00 NSN LTE Presentation PlanningTeam May12-2013 PDF

LTE fundamentals and system architect
Ahmad Talaat
NSN Saudi - NPO
Nokia Siemens Networks
Contents
LTE Drivers
LTE Main Requirements
Network Architecture Evolution
Key Features and Basics
LTE Network Architecture
Highlight on some Important NSN Features
The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP driven

initiative
LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020 &

beyond.
It shall especially compete with WiMAX 802.16e/m

It must keep the support for high & highest
mobility users like in GSM/UMTS networks
The architectural changes are big compared to

UMTS
LTE commercial launch has started early 2010.
LTE Drivers
Wireline Evolution:
pushes higher data
rates
Wireless Data
extensively used:
Pushes more capacity
Driving to clear
LTE Targets
Other Wireless
technologies:
Competition pushes new
capabilities
4
Flat Rate pricing:

pushes cost efficiency
What are the LTE challenges?

The Users expectation
..leads to the operators challenges
Best price, transparent flat rate

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness
reduce cost per bit

provide high data rate
provide low latency
User experience will have an

impact on ARPU
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

to remain profitable
Throughput
Latency
Cost per MByte
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
UMTS
HSPA
I-HSPA
LTE
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
5
Reduction of network cost is necessary to remain

profitable
Revenues and Traffic
decoupled
Traffic volume
Traffic
/bit
Revenue
Profitability
Network
cost
Time
Voice
dominated
Source: Light Reading (adapted)
6
Data
dominated
Contents
LTE Drivers
LTE = Long Term Evolution

Next step for
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and CDMA
A true global roaming technology
Peak data rates of 303

Mbps / 75 Mbps
Enhanced consumer experience
Low latency 10-20 ms

Scalable bandwidth of
1.4 20 MHz
Easy to introduce on any

frequency band
OFDM technology
Flat, scalable IP based

architecture
8
Decreased cost / GB
Schedule for 3GPP releases
Next step for
A true global roaming technology
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and cdma2000
Specification:
UMTS/
WCDMA
3GPP Rel. 99/4
2000
HSDPA
IMS
HSUPA
MBMS
WLAN IW
HSPA+
LTE Studies
LTE & EPC
LTE-A
studies
LTE-A
Rel. 5
Rel. 6
Rel. 7
Rel. 8
Rel. 9
Rel. 10
2003
2005
2007
2008
2009
2011
year
LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have in common:
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are
typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.
LTE-A: LTE-Advanced
Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)
Peak data rates of
Enhanced consumer experience:
303 Mbps / 75 Mbps
- drives subscriber uptake
Low latency 10-20
- allow for new applications
ms
- provide additional revenue streams
Max. peak data rate

350
300
Mbps
250
Downlink
Uplink
Latency (Rountrip delay)*
200
150
GSM/
EDGE
100
HSPA
Rel6
50
0
HSPA R6
Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
min max
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

* Server near RAN
10
200 ms
Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
Easy to introduce on any

frequency band: Frequency
Refarming
(Cost efficient deployment on lower
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
frequency bands supported)

Urban
2.6 GHz
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
or
2.6 GHz
LTE
2006
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2018
2020
Rural
UMTS
900 MHz GSM
LTE
or
2006
11
LTE
GSM
900 MHz
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Increased Spectral Efficiency

LTE efficiency is 3 x HSPA R6 in
downlink
HSPA R7 and WiMAX have Similar
Spectral Efficiency
OFDMA technology
increases Spectral
efficiency
bps/Hz/cell
All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception

HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Downlink
Uplink
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
HSPA R6
12
ITU contribution from

WiMAX Forum shows
DL 1.3 & UL 0.8 bps/Hz/cell
HSPA R6 +
UE
equalizer
HSPA R7
WiMAX
LTE R8
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia

simulations
Reduced Network Complexity
Flat, scalable IP based

architecture
Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture

IP based Interfaces
Flat, IP based architecture

Access
Core
Control
MME
IMS
HLR/HSS
Internet
Evolved Node B
13
Gateway
LTE/SAE Requirements Summary

1. Simplify the RAN:
- Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their complexity.
- Minimize the number of RAN interface types.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Increase throughput: Peak data rates of UL/DL 50/100 Mbps

Reduce latency (prerequisite for CS replacement).
Improve spectrum efficiency: Capacity 2-4 x higher than with Release 6 HSPA
Frequency flexibility & bandwidth scalability: Frequency Refarming
Migrate to a PS only domain in the core network: CSFB for initial phase
Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS services
will be supported via VoIP, etc: EPS bearers for IMS based Voice
8. Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the eNBs S1Flex interface
9. Support for inter-working with existing 3G system & non-3GPP specified systems.
10. Operation in FDD & TDD modes
11. Improved terminal power efficiency
A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for LTE can be found in TR 25.913.
14
Contents
LTE Drivers
15
NSN Network Architecture Evolution (1/4)

