TODAY

1. Review- Concentrations
Influences on Solubility
Temperature, Pressure
2. Vapor Pressure of Solutions- Raoults Law
3. Consequences of Vapor Pressure Lowering
Colligative Properties
Importance: Way to get molar mass!

Quiz #17 (8)

Given that we want to make 25.0 mL of 0.40 M
NaOH (40.0 g/mol).
1.(2) How many mol of NaOH are needed?
2. (2) How many grams of NaOH are needed?
3. (1) How much water is needed?

Influences on Solubility
Temperature
For gases- Decrease solubility with increase
in T (Fig.11.7)
For solids- Often (but not always) increase
with increase in T (Fig. 11.6)

Figure 11.7
The Solubilities of
Several Gases in
Water

(Solubility Decreases
with Increase in T)

Figure 11.6
The Solubilities of
Several Solids as a
Function of
Temperature

Influences on Solubility (cont.)

Pressure
For gases- Increase solubility with increase
in P (Fig.11.5)
For solids- Small effect

Figure 11.5 A Gaseous Solute

(Increase in Pressure Increases solubility)

Henrys Law
The amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas
above the solution.
P = kC
P = partial pressure of gaseous solute above
the solution
C = concentration of dissolved gas
k = a constant

Quiz #18

Given: N2 solubility in water is 8.21*10 -4

mol/L at 0 C and 0.790 atm.

Find: Concentration of N2 in water at 0 C when

P of nitrogen is 1.10 atm.

Vapor Pressure of Solutions

Presence of non-volatile solute affects vapor
pressure of solvent.
Lowers it

(Figs. 11.9,10)

Raoults Law - Ideal Soln

0 < X <1
PA = XA PA
So PA < PA
(Words?)

Figure 11.9 An Aqueous Solution and Pure

Water in a Closed Environment

Figure 11.10 Presence of a Nonvolatile Solute

Inhibits Escape of Solvent Molecules from Liquid

Raoults Law
(Ideal Soln.)

The presence of a nonvolatile solute lowers

the vapor pressure of a solvent.
Psoln = solventPsolvent
Psoln = vapor pressure of the solution
solvent = mole fraction of the solvent
Psolvent = vapor pressure of the pure solvent

Figure 11.11
A Solution
Obeying
Raoults Law

Influences on Solubility
Pressure - solutions, Raoults Law
11.48, 50
11.48
Given: 53.6 g glycerin (C3H8O3) and 133.7 g
ethanol (C2H5OH) solution has vapor pressure of
113 Torr at 40 C.
Glycerin is not volatile
(has very low vapor pressure)
Find: Vapor pressure of pure ethanol at 40 C
Soln:

Note:

Even if solution does not obey Raoults

Law ( if not ideal soln.)
the solution vapor pressure still obeys
Daltons Law.
Ptotal = PA + PB + ..

Fig. 11.12 Total Vapor Pressure of a Solution

(Sum of vapor pressure of each component)

Figure 11.13
Vapor Pressure for a Solution of Two Volatile
Liquids (Nonideal)

TODAY
1. ReviewColligative Properties- Tb
2. Colligative Properties- (Cont.)
Tf , Osmotic pressure
3. Electrolyte solutions - more particles
4. Colloidal Dispersions
5. Reaction Rates

Colligative Properties
Colligative:
Means depends on number of
particles, NOT kind. (Collective)
Importance:

Can estimate Molar Mass.

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Based on Vapor Pressure Lowering of
solvent because of solute.
(Next Slide, Fig. 11.14)

Figure 11.14 Development of Colligative Properties,

BP Elevation, MP Depression and Osmotic Pressure

Colligative Properties (Cont.)

Boiling Point Elevation
Tb = Kb m
m = molality of solute particles
Kb = molal boiling point constant
(deg*kg solvent/mol particles)

Tb = Tbsoln - Tb

(positive number)

Tb = boiling point pure solvent

Colligative Properties (Cont.)

Ex: 11.60, p. 555
Given: 2.00 g of X in 15.0 g CCl4.
B. pt. of soln = 77.85 deg.
Kb for CCl4 = 5.03 deg*kg/mol .
Tb = 76.50 deg
Find: Mm of X, a biomolecule.
Soln: Use Tb = Kb m

Colligative Properties (Cont.)

Freezing Point Depression
Tf = - Kf m
m = molality of solute particles
Kf = molal freezing point constant
(deg*kg solvent/mol particles)

Tf = Tfsoln - Tf

(negative number)

Tf = freezing point pure solvent

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Ex:11.66, p. 555
Given: Anthraquinone, emp. form. C7H4O.
Tf = - 22.3 deg when 1.32 g anth.
dissolved in 11.4 g camphor.
Kf = 40. deg*kg solvent/mol particles (Table
11.5)
Find: Molecular formula.
Soln: Find molar mass using Tf = -Kf m

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure
Another result of vapor pressure lowering
of solvent because of solute.
Osmosis
(Fig. 11.16)
Flow of solvent through semipermeable
membrane into a solution.
(because of different vapor pressures of solvent in
solution)

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure
Natural tendency is to try to even out
concentrations.
Solute cant go through semipermeable
membrane so solvent moves.

Figure 11.15

Ice in Equilibrium

Figure
11.16
Osmotic
Pressure

Name?
Quiz #19 (8)

TA Name

Given: 0.255 g of a compound,Y, is dissolved

in 11.12 g benzene. The solution starts boiling
at 80.26 deg. Pure benzene boils at 80.10 deg
and the boiling point constant for benzene is
2.53 deg*kg/mol.

Find: Estimate of molar mass of Y

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Osmotic Pressure(Cont.)
Pressure which must be supplied to
surface of solution to stop osmosis.
= MRT
= osmotic pressure
M = molarity of particles
T = Temperature in Kelvin

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Ex:11.68, p. 556
Given: 20.0 mg of a protein dissolved in
water to make 25.0 mL soln. Osmotic
pressure is 0.56 Torr at 25 C.
Find: Molar mass.
Soln: Find molar mass using = M R T

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
i = vant Hoff factor
= moles particles in solution
moles of solute dissolved
[ion pairing keeps i from having ideal value]

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m NaCl
i=2
m = 2 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:

i= 1.9, Table 11.6

m = 1.9 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m MgCl2 i = 3
m = 3 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:

i = 2.7

m = 2.7 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water

Colligative Properties(Cont.)
Electrolyte Solutions?
Remember that Colligative Properties depend on
number of (solute) particles in solution.
Expected values:
0.050 m FeCl3 i = 4
m = 4 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water
Actual values:

i = 3.4, Table 11.6

m = 3.4 (ions/mol)* 0.050 mol/kg water

Colloids
Colloidal Dispersion:
Beam of light visible passing through.
Tyndall Effect , Fig. 11.23
Particle Size: 1 to 1000 nm
Around size of light wavelengths.
True Solution:
Beam of light NOT visible passing through.
Particle
Size: < 1 nm
Less than size of light wavelengths.