A.

Preliminary Section
1.Title Page
2.acknowledgement
3.table of contents
4.list of tables
5.list of figures
B.Main body of the project
1.Introduction
2.History/Background
3.Scope of the project
4.Importance of the topic
5.Advantages/disadvantages
6.purpose of the study
7.sources of data
8.design/diagram
9mbenefits of the project
10.challenges/issues
C.Summary and conclusion
1.recommendations
2.description
3.principal findings
D.Reference Section
1.bibliography
2.appendix

Research Project in Management Information System

about

Telecommunication and
Networks

Fray Luis Granada

BSIT-IV

Sherwin Llorando
Instructor

Acknowledgement

I thank my colleagues from SPIST (Southern Philippines Institute of Science and

Technology) who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research,
although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
I thank Mr. Sherwin Llorando for assistance with the format and insights, and Gia
Villafuerte and Lois Marhenella Reyes for the Love and Pressure they gave, Aaron
Jonas Bungay, Angel Louise Olfindo and Jm Lara for the issues between them
hence I sometimes forgot the stress this project gave me, Owen Martin Bungay,
Mcky Salao,Daniel,Karlo,Klan,Raeven,Paul and my other close friends for the
Trash Talks that helped me greatly improved my vocabulary skills,
Paola,Roanne,Erica,and all of my classmates in the said Subject for comments that
greatly improved the manuscript.
I would also like to show my gratitude to GOOGLE.COM for sharing his pearls of
wisdom with me during the course of this research, and I thank 10 anonymous
reviewers for their so-called insights. I am also immensely grateful to MR.Tito Aclao
for his comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, although any errors are
my own and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons.

Table of Contents

Introduction

History and Background

Here we are going to take a look at how the mobile phone has become the worlds most popular gadget. It has
been estimated that there is 1.4 billion televisions on the planet however for the humble mobile phone, numbers

at least three times that (figures for 2008). By the end of 2012 there will be more mobiles in the world than there
are people according to the Institute of Engineering & Technology.
It was as recently as 1985 that the very first handsets were released in the UK by Vodaphone and then Cellnet
(later to become o2), they were cumbersome devices weighing up to 20kg because the battery systems
available at the time were so basic. We had the comical sight of all these high powered businessman types
staggering about carrying two briefcases, one of which had a veritable jungle of cables attached to it and we all
said that will never catch on. How wrong we were.
Telephony or telecoms really began in 1838 when Samuel Morse invented his system of dots and dashes for
letters of the alphabet, which allowed complex messages to be sent and received. It took him another six years
to get the necessary support from Congress to actually install the worlds first telegraph line made with copper
cable, between Washington and Baltimore a distance of around forty miles.
From this point on copper wires began to link all the larger Cities and towns across the US with most of these
wires being built and operated by Western Union, who are still active with near instant global money transfer
today. Similar systems were being built across Europe as well and these allowed the near instant transmission of
messages.
In 1851 the first undersea (copper) cable was laid between England and France and in 1858 the first TransAtlantic cable was laid. The depths involved made this Anglo US venture the major engineering task of its time
and it took five attempts before an unbroken cable was finished. Unfortunately this cable was cooked by an over
enthusiastic engineer sending too many volts through it and it failed after just three weeks. In 1865 it was tried
for a second time and 1200 miles was laid before the cable broke and was unable to be retrieved. The third
cable was laid by Brunels Great Eastern and went without a hitch, the 1686 nautical miles between Ireland and
Newfoundland was laid at the rate of 120 nautical miles per day. After this the Great Eastern managed to find the
end of the second cable at a depth of 16,000ft, raised and spliced it so now there were now 2 working
Transatlantic cables.

Map of the 1858 cable route

The next major development was made in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, a Scotsman in Boston, with his
Liquid Transmitter so called as it worked with a diaphragm vibrating a needle in water to vary the electrical
current in the circuit. This device allowed him to make the first ever voice call over a wire although it was only
between two rooms. It took Bell a further five months to refine the invention to carry his voice over five miles.
Western Union helped develop their Morse telegraphy system into the copper cable telephone network we know
so well.

