Complex Function

N. B. Vyas

Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Guj.)

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Distance between two complex numbers
The distance between two complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by
|z1 z2 | or |z2 z1 |

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Distance between two complex numbers
The distance between two complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by
|z1 z2 | or |z2 z1 |
Circles
A circle with centre z0 = (x0 , y0 )C and radius pR+ is
represented by |z z0 | = p

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Distance between two complex numbers
The distance between two complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by
|z1 z2 | or |z2 z1 |
Circles
A circle with centre z0 = (x0 , y0 )C and radius pR+ is
represented by |z z0 | = p
Interior and exterior part of the circle |z z0 | = p
The set {zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p} indicates the interior part of
the circle |z z0 | = p

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Distance between two complex numbers
The distance between two complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by
|z1 z2 | or |z2 z1 |
Circles
A circle with centre z0 = (x0 , y0 )C and radius pR+ is
represented by |z z0 | = p
Interior and exterior part of the circle |z z0 | = p
The set {zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p} indicates the interior part of
the circle |z z0 | = p whereas {zC, pR+ /|z z0 | > p} indicates
exterior part of it.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Circular Disk
The open circular disk with centre z0 and radius p is given by
zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Circular Disk
The open circular disk with centre z0 and radius p is given by
zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p. The close circular disk is given by
{zC, pR+ /|z z0 | p}

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Circular Disk
The open circular disk with centre z0 and radius p is given by
zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p. The close circular disk is given by
{zC, pR+ /|z z0 | p}
Neighbourhood
An open neighbourhood of a point z0 is a subset of C
containing an open circular disk centered at z0 .

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Circular Disk
The open circular disk with centre z0 and radius p is given by
zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p. The close circular disk is given by
{zC, pR+ /|z z0 | p}
Neighbourhood
An open neighbourhood of a point z0 is a subset of C
containing an open circular disk centered at z0 . Mathematically
Np (z0 ) = {zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p}

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Circular Disk
The open circular disk with centre z0 and radius p is given by
zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p. The close circular disk is given by
{zC, pR+ /|z z0 | p}
Neighbourhood
An open neighbourhood of a point z0 is a subset of C
containing an open circular disk centered at z0 . Mathematically
Np (z0 ) = {zC, pR+ /|z z0 | < p}
A punctured or deleted neighbourhood of a point z0 contain
all the points of a neighbourhood of z0 , excepted z0 itself.
Mathematically {zC, pR+ /0 < |z z0 | < p}

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Annulus
The region between two concentric circles with centre z0 of radii
p1 and p2 (> p1 ) can be represented by p1 < |z z0 | < p2 .

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Annulus
The region between two concentric circles with centre z0 of radii
p1 and p2 (> p1 ) can be represented by p1 < |z z0 | < p2 . Such a
region is called open circular ring or open annulus.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Annulus
The region between two concentric circles with centre z0 of radii
p1 and p2 (> p1 ) can be represented by p1 < |z z0 | < p2 . Such a
region is called open circular ring or open annulus.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Open Set
Let S be a subset of C. It is called an open set if for each
points z0 S, there exists an open circular disk centered at z0
which included in S.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Open Set
Let S be a subset of C. It is called an open set if for each
points z0 S, there exists an open circular disk centered at z0
which included in S.
Closed Set
A set S is called closed if its complement is open.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Open Set
Let S be a subset of C. It is called an open set if for each
points z0 S, there exists an open circular disk centered at z0
which included in S.
Closed Set
A set S is called closed if its complement is open.
Connected Set
A set A is said to be connected if any two points of A can be
joined by finitely many line segments such that each point on the
line segment is a point of A

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Domain
An open connected set is called a domain.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Domain
An open connected set is called a domain.
Region
It is a domain with some of its boundary points.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Domain
An open connected set is called a domain.
Region
It is a domain with some of its boundary points.
Closed region
It is a region together with the boundary points (all boundary
points included).

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Curves and Regions in Complex Plane

Domain
An open connected set is called a domain.
Region
It is a domain with some of its boundary points.
Closed region
It is a region together with the boundary points (all boundary
points included).
Bounded region
A region is said to be bounded if it can be enclosed in a circle
of finite radius.
N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.
If for each value of z if more than one value of w exists then
w is called multi-valued function.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.
If for each value of z if more than one value of w exists then
w is called
multi-valued function.

E.g.: w = Z

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.
If for each value of z if more than one value of w exists then
w is called
multi-valued function.

E.g.: w = Z
w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) and v(x, y) are
known as real and imaginary parts of the function w.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.
If for each value of z if more than one value of w exists then
w is called
multi-valued function.

