Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

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Mechanics Research Communications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechrescom

Buckling analysis of a single-layer graphene sheet embedded in an elastic

medium based on nonlocal Mindlin plate theory
A.T. Samaei a, , S. Abbasion b , M.M. Mirsayar a
a
b

Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16844, Iran
EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material testing and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dbendorf, Switzerland

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 26 November 2010
Received in revised form 31 May 2011
Available online 1 July 2011
Keywords:
Graphene sheet
Nonlocal elasticity
Buckling

a b s t r a c t
The effect of length scale on buckling behavior of a single-layer graphene sheet embedded in a Pasternak
elastic medium is investigated using a nonlocal Mindlin plate theory. An explicit solution is extracted
for the buckling loads of graphene sheet and the inuence of the nonlocal parameter and aspect ratio
on dimensionless buckling loads is presented. It is found that the nonlocal assumptions exhibit larger
buckling loads and stiffness of elastic medium in comparison to classical plate theory.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In recent years, carbon nanostructures have drawn substantial
interest from the researches community for the future application
of modern aerospace, superfast microelectronics, micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), nano electro-mechanical systems
(NEMS), biomedical, bioelectrical, and nanocomposites (Drexler,
1992; Martel et al., 1998; Wong et al., 1998). The cause for
such an intense interest in carbon nanostructures lies in the
mechanical, physical, electrical, and thermal properties that can
be controlled, manipulated and used in the spread of innovative
devices (Poncharal et al., 1999; Dai et al., 1996). Ever since carbon
nanotubes discovery, much varieties of experimental, theoretical, and computer simulation approaches has been done on the
modeling and characterization of carbon nanostructures properties
(Iijima, 1991). In addition to experimental endeavors, many analytical and numerical analyses for carbon nanostructures mechanical
behavior have been reported in the literature such as molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations and continuum mechanics (Yakobson
et al., 1997; Govindjee and Sackman, 1999). Although several investigations have considered the discontinuous theory for explanation
of the mechanical behavior of micro/nanostructures in the literature (Chen et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2009), many theoretical researches
which is concerning the classical elasticity theory points out that
the continuum mechanics can employ for micro/nanostructures
in an acceptable accuracy (Lim and Yang, 2010; Al-Rub, 2007;
Hashemi and Samaei, 2011; Chen et al., 2004). Therefore continuum

Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 935 6315945; fax: +98 217 7240488.
E-mail addresses: arash samaei@mecheng.iust.ac.ir (A.T. Samaei),
mirmilad.mirsayar@gmail.com (M.M. Mirsayar).
0093-6413/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.06.003

mechanics approach for the analysis of micro and nanostructures is

less computationally expensive in comparison to other approaches.
However, there is a need to modify the classical continuum elasticity which cannot predict the size-effects, to account for the small
scale effect. Nonlocal elasticity theory proposed by Eringen and
Edelen (1972), which could potentially play a useful role to show
size-effects in analysis of nanoscale structures. Nonlocal elasticity
theory assumes the stress at a point is a function of the strains at
all the other points in the body (Eringen, 1972). Since Peddieson
et al. (2003) suggested analysis of nanostructures by nonlocal elasticity theory, many researchers (Sudak, 2003; Wang, 2005; Murmu
and Pradhan, 2009b) applied nonlocal theory to model carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets. Graphene sheets are a new kind of
two-dimensional carbon nano-plates. In the recent years, bending,
vibration, and buckling of graphene sheets (or micro/nano-plates)
are investigated using atomistic modeling and continuum mechanics model (He et al., 2005; Kitipornchai et al., 2005; Behfar and
Naghdabadi, 2005). Especially Stability response of graphene sheets
as MEMS/NEMS component is one of the topics of primary interest. The buckling of graphene sheets has been studied by atomistic
modeling in literature (Behfar et al., 2006). In addition to, a few
researchers have reported the bending, buckling, and vibration
analysis of micro and nano-plate or graphene sheets using nonlocal elasticity theory (Sakhaee-Pour et al., 2008; Sakhaee Pour,
2009; Murmu and Pradhan, 2009a). Many researches are often
considered carbon nanotubes embedded in an elastic medium (Lu
et al., 2008; Wagner et al., 1998). Recently, Pradhan and Murmu
(2009) employed nonlocal plate theory and used DQM for buckling analysis of single-layer graphene sheet embedded in elastic
medium. To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no analytical solution available in the literature for buckling analysis of
Mindlin micro/nano-plates such as graphene sheets with allowance

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A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

Here E, G and  are the elastic modulus, shear modulus and poisons
ratio, respectively. The stress resultant-displacement relations can
be given as (Akhavan et al., 2009)

Mij =

h/2

Fig. 1. A continuum plate model of a single-layered graphene sheet embedded in

an elastic medium.

