Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

AIIB redirects here. For other uses, see AIIB (disam- lion to be invested from 2010 to 2020 in infrastructure
biguation).
for the region to continue economic development.[5][12]
In a 2014 editorial, The Guardian newspaper wrote that
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is the new bank could allow Chinese capital to nance these
projects and allow it a greater role to play in the ecoa proposed international nancial institution which is fowith its
cused on supporting infrastructure construction in the nomic development of the region commensurate
growing economic and political clout.[13] But until March
Asia-Pacic region. The bank was proposed as an initiative by the government of China[4] and supported by 2015, China in the ADB has only 5.47 percent voting
37 regional and 20 non-regional members Prospective right, while Japan and US have a combined 26 percent
Founding Members, 51 of which have signed the Articles voting right (13 percent each) with a share in subscribed
of Agreement that form the legal basis for the proposed capital of 15.7 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively.
bank. The bank starts operation after the agreement en- Dominance by both countries and slow reforms underlie
both countries
ters into force, which requires 10 ratications, holding a Chinas wish to establish the AIIB, while[14]
worry
about
Chinas
increasing
inuence.
total number of 50% of the initial subscritions of the Autorized Capital Stock. Countries with a large GDP that In June 2014 China proposed doubling the registered
did not become PFM are the US, Japan (which dominated capital of the bank from $50 billion to $100 billion
the ADB) and Canada.
and invited India to participate in the founding of the
[15][16]
On 24 October 2014, a signing ceremony
AIIB is regarded by some as a rival for the IMF, the World bank.
held
in
Beijing
formally recognized the establishment of
[5]
Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which
the
bank.
Twenty-one
countries signed the Memoranare regarded as dominated by developed countries like
dum
of
Understanding
(MOU),
including China, India,
[5]
the United States. The United Nations has addressed
Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Pakistan,
the launch of AIIB as scaling up nancing for sustainable development[6] for the concern of Global Economic Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait,
Laos, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Qatar, Sri
Governance.[7]
Lanka, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[17]
The bank was proposed by China in 2013[8] and the
initiative launched at a ceremony in Beijing in October U.S. pressure allegedly tried to keep Australia and South
despite the
2014.[9] The Articles of Agreement (AOA) were signed Korea from signing up as founding members,
[18]
fact
that
they
expressed
an
interest
in
it.
However,
both
by 50 PFMs on 29 June 2015, which become a party to
Australia
and
South
Korea
have
ocially
applied
to
join
the agreement through ratication. As of July 2015, 1
the
bank
in
late
March
2015,
ignoring
objections
by
the
[1]
state (Myanmar) has ratied the agreement.
United States.[19][20][21] Indonesias joining was slightly
delayed due to their new presidential administration not
being able to review the membership in time.[22] Indone1 History
sia signed the MOU on 25 November 2014.
Hong Kongs Financial Secretary John Tsang announced
in his budget speech in February 2015 that the territory
would join the AIIB.[23]

The rst news reports about the AIIB appeared in October 2013.[10] The Chinese government has been frustrated with what it regards as the slow pace of reforms and
governance, and wants greater input in global established
institutions like the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank which it claims are dominated by American,
European and Japanese interests.[5]

In early March 2015, the United Kingdoms Chancellor of

the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced that Britain
had decided to apply to join the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, becoming the rst major
Western country to do so. The announcement was criticised by the Obama Administration in the United States.
A US government ocial told the Financial Times, We
are wary about a trend toward constant accommodation
of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising
power. This ocial further stated that the British decision was taken after no consultation with the US.[24]

In April 2014, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang delivered a

keynote speech at the opening of the Boao Forum for Asia
and said that China was ready to intensify consultations
with relevant parties in and outside Asia on the preparations for the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.[11]
The Asian Development Bank Institute published a report in 2010 which said that the region requires $8 tril1

