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Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9
5/13/2013
Fig. 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Organic
+O
molecules 2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
ATP
ATP powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
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OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain
Fig. 9-UN1
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
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Fig. 9-3
Reactants
Products
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide
Water
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e e
-
NAD+
NADH
Hi! I am NADH! I
am the reduced
form of NAD+ and
will carry my e-s to
the ETC!
Hi! I am NAD+
(I have 1 more
proton than
electron)
e e
-
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
1 H+ drifts
away
NADH
Dehydrogenase
Hi! I am glucose
and I am going to
donate 2 e-s and
1 H+ to NAD+
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Fig. 9-4
2 e + 2 H +
2 e + H +
H+
NADH
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
NAD+
2[H]
+ H+
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)
Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
Dehydrogenase
Fig. 9-5
H2 + 1/2 O2
2H
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2 H+ + 2 e
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
1/
2 O2
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
How we power
the space shuttle
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
1/
2 O2
5/13/2013
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
oSome ATP is made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from
an organic substrate with more energy than ATP has to ADP, by
an enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
ATP
Product
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Fig. 9-8
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
used
4 ATP
formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Glucose
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+
2 NADH + 2 H+
Figure 9.9a
ATP
Glucose
Fructose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
ADP
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Hexokinase
Figure 9.9b
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ADP
Phosphofructokinase
Aldolase 4
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Isomerase 5
To
step 6
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Figure 9.9c
2 NAD
2 ADP
2
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 Pi
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
Figure 9.9d
Phosphoglyceromutase
3-Phosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2
Pyruvate
kinase
Enolase
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
10
Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
NAD+
NADH
H+
2
1
Pyruvate
3
CO2
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
Transport protein
10
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The Citric Acid Cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NAD
H+
H+
Acetyl
CoA CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2 CO2
FADH2
3
NAD+
3 NADH
+ 3 H+
FAD
o Generates: 1 ATP, 3
NADH, and 1 FADH2 per
turn (per Acetyl CoA)
ADP
+
Pi
ATP
Figure 9.12-1
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Citric
acid
cycle
11
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Figure 9.12-2
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle
Figure 9.12-3
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Figure 9.12-4
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
4
NAD
CO2
NADH
Succinyl
CoA
+ H
12
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Figure 9.12-5
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
5
CO2
NAD
Succinate
NADH
Pi
+ H
Succinyl
CoA
GTP GDP
ADP
ATP
Figure 9.12-6
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
Fumarate
CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
FADH2
CO2
NAD
FAD
Succinate
NADH
Pi
+ H
Succinyl
CoA
GTP GDP
ADP
ATP
Figure 9.12-7
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
H2O
Oxaloacetate
2
Malate
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
H2O
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
Fumarate
CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
FADH2
NAD
FAD
Succinate
CO2
NADH
Pi
GTP GDP
Succinyl
CoA
+ H
ADP
ATP
13
5/13/2013
Figure 9.12-8
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
NADH
+ H
H2O
NAD
Oxaloacetate
2
Malate
Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
H2O
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
+ H
CO2
Fumarate
CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
FADH2
NAD
FAD
Succinate
GTP GDP
CO2
NADH
Pi
Succinyl
CoA
+ H
ADP
ATP
But.
Remember all those high-energy
electrons taken by NAD+ & FAD?
14
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Chemiosmosis:
The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+
Stator
Rotor
Internal
rod
Catalytic
knob
ADP
+
P
ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
15
5/13/2013
H+
H+
H+
H+
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Cyt c
ATP
synthase
FADH2
NADH
2 H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
FAD
NAD+
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
ATP
H+
2 Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
16
5/13/2013
Figure 9.16
Electron shuttles
span membrane
2 NADH
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
Pyruvate oxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
6 NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
about 26 or 28 ATP
About
30 or 32 ATP
CYTOSOL
17
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Types of Fermentation
There must be a place to drop off electrons
from NADH, or all the NAD+ will be rapidly
used up
o Fermentation = Glycolysis + reactions that
regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by
glycolysis
o 2 common types are alcohol fermentation
and lactic acid fermentation
Animation: Fermentation Overview
18
5/13/2013
Glucose
CYTOSOL
In a
facultative
anaerobe,
pyruvate is
a fork in the
metabolic
road that
leads to two
alternative
catabolic
routes
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
No O2 present:
Fermentation
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
19
5/13/2013
20
5/13/2013
Fig. 9-20
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol
Fatty
acids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Biosynthesis (Anabolic
Pathways)
o The body uses small molecules to build
other substances
o These small molecules may come directly
from food, from glycolysis, or from the citric
acid cycle
21
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Fig. 9-21
Glucose
AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate
Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits
Inhibits
Pyruvate
ATP
Citrate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Figure 9.UN06
Inputs
Outputs
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvate 2
ATP
2 NADH
22
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Figure 9.UN07
Outputs
Inputs
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
2 Oxaloacetate
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
CO2
2 FADH2
NADH
23