A replica of the Liquid

Transmitter

In 1880 Bell also made the first

wireless

communications with his

Photophone. It used a

beam of light to carry a sound signal

between two buildings

215 metres apart and was

considered by Bell his

most important invention. Due to its

use of an atmospheric

medium it failed to produce real

advances until the

development of Optical technologies

by the US military in

the 1920s. The theory of LASER

was advanced by

Einstein in 1917, however it took

many years before a

working model was produced.

It took until after the Second World

War for a wireless

telephone as we understand them to be developed in the US by AT&T. They were very simple devices much like
a walkie talkie in that only one user could speak at a time, and you had to manually search the frequencies of
the radio spectrum at 35mhz or 150mhz to find space for the call. At this time the batteries necessary made the
device weigh 35kg.

In

the UK it was the General Post Office who built and operated our telegraph / telephone
infrastructure with the first commercial calls being made in 1912. This network
was built with copper cables. In 1981 the GPO was split into the Post Office and
British Telecoms. BT was the parent company of Cellnet to give them an
entry into the lucrative mobiles market and BTCellnet later became O2
who in turn are parents to giffgaff.

In 1970
send

optical fibre was invented by Corning Glass Works and proved able to
signal at 45Mbps although it was necessary to have signal
boosters every 10kms. By 1981 Single-Mode fibre was found to
be the way forward with great improvements and by 1987
these 2nd generation fibres were operating at speeds over

1.5Gb/s with

boosters only needed every 50km, In 1988 the first

Transatlantic fibre was

laid. The 3rd generation upped the speeds to 2.5Gb/s and halved the

need for

boosters to 100kms apart.

By 1992 and 4th generation fibre the invention of optical amplifiers

and Wavelength Division Multiplexing has enabled speeds to double every 6 months and by 2006 transmission
speed was up to 14Tb/s using amplifiers only every 160kms.
To put optical transmission in its simplest terms think of an LED, a light emitting diode, this produces incoherent
light, a laser emitting diode produces coherent light and WDM means sending more laser light beams down a
single fibre.
This is how cable TV and broadband services are delivered in towns and cities and due to the high costs of
these technologies means it will never be viable to send fibre to the more rural parts of our country. This is one
of the many reasons for the explosion in demand for mobile internet.

We took a look at the birth and growth of simple wired communications networks from the very beginning, with
the invention of Morse code in the mid 1800s through to the deployment of fibre systems which started in

earnest in the late 20th century. At around the same time that fibre was beginning to be used to carry large
numbers of simultaneous calls and data we also saw the first steps in personal wireless communication coming
to market.
There is an important distinction between the first generation system of mobiles and later developments, in that
1g as it was known was an analogue system. The voice is sent live as it were. With 2g onwards the networks
became digital, in which the voice is sampled and broken down into data before it is sent. The receiver at the
other end then reassembles that data to make the voice that we hear.
The first generation of analogue mobile systems was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979 and covered Tokyos
20m people with 23 base stations and by 1984 covered the whole of the country. The 1g network was started in
Europe by Nordic Mobile Telephone and began in 1981 covering Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. In
1983 Motorola started in Washington DC and on 01/01/85 the first UK mobile call was made with Vodaphone.
1G Motorola DynaTAC 8000 Range. Released: 1984 to 1987
Second generation networks became digital and began in the early 1990s, these networks

mainly

operating on GSM, General Standard Mobile using CDMA technology. This digitization saw a

move away

from the huge brick like handsets of analogue to smaller handsets more like those of today. 2g

saw the

advent of SMS / text messages in 1993 and of pay as you go pre-pay systems in the late

90s.

NMT had in 1998 managed proof of concept trials for payment systems via mobile phone

with both

car parking and a Coca-Cola vending machines being able to take money this way. The first
commercial system to work like a bank or credit card was launched in the Philippines in

1999

simultaneously by two operators Globe and Smart.