2 LEGAL BASIS AND MEMBERSHIP

In response to the US criticism, the UK claimed that the

subject had been discussed between the Chancellor Osborne and the US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew for several
months preceding the decision. It was further stated that
joining the bank as a founding member will allow Britain
to inuence the development of the institution. By encouraging Chinese investments in the next generations of
nuclear power plants, Osborne announced that the City
of London would become the base for the rst clearing
house for the yuan outside Asia.[25]
Following the criticism, the White House National Security Council, in a statement to The Guardian, declared,
Our position on the AIIB remains clear and consistent.
The United States and many major global economies
all agree there is a pressing need to enhance infrastructure investment around the world. We believe any new
multilateral institution should incorporate the high standards of the World Bank and the regional development
banks. Based on many discussions, we have concerns
about whether the AIIB will meet these high standards,
particularly related to governance, and environmental and
social safeguards The international community has a
stake in seeing the AIIB complement the existing architecture, and to work eectively alongside the World Bank
and Asian Development Bank.[26]
Three other European nations Germany, France and
Italy soon followed the UKs decision to join the AIIB.
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schuble stated,
We want to contribute our long-standing experience
with international nancial institutions to the creation of
the new bank by setting high standards and helping the
bank to get a high international reputation.[27] In March
2015, the South Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance
announced that it, too, is planning to join the AIIB, citing
its potential in beneting South Korean companies win
deals in infrastructural projects as well expanding South
Koreas inuence in international banking as a founding
member.[28]

term export-driven and domestic consumption development models favored by mainstream Neoclassical
economists and pursued inconsiderately by many developing countries in the 1990s and the rst decade of the
21st century with generally disappointing results.[29][30]
1.1.2 Infrastructure as regional integration and
foreign policy tool
In his 29 March 2015 speech at the Boao Forum for Asia
(BFA) annual conference, President Xi Jinping insisted
that the Chinese economy is deeply integrated with the
global economy and forms an important driving force of
the economy of Asia and even the world at large. []
Chinas investment opportunities are expanding. Investment opportunities in infrastructure connectivity as well
as in new technologies, new products, new business patterns, and new business models are constantly springing
up. [] Chinas foreign cooperation opportunities are
expanding. We support the multilateral trading system,
devote ourselves to the Doha Round negotiations, advocate the Asia-Pacic free trade zone, promote negotiations on regional comprehensive economic partnership,
advocate the construction of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), boost economic and nancial cooperation in an all-round manner, and work as an active
promoter of economic globalization and regional integration, insisting that the Silk Road Fund and the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank would foster economic
connectivity and a new-type of industrialization [in the
Asia Pacic area], and [thus] promote the common development of all countries as well as the peoples joint
enjoyment of development fruits.[31]

2 Legal basis and Membership

The Articles of Agreement will form the legal basis for

On 29 June 2015, 57 countries from ve continents signed
the Bank. 57 Prospective Founding Members (PFM)
in Beijing the Articles of Agreement, the legal framework
named in annex A of the agreement are eligible to sign
whos entry into force will form the formal start of the
and ratify the Articles, thus becoming a member of the
bank.
Bank. Other states, which are parties to the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the Asian
Development Bank may become members after approval
1.1 AIIB within PRC policy thinking
of their accession by the bank.[32]
1.1.1

Fostering LT economic development

The Articles were negotiated by the Prospective Founding

Members, with Hong Kong joining the negotiations via
China.[33][34][35]

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank can be construed as a natural inter-national extension of the
infrastructure-driven economic development framework
2.1 Founding Members
that has sustained the rapid economic growth of China
since the adoption of the Chinese economic reform under
chairman Deng Xiaoping. It stems from the notion that The 57 Prospective Founding Members can become
long-term economic growth can only be achieved through Founding Members through:
massive, systematic, and broad-based investments in in Signing the Articles of Agreement in 2015
frastructure assets in contrast with the more short-

2.2

non Prospective Founding Members

Ratifying the Articles of Agreement in 2015 or 2016

As of July 2015, 50 states have signed the Articles, one of
which has ratied them. Seven countries that signed the
founding charter did not sign the Article of Agreement
on 29 June.[36][37] The formal actions towards becoming
a Founding Member are shown below.

Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) Taiwan applied

for PFM to join the AIIB via Taiwan Aairs Ofce, possibly under the name Chinese Taipei on
31 March,[62][63] but was rejected to become a
PFM by the Multilateral Interim Secretariat of AIIB
on 13 April, without any reason stated. China
however kept the door open for Taiwans membership at a later date.[57] Chinas Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that Taiwan
should avoid two Chinas or one China, one Taiwan situation.[64]

2.2.1 Rejected applicant

North Korea

Prospective Founding Members (PFMs) of AIIB (2015-04-15

UTC+8 12:00:00)
Founding Members which signed the memorandum to build AIIB
Approved as PFM of AIIB
Applying to become an ordinary member of AIIB
Application under consideration
No commitment to participate or rejected
Uncommitted