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
User plane
Control Plane
Original 3G architecture.
2 nodes in the RAN.
2 nodes in the PS Core Network.
Every Node introduces additional delay.
Common path for User plane and Control plane data.
Air interface based on WCDMA.
RAN interfaces based on ATM.
Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP.
16

3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
RNC
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
Separated path for Control Plane and User Plane data in the PS
Core Network.
Direct GTP tunnel from the GGSN to the RNC for User plane data:
simplifies the Core Network and reduces Signalling.
First step towards a flat network Architecture.
30% core network OPEX and CAPEX savings with Direct Tunnel.
The SGSN still controls traffic plane handling, performs session and
mobility management, and manages paging.
Still 2 nodes in the RAN.
17

3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
I-HSPA introduces the first true flat architecture to WCDMA.

Standardized in 3GPP Release 7 as: Direct Tunnel with collapsed
RNC.
Most part of the RNC functionalities are moved to the Node B.
Direct Tunnels runs now from the GGSN to the Node B.
Solution for cost-efficient broadband wireless access.
Improves the delay performance (less node in RAN).
Deployable with existing NSN WCDMA base stations.
Transmission savings
18

3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
LTE takes the same Flat architecture from Internet HSPA.

Air interface based on OFDMA.
All-IP network.
New spectrum allocation (i.e 2600 MHz band)
Possibility to reuse spectrum (i.e. 900 MHZ)
19
NSN Network Architecture Evolution - Summary

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B
RNC
3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA
RNC
Direct tunnel
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
Direct tunnel
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
20
Direct tunnel
Contents
LTE Drivers
21
LTE Radio Interface Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
LTE Radio Interface Key Features
Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)

Spectrum Flexibility
FDD & TDD modes
Multi-Antenna Transmission
Frequency and time Domain scheduling
Uplink (UL) Power Control
22
Packet
Data
Network
EUTRAN Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
Serving
GW
EUTRAN Key Features:

Evolved NodeB
IP transport layer
UL/DL resource scheduling
QoS Awareness
Self-configuration
23
PDN
GW
Packet
Data
Network
EPC Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
EPC Key Features:

IP transport layer
QoS Awareness
Packet Switched Domain only
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks
24
Packet
Data
Network
Multiple Access Methods
Frequency Division
Time Division
User 3
User ..
OFDMA
CDMA
TDMA
FDMA
User 2
User 1
Frequency Division
Code Division
Orthogonal subcarriers
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
25
The Rectangular Pulse

Fourier
Transform
spectral power density
amplitude
Time Domain
fs
Ts
time
1
Ts
Inverse
Fourier
Transform
Advantages:
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex
filter system required to detect such pulses
and to generate them.
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration.
This is a major advantage in case of multipath propagation environments as it simplifies
handling of inter-symbol interference.
26
Frequency Domain
fs
frequency f/fs
Disadvantage:
- it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However
the spectral power density has null points
exactly at multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts.
This will be important in OFDM.
Air Interface - OFDM Basics

Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only
transports a part of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used)
subcarriers while the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The
number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power
bandwidth
frequency
27
The OFDM Signal
28
OFDMA Parameters in LTE

Channel bandwidth: DL bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Data subcarriers: the number of data subcarriers varies with the
bandwidth
72 for 1.4 MHz to 1200 for 20 MHz
29
Resource Block and Resource Element

Physical Resource Block PBR or Resource Block RB:
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain
Capacity allocation based on Resource Blocks
Subcarrier 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
180 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resource Element RE:

1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
theoretical min. capacity allocation unit
1 RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation
symbol on a subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits
(QPSK), 4 bits (16QAM), 6 bits (64QAM).
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot
1 slot
1 ms subframe
30
Resource
Element
Physical Resource Blocks
12 subcarriers
..
Resource
block
a RB consists of 12 consecutive
subcarriers in the frequency domain,
reserved for the duration of 0.5 ms
slot.
The smallest resource unit a

scheduler can assign to a user is a
scheduling block which consists of
two consecutive resource blocks
1 ms subframe
or TTI
0.5 ms slot
Time
During each TTI,

resource blocks for
different UEs are
scheduled in the
eNodeB
In both the DL & UL direction, data is

allocated to users in terms of
resource blocks (RBs).
..
Frequency
31
LTE Channel Options
Bandwidth options: 1.4, 1.6, 3, 3.2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Subcarriers in frequency domain (15 kHz or 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing)
32
Channel bandwidth
(MHz)
1.4
10
15
20
Number of
subcarriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
Number of resource
blocks
15
25
50
75
100
LTE RRM: Scheduling
Motivation
Bad channel condition avoidance
33
CDMA
OFDMA
Single Carrier transmission

does not allow to allocate
only particular frequency
parts. Every fading gap
effects the data.
The part of total available

channel experiencing bad
channel condition (fading)
can be avoided during
allocation procedure.
Contents
LTE Drivers
34

