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RaymondA.

Serway
ChrisVuille

Chapter2
MotioninOneDimension

Dynamics
Thebranchofphysicsinvolvingthemotionof
anobjectandtherelationshipbetweenthat
motionandotherphysicsconcepts
Kinematics isapartofdynamics
Inkinematics,youareinterestedinthedescription
ofmotion
Not concernedwiththecauseofthemotion

Introduction

QuantitiesinMotion
Anymotioninvolvesthreeconcepts
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

Theseconceptscanbeusedtostudyobjects
inmotion

Introduction

BriefHistoryofMotion
SumariaandEgypt
Mainlymotionofheavenlybodies

Greeks
Alsotounderstandthemotionofheavenlybodies
Systematicanddetailedstudies
Geocentricmodel

Introduction

ModernIdeasofMotion
Copernicus
Developedtheheliocentricsystem

Galileo
Madeastronomicalobservationswithatelescope
Experimentalevidencefordescriptionofmotion
Quantitativestudyofmotion

Introduction

Position
Definedintermsofaframeofreference
Achoiceofcoordinateaxes
Definesastartingpointformeasuringthemotion
Oranyotherquantity

Onedimensional,sogenerallythex oryaxis

Section2.1

Displacement
Definedasthechangeinposition
x xf xi
fstandsforfinalandistandsforinitial

Unitsaremeters(m)inSI

Section2.1

DisplacementExamples
FromAtoB

xi =30m
xf =52m
x=22m
Thedisplacementispositive,
indicatingthemotionwasin
thepositivexdirection

FromCtoF

xi =38m
xf =53m
x=91m
Thedisplacementisnegative,
indicatingthemotionwasin
thenegativexdirection
Section2.1

Displacement,Graphical

Section2.1

VectorandScalarQuantities
Vectorquantitiesneedbothmagnitude(size)
anddirectiontocompletelydescribethem
Generallydenotedbyboldfacedtypeandan
arrowovertheletter
+or signissufficientforthischapter

Scalarquantitiesarecompletelydescribedby
magnitudeonly

Section2.1

DisplacementIsntDistance
Thedisplacementofanobjectisnotthesame
asthedistanceittravels
Example:Throwaballstraightupandthencatchit
atthesamepointyoureleasedit
Thedistanceistwicetheheight
Thedisplacementiszero

Section2.1

Speed
Theaveragespeed ofanobjectisdefinedasthe
totaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltime
elapsed
path length
Average speed
elapsed time
d
v
t
Speedisascalarquantity

Section2.2

Speed,cont
Averagespeedtotallyignoresanyvariationsin
theobjectsactualmotionduringthetrip
Thepathlengthandthetotaltimeareallthat
isimportant
Bothwillbepositive,sospeedwillbepositive

SIunitsarem/s

Section2.2

PathLengthvs.Distance
Distancedependsonlyontheendpoints

Thedistancedoesnotdependonwhathappens
betweentheendpoints
Isthemagnitudeofthedisplacement

Pathlengthwilldependontheactualroute
taken
Section2.2

Velocity
Ittakestimeforanobjecttoundergoadisplacement
Theaveragevelocity israteatwhichthe
displacementoccurs

Velocitycanbepositiveornegative
tisalwayspositive

Averagespeedisnotthesameastheaverage
velocity
Section2.2

Velocitycontinued
Directionwillbethesameasthedirectionofthe
displacement,+or issufficientinonedimensional
motion
Unitsofvelocityarem/s(SI)
Otherunitsmaybegiveninaproblem,butgenerallywill
needtobeconvertedtothese
Inothersystems:
USCustomary:ft/s
cgs:cm/s

Section2.2

Speedvs.Velocity

Carsonbothpathshavethesameaveragevelocitysince
theyhadthesamedisplacementinthesametimeinterval
Thecaronthebluepathwillhaveagreateraveragespeed
sincethepathlengthittraveledislarger