Qk = k
for small scale effect and resting on Pasternak elastic foundation.
The current paper presents an explicit formulation based on nonlocal Mindlin plate theory considering the small scale effect in
conjunction with the rst-order shear deformation effect including
plate-foundation interactions.

h/2

i, j = 1, 2

ij zdz,

(4.a)

h/2

2
h/2

k = 1, 2

k,z dz,

(4.b)

In which k2 is the transverse shear correction coefcient. The

displacement eld according to the Mindlin plate theory may be
expressed as
ux = u(x, y, z) + z

x,

(5.a)

2. Problem formulation

uy = v(x, y, z) + z

y,

(5.b)

Nonlocal continuum theory states that the stress at a reference

point x in an elastic continuum depends not only on strain at x but
also on the strains at all other points x in the body (Eringen and
Edelen, 1972). The basic equations for a linear homogenous elastic
body using nonlocal elasticity theory are

uz = w(x, y, z),

ij,j + fi = u i

(|x x |, )Cijkl kl dv(x )

ij (x) =

where x and y are the rotational displacement about the y and x

axes, respectively. z and t are transverse displacement and time,
respectively. The general strain relations are expressed as

(1.a)

xx =

u
x
+z
,
x
x

(6.a)

(1.b)

yy =

y
v
+z
,
y
y

(6.b)

kl =

uk,l + ul,k
2

(1.c)

where  ij , , f and ui are the nonlocal elasticity stress tensor, mass

density, body forces, and the displacement vector at point x, respectively. Cijkl is the local stress tensor at any point x in the body which





is related to the strain tensor kl . (x x  , ), x x  and  = (e0 a/l)
are the nonlocal kernel function, Euclidean distance, and material
constant that depends on the internal characteristic length a (such
as the CC bond length, lattice parameter) and external characteristic length l (like graphene sheet length, wave length, crack length),
respectively. The parameter e0 is Eringens nonlocal elasticity constant suitable to each material. The aforementioned integro-partial
differential equations based on nonlocal elasticity with that kernel
function can be simplied to
[1 (e0 a)2 2 ]ij = Cijkl kl,

(2)

where 2 is the Laplacian operator and is dened by 2 =

(2 /x2 + 2 /y2 ).
In this investigation a single-layer graphene sheet is modeled as
a rectangular plate with length l, width b and thickness h. Consider
a coordinate system (x, y, z) at one corner of the graphene sheet, see
Fig. 1, with the x, y and z axes along the length, width and thickness
of plate, respectively.
Using Eq. (2), the plane stress nonlocal constitutive relations can
be stated as

xx (e0 a)2


yy (e0 a)2


xy (e0 a)2


xz (e0 a)2


yz (e0 a)2

2 xx
2 xx
+
x2
y2
2 yy
x2
2 xy
x2

+
+

2 yy
y2
2 xy
y2

2 xz
2 xz
+
2
x
y2
2 yz
x2

2 yz
y2


=

E
(xx + yy ),
(1 2 )
E
(yy + xx ),
(1 2 )

zz = 0,
xy =

xz

1
2

1
=
2

xz =

1
2





v
u
+
y
x

w
+
y

(3.c)

= 2Gxz ,

(3.d)



(3.e)

z
2

y
x
+
y
x

(6.c)


,

(6.d)

(6.e)

(6.f)

By substituting Eqs. (3.a)(3.e) and (6.a)(6.f) into Eq. (4.a) and (4.b),
the nonlocal constitutive relations in terms of displacements are
obtained

Mxx (e0 a)2


Myy (e0 a)

Mxy (e0 a)

2 Mxx
2 Mxx
+
2
x
y2
2 Myy
x2


2

2 Mxy
x2

2 Myy

=D


=D

y2
2 Mxy

y
x
+
x
y
y
x
+
y
x

D
= (1 )
2

y2

(7.a)

(7.b)

y
x
+
y
x


,
(7.c)


Qx (e0 a)2


Qy (e0 a)

(3.b)

w
+
x

(3.a)

= 2Gxy ,

= 2Gyz .

(5.c)

2 Qx
2 Qx
+
x2
y2
2 Qy
x2

2 Qy
y2


= k2 Gh


2

= k Gh

w
+
x

w
+
y

(7.d)

(7.e)

In which D = Eh3 /12(1 2 ) is the bending rigidity of the

graphene sheet. The governing equations based on Mindlin plate
theory can be given by Hashemi et al. (2008)
Mxx,x + Mxy,y Qx =

1
h3 x ,
12

(8.a)

Myy,y + Mxy,x Qy =

1
h3 y ,
12

(8.b)

Qx,x + Qy,y p = h z .