Note: Regional members in blue

* Memorandum (MOU) signatories

2.2

Philippines Signature under Consideration

[55]

non Prospective Founding Members

Of the states without Prospective Founding Member status, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,[56] Hungary, Taiwan and Ukraine are considering joining the AIIB as
members. Colombia, Japan and the United States have
no immediate intention to participate. Taiwan,[57] and
according to Emergingmarkets.com, North Korea[58] had
their request to become a Prospective Founding Member
rejected by China to join as a PFM.
Countries reported to have requested to join as a member
which are non PFMs are shown below.
Note of the Country (Region)

Hong Kong Hong Kong SARs representative attended the third Chief Negotiators Meeting (CNM) held for Prospective Founding Members
(PFM) on 3031 March 2015 by joining the delegation of China,[61] and what kind of form or identity
that Hong Kong SAR will be in AIIB will be nally
determined once the preparing procedure or the negotiation is completed.[59]

A senior representative from North Korea had his

request for North Korea to join the AIIB rejected
by the alliances inaugural president, Jin Liqun. He
stated that North Korea had failed to obey a necessary principle: provide detailed information on the
economic and nancial market conditions of their
country.[65] The Chinese Foreign Ministry however
stated that it was unaware that North Korea had requested to join or that its application was rejected.
2.2.2 Comments
United States No commitment
The United States ocials have expressed concerns about whether the AIIB would have high standards of governance, and whether it would have environmental and social safeguards.[66] The United
States is reported to have used diplomatic pressure
to try and prevent key allies, such as Australia, from
joining the bank,[67] and expressed disappointment
when others, such as Britain, joined.[51][66]
Japan Under Consideration / No commitment
Masato Kitera, Tokyos envoy in Beijing, stated previously that Japan might join the AIIB.[68] Japanese
Finance Minister Tar As previously indicated interest in joining the AIIB, but later switched his
stance. Yoshihide Suga, Japans Cabinet Secretary,
told to the public that Japan was still seeking Chinas
full explanation of the AIIB as he stated, As of today, Japan will not join AIIB and a clear explanation
has not been received from China and Japan is dubious about whether (the AIIB) would be properly
governed or whether it would damage other creditors. He also stated that Japan is no longer considering whether or not to join the bank. The Japanese
Government Spokesman also announced that Japan
would not join the AIIB. Japanese prime minister

7
Shinz Abe also added that Japan does not need to
join the bank.[69]

Shareholding Structure

REFERENCES

7 References
[1] Articles of Agreement of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved
17 July 2015.
[2] Basic Documents of AIIB

The shares are based on the size of each member countrys economy (calculated using GDP Nominal (60%) and
GDP PPP (40%)), whether they're an Asian or NonAsian Member, but not contribution to the Banks authorised capital.[70][71][72][73]
Three categories of votes exist: basic votes, share votes
and Founding Member votes. The basic votes are equal
for all members and constitute 18% of the total votes,
while the share votes are equal to the number of shares.
Each Founding Member furthermore gets 600 votes. An
overview of the shares, assuming when all 57 Prospective
Founding Members have become Founding Members is
shown below (values in bold do not depend on the number
of members):
Shares and Voting %, in the event all PFM are party, and
no new members are accepted, are shown in the table with
parties above.

Management structure

[3] About: the Secretariat, aiibank.org.

[4] 21 Asian countries sign MOU on establishing Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
[5] Branigan, Tania (13 March 2015). Support for Chinaled development bank grows despite US opposition. The
Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
[6] http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/
wesp_archive/2015wesp-ch3-en.pdf
[7] United Nations Financing for Development Oce.
Global Economic Governance. Retrieved 29 March
2015.
[8] China says new bank to complement existing institutions. The Washington Post. 21 March 2015.
[9] Three major nations absent as China launches World
Bank rival in Asia. Reuters. 5 November 2014.
[10] An Asian infrastructure bank: Only connect. The
Economist. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
[11] ChinaBoao Forum China eyes closer Asias economic integration through Asian infrastructure bank. GBTIMES
BEIJING. 11 April 2014.

The banks governance structure is composed of the

Board of Governors as the top-level and highest decisionmaking body, the board of directors as the middle-level, [12] Bhattacharyay, Biswa N. (9 September 2010).
Estimating Demand for Infrastructure in Energy,
and the Management Team which is at the bottom of
Transport, Telecommunications, Water and Sanitation in
decision-making pyramidal structure.