HSPA
Direct tunnel
I-HSPA
LTE
HSPA R6
HSPA R7
HSPA R7
LTE R8
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
SAE GW
SGSN
RNC
Node B
(NB)
SGSN
SGSN
RNC
Node B
(NB)
Node B +
RNC
Functionality
Flat architecture: single network element in user

plane in radio network and core network
35
MME/SGSN
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
User plane
Control Plane
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems

The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer.
There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN
36
SAE or EPC
EPC provides access to

external packet IP networks and
performs a number of CN
related functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and terminal
context management) for idle
and active terminals
eUTRAN performs all radio

interface related functions
LTE/SAE Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity
Policy &
Charging Rule
Function
S6a
MME
X2
S10
S7
Rx+
PCRF
S11
S5/S8
S1-U
LTE-Uu
LTE-UE
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
PDN
Serving
Gateway
PDN
Gateway
SAE
Gateway
37
SGi
Contents
LTE Drivers
38
UL Physical Resource Block: DRS & SRS

The Demodulation Reference
Signal is transmitted in the third
SC-FDMA symbol (counting from
zero) in all resource blocks
allocated to the PUSCH carrying
the user data.
12 subcarriers
..
..
Frequency
1 ms subframe
or TTI
This signal is needed for channel

estimation, which in turn is
essential for coherent
demodulation of the UL signal in
the eNodeB.
0.5 ms slot
Time
Sounding Reference
Signal on last OFDM
symbol of 1 subframe;
Periodic or aperiodic
transmission
Demodulation
Reference Signal in
subframes that carry
PUSCH
The Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel

39
SRS provides UL channel quality

information as a basis for
scheduling decisions in the base
station. This signal is distributed in
the last SC-FDMA symbol of
subframes that carry neither
PUSCH nor PUCCH data. [SRS is
always disabled in FDD RL30 and
before.]
RL30
Uplink Scheduler
IAS: Interference Aware Scheduler UL
Improvement in UL coverage by optimizing the cell edge performance
Flexi eNodeB takes into account the noise and interference measurements together with
the UE Tx power density (= UE TX power per PRB) when allocating PRBs in the
frequency domain
Cell edge users are assigned to frequency sub-bands with low measured inter-cell
interference
Up to 10% gain for cell edge users in low and medium loaded networks
Easier to implement than channel aware scheduling (no sounding reference signal used)
High Tx power density indicates

cell edge users / strong interferers
eNode B
measured
interference
PRBs
subband with high
interference
subband with low
interference
subband with medium
interference
Feature ID(s): LTE619

40
LTE46, UL Channel Aware Scheduling

Channel Unaware Scheduling (CUS)
random allocation of PRBs => averaging of inter-cell interference
simple and robust, no UL channel sounding required
no FDPS gain
Interference Aware Scheduling (IAS, LTE619)

rudimentary interference reduction via coarse segmentation
scheduling criterion based on Tx power density =>Tx power per PRB
no UL channel sounding required
lower FDPS gain than CAS, LTE46
Channel Aware Scheduling (CAS, LTE46)
very similar implementation in RL15 and RL40
sophisticated SRS- and PUSCH-based PRB allocation according to UE
specific channel state information (CSI)
UL channel sounding required
FDPS gain (low for a high # of PRBs allocated to a specific UE )
41
RL40
LTE RRM: Connection Mobility Control

Handover Types
Intra-RAT handover
Intra eNodeB and Inter eNodeB handover
Above handovers can also be Inter-frequency handovers (RL20) i.e. to support different
frequency bands and deployments within one frequency band but with different center
frequencies
Data forwarding over X2 for inter eNodeB HO

HO via S1 interface (RL20): HO in case of no X2 interface configured between serving
eNB and target eNB
Inter-RAT handover
LTE to WCDMA: RL30
WCDMA to LTE: RL40
LTE to CDMA2000: RL40 (CDMA2000 to LTE not assigned)
LTE GSM and GSM LTE: not assigned
42
Intra frequency handover via X2

A reliable and lossless mobility
Basic Mobility Feature
Event triggered handover based
on DL measurements (ref.
signals)
Network evaluated HO decision
Operator configurable
thresholds for
coverage based &
best cell based handover
Data forwarding via X2
Radio Admission Control (RAC)
gives priority to HO related
access over other scenarios
S1
X2
S-GW
MME
P-GW
S1