(8.c)

A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

p = N z,xx kw z + ks (
ks = Ks l2 /D, kw = Kw l4 /D

z.xx

z.yy )

(9)

1.2

Buckling Load ratio

where Mxx and Myy are the resultant moments, Mxy is the twisting
moment, and Qx and Qy are the transverse shear forces. All the above
moments and forces are per unit length.
The present study performs to predict the critical buckling loads
of a single-layered graphene sheet embedded in elastic medium
such as polymer composites by employing a nano-plate on an elastic foundation. The single-layered graphene sheet is simulated as
a rectangular nano-plate and the elastic medium is modeled using
an elastic foundation, both Winkler-type and Pasternak-type elastic foundation. Normal transverse load per unit area can be written
as

= 0,

Mxx = 0,

x = 0, l

(10.a)

w = 0,

= 0,

Myy = 0,

y = 0, b

(10.b)

To solve the buckling problem, we assume the solution of governing equations with satisfaction of aforementioned boundary
condition as
x

= x cos(x) sin(y),

(11.a)

= y sin(x) cos(y),

(11.b)

w = sin(x) sin(y).

(11.c)

In which and are dened as = m /l and = n /b, respectively. m and n are the half wave numbers. By substituting Eqs.
(11.a)(11.c) into Eqs. (7.a)(7.e) we have

c11
c21
c31

c12
c22
c32

c13
c23
c33



x
y

0
0
0

(12)

where coefcients c11 through c33 are given in appendix. By setting

the determinant of the coefcient matrix in Eq. (12) equal to zero
and solving the characteristic equation, we obtain the dimensionless buckling load
=
N

Nl2
D

(13)

3. Results and discussion

To study the effects of small length scale, rst-order shear deformation and a surrounding elastic medium on the buckling analysis
of single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium,
stability response is analyzed for different (i) lengths, (ii) nonlocal
parameter, (iii) Winkler modulus parameters and (iv) shear modulus parameters.
For the present study, a thick rectangular nanoplate under
in-plane load and resting on elastic foundation with following
properties is considered (Behfar and Naghdabadi, 2005). Consider
the graphene sheet with Youngs modulus, E = 1 GPa, the Poissons ratio,  = 0.3, the mass density,  = 2300 kg/m3 , and thickness
of nanoplate, h = 0.34 nm. The length l of the graphene sheet is
assumed as between 5 and 50 nm and the width is b = 40 nm. The
maximum length of graphene sheet often is taken as about 45 nm
(Sakhaee Pour, 2009). For the choice of scale coefcient we take,
e0 a = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 nm. The calculated buckling loads are
explained in nondimensional buckling load ratio.
local ) versus
nonlocal /N
Fig. 2 shows the buckling loads ratio (N
the variation of length the variation of length for a rectangular
nanoplate at different nonlocal parameters (e0 a). Buckling load

e 0a=0.0nm
e 0a=0.5nm

0.6

e 0a=1.0nm
e 0a=1.5nm

0.4

e 0a=2.0nm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

length (nm)
Fig. 2. Effect of length on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply supported
SLGS for different nonlocal parameter.

ratio is obtained from dividing nonlocal buckling load to classical

buckling load. For this study, Winkler and shear modulus parameter
is kw = 3000 and ks = 0, respectively, and the wave mode numbers
is assumed as m = 3 and n = 1. It is observed that nonlocal solution
for buckling load is smaller than the local solutions. This is charged
to the effect of small length scale. In addition, increasing the nonlocal parameter decreases the buckling load ratio. This intimates that
increasing the nonlocal parameter leads to a decline in stiffness
of single-layered graphene sheet because with increase of length,
the effect of nonlocal parameter reduces. Moreover, with further
increase of length l 50 nm the curves converge to the classical
buckling (e0 a = 0). It is because the nonlocal effect declines with
increase of the graphene sheet length and disappears after a certain
length.
To show the effect of the high wave modes and nonlocal effect
on the buckling load of single-layered graphene sheet embedded
in an elastic medium, buckling load ratio versus the variation of
length at different buckling modes (m = 1, 2, 3) are plotted in Fig. 3.
It can be observed that for all the buckling modes when the length
of single-layered graphene sheet increases the buckling load ratio
increases. It is because when the length of nanoplate increases, the
nonlocal effect declines.
1
0.9
0.8
m=1

Buckling Load ratio

0.8

0.2

where N is the in-plane loading per unit length, ks and kw are

shear and Winkler foundation dimensionless coefcients, respectively. For the simply supported graphene sheet we have following
boundary conditions
w = 0,

483

0.7

m=2

0.6

m=3

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

length (nm)
Fig. 3. Effect of length on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply supported
SLGS for different buckling modes.