Asia and the Pacic: 20102020. Asian Development

Bank Institute. Retrieved 27 October 2010.

Reception

[13] "The Guardian view on the Asian Infrastructure Bank: the

US should work with it, not oppose it: Its no surprise that
China is promoting a solution to the shortage of infrastructure capital in Asia. The Guardian. 27 October 2014.
Retrieved 2 April 2015.

The President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, has said
that the need for infrastructure in developing countries is
great so that the activities of new organizations would be [14] Isabel Reynolds and Enda Curran (18 March 2015). In
welcome.[74]
Development Bank Battle, Surge to China Rattles Japan.
Retrieved 5 April 2015.

See also
Boao Forum for Asia
New Development Bank (BRICS)/NDB BRICS
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

[15] Anderlini, Jamil (24 June 2014). China expands plans

for World Bank rival. Financial Times.
[16] Aneja, Atul (30 June 2014). China invites India to join
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
[17] China, 20 other countries initiate new Asian bank, Daily
Mail, 24 October 2014.
[18] China launches AIIB in Asia to counter World
bank,"Aairscloud , 24 October 2014.
[19] Australia decides to join China-proposed AIIB. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[20] Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Australia to sign

Memorandum of Understanding to join China development fund. ABC News. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[40] AIIB membership means opportunity for Iceland: ocial. Xinhua News Agency. 18 April 2015. Retrieved
25 April 2015.

[21] S. Korea decides to join China-proposed AIIB. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[41] Georgia, Denmark, Brazil, Netherlands, Finland Join

Chinas AIIB Bank. Sputnik. 25 April 2015.

[22] Indonesia becomes 22nd founding member of AIIB.

Xinhua News Agency. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 28
November 2014.

[42] Egypt, Norway, Russia approved as AIIB founders.

China Daily. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[23] The 201516 Budget Budget Speech. Retrieved 29

March 2015.

[43] Italy, France approved as AIIB founding members. Peoples Daily. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[24] US Attacks UKs 'constant Accommodation' with China

Financial Times. Financial Times.

[44] Germany becomes AIIB prospective founding member.

Retrieved 30 June 2015. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[25] US Anger at Britain Joining Chinese-led Investment

Bank AIIB. The Guardian.

[45] Iran Joins China-Led Asian Bank. Fars News Agency.

7 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[26] http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.
asp?id=58463&icid=2&d_str=20150313

[46] Malta, Kyrgyzstan join AIIB as founding members. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[27] Germany, France, Italy to Join China-Backed Development Bank. WSJ.

[47] Luxembourg becomes AIIBs prospective founding

member. Xinhua News Agency. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[28] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/27/world/asia/
south-korea-to-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank. [48] New Zealand becomes 24th founding member of AIIB.
China Daily. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
html
[29] M. Nicolas J. Firzli World Pensions Council (WPC) Director of Research quoted by Andrew Mortimer (14 May
2012). Country Risk: Asia Trading Places with the
West. Euromoney Country Risk (.). Retrieved 5 November 2012.

[49] Russia ocially joins $50bn China-led infrastructure

bank. RT. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.

[30] M. Nicolas J. Firzli (8 March 2011). Forecasting the

Future: The BRICs and the China Model. International
Strategic Organization (USAK) Journal of Turkish Weekly
(.). Retrieved 9 May 2015.

[51] The infrastructure gap. The Economist. Retrieved 21

March 2015.

[31] Wang Huning et al. (29 April 2015). Xi Jinping Holds

Talks with Representatives of Chinese and Foreign Entrepreneurs Attending BFA Annual Conference. PRC
Ministry of Foreign Aairs (.). Retrieved 9 May 2015.

[50] Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan to join Beijing-backed development bank. Reuters. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 25
April 2015.

[52] U.K. and Switzerland follow Brazil to China-backed Asia

investment bank. Reuters. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 25
April 2015.
[53] Turkey joins AIIB as founding member. Xinhua News
Agency. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[32] http://www.aiibank.org/uploadfile/2015/0629/
20150629094900288.pdf

[54] UAE joins AIIB as prospective founding member. Gulf

News. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[33] Financial Secretary My Blog

March 2015.

[55] Philippines, with great need in infrastructures, noncommittal in joining China-led nancial institution. Ang
Malaya Net. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

". Retrieved 29

[34] The Status of AIIB | About AIIB, aiibank.org.

[35] Members of AIIB, aiibank.org.
[36] Seven Stragglers Leave AIIB Crowd at an Even 50. The
Wall Street Journal. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June
2015.