Mobile phone adverts first appeared in Finland in 2000 giving users news

headlines

sponsored by advertising. This was the start of the ability to download new ringtones for

individual

handsets and let loose on the world the insipid Crazy Frog phenomenon, although at this point ringtones were
usually only polyphonic due to the slow download speeds of the time. The rise in popularity of easily accessible
mp3s is still in the future. In 1999 NTT DoCoMo of Japan established the first mobile internet service and quickly
realized the limitations of 2g data speeds.
2g 1991 GSM mobiles & AC adapters

During the

development of 3g systems the old 2g standards of CDMA were upgraded

by

integrating the competing EV-DO to become 2.5g, this lead to the GPRS

(General Packet Radio Service)

and the EDGE standards with which we are still familiar and fall back on

when our

current 3g signal fails. This 2.5g has data rates up to 310kbps

downstream, far too slow to support video streams with any certainty,

although
The

you can of course download to watch later.

beginnings of 3g were started by NTTDoCoMo in early 2001 and they
rolled out the first commercial 3g network in October of that year
using (the now familiar) WCDMA technology. In 2002 the second
3g network was in South Korea and the third, Monet, in the
USA. These two used the competing CDMA / EV-DO standards
which was the Betamax of 3g and Monet have since collapsed.
The second network with WCDMA and was launched by

Vodaphone KK (now known as Softbank) in Japan. At the same time in Europe the Three / Hutchison group
started up in Italy and the UK.
The following year 2003, saw eight more 3g launches across Europe all but two of these using the WCDMA
technology, the other two utilizing the EV-DO standard. WCDMA has since prevailed with 2/3rds of the global
market and is now the industry standard technology for 3g. Generally using HSDPA standards which allow data
rates from 1.8, 3.6 & 7.2 up to 14.4mbps, the invention of HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access in the
mid noughties was the real game changer.
It started with Dongles so you could connect to the web with your laptop on the move, then suddenly, phones
which for years had only been able to get emails as little more than a business function, evolved. Now real-time
audio and video streaming is possible we can truly have the internet in our pockets with highly specialized
mobile broadband devices that we know as smart phones.
3G 2010 from 50 to 500

The goal
now as we
move into
the 2nd
decade of
this
millennium is
the new 4g
capability.
The
standards
have been
set very high
with
connectivity
speeds of
100mbps for
cars and
trains and a
staggering 1gbps for low mobility communication i.e. pedestrians and stationary users. So far there are only
3g+ or near 4g standards in use, these are called WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(2006)) which offers up to 128mbps down and 56mbps up, and Long term evolution (LTE (2009)) offering up to
100mbps down and 50mbps up, there is also HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access) running up to 84mbps down
and 22mbps up.
Already in the USA, AT&T, Verizon and Sprint have started to build faster networks on the LTE protocols and are
saying they will be fully operational in 2013. However this is all little more than a rebranding exercise as the
International Telecommunication Union has allowed the networks to call these standards 4g even though they
are yet to deliver the 100mb+ speeds required and wont complete the roll out of these networks until 2013.
There is also Lightsquared who plan to use satellites to cover 92% of the USs population with LTE by 2015,
although clearly the up speeds will be no match for the down.

Telstar, 1st Communications satellite

There are also encouraging signs coming from Russia believe
it or not, in 2007 in St Petersburg, Yota started with WiMax but
moved to LTE and now has a government contract to provide
wireless broadband across 180 cities with 70 million potential
customers by autumn 2012. Yota have also built networks in
Peru, Nicaragua and Belarus. The closest near 4g network to
home in Britain is on the largest Channel Island, Jersey who
also have a fibre backbone for their home broadband and have
the worlds 2nd fastest connection speeds after South Korea.
Both WiMAX and LTE are able to call themselves true 4g with
their latest upgraded standards, however they work on different
radio systems to those currently in use by the networks in the
UK so were not going to see these kind of speeds here for at
least a year or two yet, which is certainly a disappointment.
I for one await the launch of true 4g systems with great
expectations for a big shake up in the business models of traditional Telcos whos charging mechanisms will be
properly challenged by the staggering data rates that 4g promises us.

Scope of the Project

The scope of this arrangement includes and analysis on how Telecommunication and
Networks help us make communication easier, helps us transfer data efficiently and
faster via network cables all over the world.