484

A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

kw=300

Fig. 5. For this case, the elastic medium is modeled as a Pasternak type foundation model with kw = 3000. The shear modulus
parameter is taken as ks = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. These value of shear
modulus parameter were also applied (Liew et al., 2006). At the
same nonlocal parameter it can be observed that the increase in
shear modulus parameter of elastic medium decreases the buckling
load ratio of single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium. This is inferred that the buckling load ratio reduces
with increase shear modulus parameter in Pasternak type model
foundation. Further, the dimensionless buckling load obtained from
Pasternak type model is relatively larger than that obtained from
Winkler type foundation model.

kw=500

4. Conclusions

Buckling Load ratio

0.8

0.6

kw=50

kw=100
kw=200

0.4

kw=400

0.2

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

length (nm)
Fig. 4. Effect of nonlocal parameter on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply
supported SLGS for different Winkler modulus parameter.

Now we examine the effects of the surrounding elastic medium

on the buckling load of single-layered graphene sheet in an elastic
medium subjected to various foundation parameters. Fig. 4 shows
the variation of buckling load ratio versus nonlocal parameter for
different Winkler modulus parameters kw . The elastic medium
is modeled as a Winkler-type foundation model (ks = 0). For the
present case the Winkler modulus parameter is taken as kw = 50,
100, 200, 300, 400, 500. The nonlocal parameter e0 a is varied from
0 to 25 nm for this case. This can be obviously observed from
Fig. 4 that the effect of Winkler modulus parameter is higher for
larger nonlocal parameters. This phenomenon is due to the effect
of small scale length at larger nonlocal parameter for the range
of soft to very hard elastic medium. Further, at the same nonlocal
parameter it is found that increasing the Winkler modulus parameter decreases the buckling load ratio. This is because increasing
the Winkler modulus parameter increases in the stiffness of
structure.
Lastly we consider the effect of shear modulus parameter on
the buckling load ratio versus nonlocal parameter of single-layer
graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium. Dimensionless
nonlocal /N
local ) versus nonlocal parameter, e0 a,
buckling load ratio (N
for different shear modulus parameters, ks have been plotted in

In this paper, effects of the nonlocal parameter and the surrounding elastic medium and rst order shear deformation on
the buckling analysis of single-layer graphene sheet embedded
in an elastic medium under in plane loading based on the nonlocal Mindlin plate theory are obtained. It was found that the
effect of small length scale and surrounding elastic medium is
signicant to the mechanical behavior of nanoplates or singlelayer graphene sheet and cannot be ignored. The single-layered
graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium is modeled a
Pasternak model with adding a shear layer to the Winkler model.
The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived
for the above problem. The governing equations are analytically
solved to obtain closed form solution for buckling load of simply
supported single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic
medium. Dimensionless Buckling load ratio increases with increase
in the length of nanoplate for all the buckling modes. Furthermore,
the buckling load ratio reduces with increase Winkler modulus
parameter and shear modulus parameter in Pasternak-type model
foundation. In comparison with classical plate theory, the nonlocal solutions represent larger buckling loads and stiffness of elastic
medium.
Appendix A.
Coefcients c11 through c33 : 


1 + 
2k2 Gh
c11 = 2 + 2 +
2 +
,
1
D (1 )
c12 =
c21 =

1 + 
1

1 + 
1

Buckling Load Ratio

c23 =
0.6

0
0

ks=10
ks=15

c31 = ,

2k2 Gh
D (1 )


,

c32 = ,

(2 + 2 ) +
+ 4 + 22 2 )].

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ks=25

0.5

2k2 Gh
D (1 )

1


2 +

kw
+ 2ks
k2 Gh
k Gh
2
(e0 a)
2 2 + 4 ) + k (2 + 2 ) + k (4
[N(
w
s
k2 Gh

ks=20

0.2

1 + 

c33 = 2 + 2 + N2 +

ks=0
ks=5

0.4

2k2 Gh
D (1 )

c22 = 2 + 2 +
0.8

c13 =

1.5

2.5

Nonlocal Parameter(nm)
Fig. 5. Effect of nonlocal parameter on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply
supported SLGS for different shear modulus parameter.

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