43
RL20
Intra LTE Handover via S1

Extended mobility option to X2 handover
Handover in case of
no X2 interface between eNodeBs, e.g. multi-vendor scenarios
eNodeBs connected to different CN elements
Operator configurable thresholds for
coverage based (A5) and
best cell based (A3) handover
DL Data forwarding via S1
Admission Control gives priority to HO
related access over other scenarios
Blacklists
44
RL20
Inter Frequency Handover

Multi-band mobility
Network controlled
Event triggered based on DL
measurement RSRP and RSRQ
Inter frequency measurements

triggered by events A1/A2
Operator configurable thresholds for

coverage based (A5),
best cell based (A3) handover
Service continuity for LTE deployment

in different frequency bands as well
as for LTE deployments within one
frequency band but with different
center frequencies
Blacklists
45
RL30
Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA

Coverage based inter-RAT PS handover
Only for multimode devices supporting
LTE and WCDMA
Event triggered handover based on DL

measurement RSRP (reference signal
received power)
Operator configurable RSRP threshold

Network evaluated HO decision
Target cells are operator configurable

An ANR functionality may be applied
optionally
Blacklisting
eNB initiates handover via EPC

46
RL30
eNACC to GSM
Network Assisted Cell Change to GSM
Service continuity to GSM
Network change from LTE to GSM in
RRC Connected Mode when LTE
coverage (RSRP) is ending
Prior to actual reselection process the

measurements of 2G network are
triggered
Only applicable for NACC capable

devices
Inter RAT measurements triggered by

events A1/A2
Operator configurable handover

threshold (event B2)
Target cells for IRAT measurements can

be configured by the operator
Blacklisting of target cells is supported

47
LTE735: RRC Connection Reestablishment

Advanced failure handling
eNode B takes UE back to RRC
S-GW MME
CONNECTED
UE initiated procedure
Typical scenarios:
Radio link failures (e.g. T310
expires)
Handover failure (e.g. T304

expires)
RRC connection reconfiguration

failure
48
UE reverts back to
source cell due to
handover failure
RL30
Automated Neighbor Relation (ANR) Configuration
Neighbour relations are important as wrong neighbour definitions cause HO

failures and dropped calls
Self configuration of relations avoids manual planning & maintenance
ANR covers 4 steps:

1)
2)
3)
4)
The scope within ANR is to establish an X2 connection between source and

target nodes and for that it is necessary that source eNB knows the target eNB
IP@
How the source eNB gets the IP@ differentiates the ANR features:
49
Neighbour cell discovery

Neighbour Sites X2 transport configuration discovery (i.e. Neighbour Site IP@)
X2 Connection Set-up with neighbour cell configuration update
ANR Optimization
Central ANR (RL10)

ANR (RL20)
ANR- Fully UE based (RL30)
3GPP ANR Configuration Principle

Neighbor
Site
Site
UE
eNB - B
connected
MME
eNB - A
New cell
discovered
New cell
identified
by ECGI
S1 : Request X2 Transport Configuration (ECGI)
relays
request
S1: Request X2 Transport Configuration

CM
S1: Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)
relays
response
S1 : Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)

CM
Add Site & Cell
parameter of
eNB-A
X2 Setup : IPsec, SCTP, X2-AP [site & cell info]

CM
CM
Neighbor Cell Tables in both eNB updated
50
Add Site & Cell

Parameter of
eNB-B
Thank You
51

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LTE fundamentals and system architect

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP driven

LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020 &

It shall especially compete with WiMAX 802.16e/m

The architectural changes are big compared to

LTE commercial launch has started early 2010.

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Flat Rate pricing:

What are the LTE challenges?

..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate

reduce cost per bit

User experience will have an

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

Nokia Siemens Networks

Reduction of network cost is necessary to remain

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE = Long Term Evolution

A true global roaming technology

Peak data rates of 303

Enhanced consumer experience

Low latency 10-20 ms

Easy to introduce on any

Flat, scalable IP based

Nokia Siemens Networks

Schedule for 3GPP releases

Next step for

A true global roaming technology

LTE & EPC

Nokia Siemens Networks

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

Peak data rates of

Enhanced consumer experience:

303 Mbps / 75 Mbps

- drives subscriber uptake

Low latency 10-20

- allow for new applications

- provide additional revenue streams

Max. peak data rate

Latency (Rountrip delay)*

LTE 2x20 MHz

DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Easy to introduce on any

frequency bands supported)

900 MHz GSM

Nokia Siemens Networks

Increased Spectral Efficiency

All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception

ITU contribution from

Nokia Siemens Networks

- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia

Reduced Network Complexity

Flat, scalable IP based

Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture

Flat, IP based architecture

Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/SAE Requirements Summary