pushed to the left

direction, the suction and discharge
ports are reversed.
Variable Stroke Reversible
Swashplate Pump

it runs in the flooded condition, the

make up tank being above the level of
the pump so that all the working parts
are immersed in oil.

It is driven by a constant speed

electric motor the volume and
direction of the oil flow being
controlled by means of a stroke control
lever.

Working Principle

The slipper pad is an improvement on

the swash plate which provides higher
pressure.

The driving shaft rotates the cylinder

barrel, swash plate and pistons. An
external trunnion (short shaft) enables
the swash plate to be moved about its
axis.

The cylinders in the barrel are

connected to ports which extend in an
arc around the fixed pott plate.

When the swash plate is vertical no

pumping action takes place. When the
swash plate is tilted pumping occurs,
the length of stroke depend

Depending upon the direction of tilt

the ports will be either suction or
discharge. ing upon the angle of tilt.

The process of pump in the steering

system

The steering starts at the Bridge. The

required rudder angle is transmitted
hydraulically or electrically from the
steering wheel at the Bridge to the
telemotor at the steering gear, just
above the rudder.

There are a few common

arrangements for using hydraulic
power. There are the 4-rams, 2-rams,
and rota

The heart of these hydraulic systems

is thevariable delivery pump. This type
of pump can be controlled by just
moving a spindle. ry vane types.

The pump is driven by an electrical

motor at constant speed. By moving
the control spindle away from the
central point, the pump stroke
increases, and the hydraulic fluid is
pumped in one direction.

Moving the spindle more from the

central point will cause more fluid to
be pumped and consequently more
pressure is generated to drive the
rams.

Moving the control spindle back to the

original position and then away in the
opposite direction causes the
hydraulic fluid to be pumped in the
reversed direction.

The rams will also move in the

reversed direction.

By using a floating lever feedback

mechanism, when the rudder stock
has reached the desired angle, the
pump control lever moves back to the
original position, and the pumping
action stops.

The rudder is stopped at the required

angle. Moving the steering wheel to
the opposite direction will cause the
rudder to come back to the original
zero position.

Automation of Steering System

A good automatic pilot can improve
the profit margin of a vessel in two ways.
Firstly it enables a reduction to be made in
the number of ships personnel and secondly
a considerable in saving the fuel can be
achieved if the vessel makes good its course
with little deviation. A very important
component of a ship is the rudder and
steering system.

Telemotor control
Is a hydraulic control system
employing a transmitter, a receiver, pipes
and a charging unit. The transmitter, which is
built into the steering wheel console, is
located on the bridge and the receiver is
mounted on the steering gear. The charging
unit is located near to the receiver and the
system is charged with a non-freezing fluid.

Voltage Loss

Oil Tank Level Low

Oil Temperature High

Control Power Failure

Monitoring of Steering System

The monitoring system should include
an integrated alarm function that reports
out-of range events.

What is Electric Motor?

Level of Hydraulic Oil

Rudder Angle Indicator

Is an electrical machine that

converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The reverse of this
would be the conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy and is
done by an electric generator.

Limit Switch

How does an electric motor work?

Stopping Device

Alarm Power Failure

Things to be Monitored in Steering System :

Alarms of Steering System

Steering gear alarm system is used for
monitor of steering gear. Alarms should be
managed automatically. Alarm limits should
only be set by authorized users and should
automatically alert responsible staff by using
communication medium in case of out-ofrange events or incidents.
SWITCH LEVEL 1:
The level switch 1 gives an initial alarm
following a loss of oil from either system.
SWITCH LEVEL 2:
When no action is taken immediately upon
the previous alarm, the loss of oil continues
and over a period of time this loss of oil
initiates one or both of the level switches 2.
SWITCH LEVEL 3:
This switch will get activated when there is
still no further improvement in the loss of oil
on the faulty side.
Alarms in Steering System :

Power Failure

In a typical DC motor, there are

permanent magnets on the outside
and a spinning armature on the inside.
The permanent magnets are
stationary, so they are called the
stator. The armature rotates, so it is
called the rotor.

What is Radial Pump?

A radial piston pump is a form
of hydraulic pump. The working
pistons extend in a radial direction
symmetrically around the drive shaft,
in contrast to the axial piston pump.
The piston starts in the inner dead
center (IDC) with suction process.
After a rotation angle of 180 it is
finished and the workspace of the
piston is filled with the to moved
medium. The piston is now in the
outer dead center (ODC). From this
point on the piston displaces the
previously sucked medium in the
pressure channel of the pump.

Swash plate pumps have a rotating

cylinder containing pistons. A spring

pushes the pistons against a

stationary swash plate, which sits at
an angle to the cylinder.
A swash plate is a device used
in mechanical engineering to translate
the motion of a rotating shaft
into reciprocating motion, or to
translate a reciprocating motion into a
rotating one to replace
the crankshaft in engine designs.
Pumping action is controlled:
1. Proper clearance between plunger
and its housing which leads to more oil
in drain at higher pressure.
2. Swash plate may not be lapped
properly which leads to oil leakage

from there , as you may be knowing

whenever plunger makes forward
movement, there is some oil leakage
from the plunger end to the swash
plate which lubricate the swash plate,
but if lapping is not perfect ,then
chances of oil leak in more quantity in
drain possible.
3. There may be problem with
pressure controlling devise which
leads to higher oil leak at higher
pressure, but this will be clear as
swept volume indicator will show
higher value , may be more than 70
percent, normally when pump is
healthy then it should run at 20-30
percent.