E.g.: w = Z
w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) and v(x, y) are
known as real and imaginary parts of the function w.
E.g.: f (z) = z 2 = (x + iy)2 = (x2 y 2 ) + i(2xy)
N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iw are two complex variables and
if to each point z of region R there corresponds at least on
point w of a region R we say that w is a function of z and
we write w = f (z)
If for each value of z in a region R of the z-plane there
corresponds a unique value for w then w is called single
valued function.
E.g.: w = z 2 is a single valued function of z.
If for each value of z if more than one value of w exists then
w is called
multi-valued function.

E.g.: w = Z
w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) and v(x, y) are
known as real and imaginary parts of the function w.
E.g.: f (z) = z 2 = (x + iy)2 = (x2 y 2 ) + i(2xy)
u(x, y) = x2 y 2 and v(x, y) = 2xy
N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Limit and Continuity of f (z)

A function w = f (z) is said to have the limit l as z
approaches a point z0 if for given small positive number we
can find positive number such that for all z 6= z0 in a disk
|z z0 | < we have |f (z) l| <

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Limit and Continuity of f (z)

A function w = f (z) is said to have the limit l as z
approaches a point z0 if for given small positive number we
can find positive number such that for all z 6= z0 in a disk
|z z0 | < we have |f (z) l| <
Symbolically, we write lim f (z) = l
zz0

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Limit and Continuity of f (z)

A function w = f (z) is said to have the limit l as z
approaches a point z0 if for given small positive number we
can find positive number such that for all z 6= z0 in a disk
|z z0 | < we have |f (z) l| <
Symbolically, we write lim f (z) = l
zz0

A function w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is said to be

continuous at z = z0 if f (z0 ) is defined and
lim f (z) = f (z0 )
zz0

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Limit and Continuity of f (z)

A function w = f (z) is said to have the limit l as z
approaches a point z0 if for given small positive number we
can find positive number such that for all z 6= z0 in a disk
|z z0 | < we have |f (z) l| <
Symbolically, we write lim f (z) = l
zz0

A function w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is said to be

continuous at z = z0 if f (z0 ) is defined and
lim f (z) = f (z0 )
zz0

In other words if w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is continuous

at z = z0 then u(x, y) and v(x, y) both are continuous at
(x0 , y0 )

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Limit and Continuity of f (z)

A function w = f (z) is said to have the limit l as z
approaches a point z0 if for given small positive number we
can find positive number such that for all z 6= z0 in a disk
|z z0 | < we have |f (z) l| <
Symbolically, we write lim f (z) = l
zz0

A function w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is said to be

continuous at z = z0 if f (z0 ) is defined and
lim f (z) = f (z0 )
zz0

In other words if w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is continuous

at z = z0 then u(x, y) and v(x, y) both are continuous at
(x0 , y0 )
And conversely if u(x, y) and v(x, y) both are continuous at
(x0 , y0 ) then f (z) is continuous at z = z0 .
N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Differentiation of f (z)

The derivative of a complex function w = f (z) a point z0 is

written as f 0 (z0 ) and is defined by
dw
f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
= f 0 (z0 ) = lim
provided limit exists.
z0
dz
z

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Differentiation of f (z)

The derivative of a complex function w = f (z) a point z0 is

written as f 0 (z0 ) and is defined by
dw
f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
= f 0 (z0 ) = lim
provided limit exists.
z0
dz
z
Then f is said to be differentiable at z0 if we write the
change z = z z0 since z = z0 + z
f (z) f (z0 )
f 0 (z0 ) = lim
zz0
z z0

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Analytic Functions

A single - valued complex function f (z) is said to be

analytic at a point z0 in the domain D of the zplane, if
f (z) is differentiable at z0 and at every point in some
neighbourhood of z0 .
Point where function is not analytic (i.e. it is not single
valued or not) are called singular points or singularities.
From the definition of analytic function
1
2
3

To every point z of R, corresponds a definite value of f (z).

f (z) is continuous function of z in the region R.
At every point of z in R, f (z) has a unique derivative.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Cauchy-Riemann Equation

f is analytic in domain D if and only if the first partial

derivative of u and v satisfy the two equations
u
v u
v
=
,
=
(1)
x
y y
x
The equation (1) are called C-R equations.

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Example
Ex. Find domain of the following functions:
1
1 2
z +1
1
Sol. Here f (z) = 2
z +1
f (z) is undefined if z = i and z = i
Domain
  is a complex plane except z = i
1
2 arg
z
 
1
Sol. Here f (z) = arg
z
1
1
1
x iy
x iy
=
=
x
= 2
z
x + iy
x + iy x iy
x + y2
1
is undefined for z = 0
z
 
1
Domain of arg
is a complex plane except z = 0.
N.B.V yas zDepartment of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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Example

z
z + z

z
z + z
f (z) is undefined if z + z = 0
i.e. (x + iy) + (x iy) = 0
2x = 0
x=0
f (z) is undefined if x = 0
Domain is complex plane except x = 0

Sol. Here f (z) =

N.B.V yas Department of M athematics, AIT S Rajkot

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