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1. Review- Concentrations
Influences on Solubility
Temperature, Pressure
2. Vapor Pressure of Solutions- Raoults Law
3. Consequences of Vapor Pressure Lowering
Colligative Properties
Importance: Way to get molar mass!
Influences on Solubility
Temperature
For gases- Decrease solubility with increase
in T (Fig.11.7)
For solids- Often (but not always) increase
with increase in T (Fig. 11.6)
Figure 11.7
The Solubilities of
Several Gases in
Water
(Solubility Decreases
with Increase in T)
Figure 11.6
The Solubilities of
Several Solids as a
Function of
Temperature
Henrys Law
The amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas
above the solution.
P = kC
P = partial pressure of gaseous solute above
the solution
C = concentration of dissolved gas
k = a constant
Quiz #18
(Figs. 11.9,10)
Raoults Law
(Ideal Soln.)
Figure 11.11
A Solution
Obeying
Raoults Law
Influences on Solubility
Pressure - solutions, Raoults Law
11.48, 50
11.48
Given: 53.6 g glycerin (C3H8O3) and 133.7 g
ethanol (C2H5OH) solution has vapor pressure of
113 Torr at 40 C.
Glycerin is not volatile
(has very low vapor pressure)
Find: Vapor pressure of pure ethanol at 40 C
Soln:
Note:
Figure 11.13
Vapor Pressure for a Solution of Two Volatile
Liquids (Nonideal)
TODAY
1. ReviewColligative Properties- Tb
2. Colligative Properties- (Cont.)
Tf , Osmotic pressure
3. Electrolyte solutions - more particles
4. Colloidal Dispersions
5. Reaction Rates
Colligative Properties
Colligative:
Means depends on number of
particles, NOT kind. (Collective)
Importance:
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Based on Vapor Pressure Lowering of
solvent because of solute.
(Next Slide, Fig. 11.14)
Tb = Tbsoln - Tb
(positive number)
Tf = Tfsoln - Tf
(negative number)
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Ex:11.66, p. 555
Given: Anthraquinone, emp. form. C7H4O.
Tf = - 22.3 deg when 1.32 g anth.
dissolved in 11.4 g camphor.
Kf = 40. deg*kg solvent/mol particles (Table
11.5)
Find: Molecular formula.
Soln: Find molar mass using Tf = -Kf m
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure
Another result of vapor pressure lowering
of solvent because of solute.
Osmosis
(Fig. 11.16)
Flow of solvent through semipermeable
membrane into a solution.
(because of different vapor pressures of solvent in
solution)
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure
Natural tendency is to try to even out
concentrations.
Solute cant go through semipermeable
membrane so solvent moves.
Figure 11.15
Ice in Equilibrium
Figure
11.16
Osmotic
Pressure
Name?
Quiz #19 (8)
TA Name
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure(Cont.)
Pressure which must be supplied to
surface of solution to stop osmosis.
= MRT
= osmotic pressure
M = molarity of particles
T = Temperature in Kelvin
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Ex:11.68, p. 556
Given: 20.0 mg of a protein dissolved in
water to make 25.0 mL soln. Osmotic
pressure is 0.56 Torr at 25 C.
Find: Molar mass.
Soln: Find molar mass using = M R T
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
i = vant Hoff factor
= moles particles in solution
moles of solute dissolved
[ion pairing keeps i from having ideal value]
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m NaCl
i=2
m = 2 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m MgCl2 i = 3
m = 3 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:
i = 2.7
Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m FeCl3 i = 4
m = 4 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:
Colloids
Colloidal Dispersion:
Beam of light visible passing through.
Tyndall Effect , Fig. 11.23
Particle Size: 1 to 1000 nm
Around size of light wavelengths.
True Solution:
Beam of light NOT visible passing through.
Particle
Size: < 1 nm
Less than size of light wavelengths.