[56] (Czech) an do Asijsk rozvojov banky pibrali

57 zem. esko se vstupem vh. 15 April 2015.
Hospodsk noviny.
[57] Taiwan unable to become AIIB prospective founding
member: China. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[37] Government defers signing of deal to join China-led

bank. The Philippine Star. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 30
June 2015.

[58] 'No way North Korea' DPRK refused entry to Chinaled AIIB, Emerging Markets. 27 March 2015. Retrieved
15 May 2015.

[38] Australia approved as AIIB founder. Xinhua News

Agency. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[59] "
(Hong Kong attended the preparing
meeting of AIIB)". guancha.cn. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[39] Spain, ROK, Austria join AIIB as founding members.

China Daily. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[60] Hungary to join China-backed AIIB investment bank

PM Orban. Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

[61] "
". Ministry of Finance
of PRC. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
[62] Taiwan to apply to join China-backed AIIB investment
bank. Reuters. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March
2015.
[63] Legislature not against AIIB bid. Taipei Times. 2 April
2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
[64] Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunyings Regular Press Conference on March 31, 2015. .FMPRC. 31
March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
[65] No way North Korea' DPRK refused entry to China-led
AIIB. Emerging Markets. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[66] Watt, Nicholas; Lewis, Paul; Branigan, Tania (15 March
2015). US anger at Britain joining Chinese-led investment bank AIIB. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
[67] Europeans defy US to join China-led development
bank. Financial Times. 16 March 2015. Australia, a key
US ally in the Asia-Pacic region which had come under
pressure from Washington to stay out of the new bank, has
also said that it will now rethink that position.
[68] Japan denies plan to join China-led development bank.
Yahoo!. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 31 March
2015.
[69] Taiwan to join China-led regional bank, Japan says not
now. Yahoo!. Elaine Kurtenbach. Retrieved 31 March
2015.
[70]
[71] China to have 30 per cent stake, veto power under AIIB
deal
[72] China to have 30 per cent stake, veto power under AIIB
deal
[73] Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Articles of Agreement
[74] World Bank welcomes China-led infrastructure bank.
Reuters. 8 July 2014.

External links
AIIB ocial website
Articles of Agreement of the Bank
Ministry of Finance of the Peoples Republic of
China (MOF) (Chinese)

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank?oldid=
672892550 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Horatio, Vsmith, PMLF, Bobrayner, Pipehappy, Benlisquare, Bgwhite, Anomie, A bit iy, Davewild,
Jayanta Sen, Rrburke, Curly Turkey, Takamaxa, Kashmiri, Drieakko, Cgy01, Marletbadeo, DumbBOT, Legis, Visik, Magioladitis, R'n'B,
Rizan, Bonadea, MaynardClark, JL-Bot, Sitush, Der Golem, L.tak, Indopug, Lihaas, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Archon 2488, Onedaylemurswillruletheworld, Haeinous, Engr.Raju, Lvhis, I dream of horses, Kgbo, Rob.HUN, Woodcutterty, Sangjinhwa, Keisyz, Sp33dyphil,
K6ka, Jonpatterns, Gsarwa, Nomadhund, Yien, ClueBot NG, Pmccawley, Catlemur, JesseW900, BG19bot, HanSangYoon, Edisonabcd,
Zhu Haifeng, Lisapretty, B.Andersohn, BattyBot, Ibicdlcod, KevWang, David Lloyd-Jones, Shhhhwwww!!, Iamanoob, Puthoni,
Szqecs, Junk2711, YiFeiBot, Mycomp86, KorinVallance, Ryopus, Oh nogo, Lamzhiliang, Inspiredmadman, Categlory, 21bhargav, Dai
Pritchard, NewHellas, Spiderjerky, Manzil Paudar, Aairscloud, IP58xv, TheRichic, Innite0694, BH25, Vintago, Augustthegreat,
Mzhang88, Enisfesci93, G-Fly, , IQ the size of bird seed, As14pk, Jlmnu9, Mhasanyousaf, Rahulkargil, Robloblaws,
Quyennguyen93, Dr achughes and Anonymous: 120

9.2

Images

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Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the
Sodipodi SVG ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source:
Public domain Contributors: Template:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Original artist: Zscout370

File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-

9.3

Content license

File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ozbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogi. The ocially dened colours are Pantone
313C for blue and 361C for green (source: [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370.
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

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