Section2.2

GraphicalInterpretationofVelocity
Velocitycanbedeterminedfromaposition
timegraph
Averagevelocityequalstheslopeoftheline
joiningtheinitialandfinalpointsonthegraph
Anobjectmovingwithaconstantvelocitywill
haveagraphthatisastraightline

Section2.2

AverageVelocity,Constant
Thestraightline
indicatesconstant
velocity
Theslopeofthelineis
thevalueoftheaverage
velocity

Section2.2

NotesonSlopes
Thegeneralequationfortheslopeofanyline
is

Themeaningofaspecificslopewilldependonthe
physicaldatabeinggraphed

Slopecarriesunits
Section2.2

AverageVelocity,NonConstant
Themotionisnon
constantvelocity
Theaveragevelocityis
theslopeofthestraight
linejoiningtheinitial
andfinalpoints

Section2.2

InstantaneousVelocity
Thelimitoftheaveragevelocityasthetimeinterval
becomesinfinitesimallyshort,orasthetimeinterval
approacheszero

Theinstantaneousvelocityindicateswhatis
happeningateverypointoftime
Themagnitudeoftheinstantaneousvelocityiswhatyou
readonacarsspeedometer
Section2.2

InstantaneousVelocityonaGraph
Theslopeofthelinetangenttotheposition
vs.timegraphisdefinedtobethe
instantaneousvelocityatthattime
Theinstantaneousspeedisdefinedasthe
magnitudeoftheinstantaneousvelocity

Section2.2

GraphicalInstantaneousVelocity
Averagevelocitiesare
thebluelines
Thegreenline(tangent)
istheinstantaneous
velocity

Section2.2

Acceleration
Changingvelocitymeansanaccelerationis
present
Accelerationistherateofchangeofthe
velocity

Unitsarem/s(SI),cm/s(cgs),andft/s(US
Cust)
Section2.3

AverageAcceleration
Vectorquantity
Whentheobjectsvelocityandacceleration
areinthesamedirection(eitherpositiveor
negative),thenthespeedoftheobject
increaseswithtime
Whentheobjectsvelocityandacceleration
areintheoppositedirections,thespeedof
theobjectdecreaseswithtime

Section2.3

NegativeAcceleration
Anegativeaccelerationdoesnotnecessarily
meantheobjectisslowingdown
Iftheaccelerationandvelocityareboth
negative,theobjectisspeedingup
Decelerationmeansadecreaseinspeed,
notanegativeacceleration

Section2.3

InstantaneousandUniformAcceleration
Thelimitoftheaverageaccelerationasthe
timeintervalgoestozero

Whentheinstantaneousaccelerationsare
alwaysthesame,theaccelerationwillbe
uniform
Theinstantaneousaccelerationswillallbeequal
totheaverageacceleration
Section2.3

GraphicalInterpretationofAcceleration
Averageaccelerationistheslopeoftheline
connectingtheinitialandfinalvelocitiesona
velocityvs.timegraph
Instantaneousaccelerationistheslopeofthe
tangenttothecurveofthevelocitytime
graph

Section2.3

AverageAcceleration Graphical
Example

Section2.3

RelationshipBetweenAcceleration
andVelocity

Uniformvelocity(shownbyredarrows
maintainingthesamesize)
Accelerationequalszero
Section2.4

RelationshipBetweenVelocityand
Acceleration

Velocityandaccelerationareinthesamedirection
Accelerationisuniform(violetarrowsmaintainthe
samelength)
Velocityisincreasing(redarrowsaregettinglonger)
Positivevelocityandpositiveacceleration
Section2.4

RelationshipBetweenVelocityand
Acceleration

Accelerationandvelocityareinoppositedirections
Accelerationisuniform(violetarrowsmaintainthesame
length)
Velocityisdecreasing(redarrowsaregettingshorter)
Velocityispositiveandaccelerationisnegative
Section2.4

MotionDiagramSummary

Section2.4

EquationsforConstant
Acceleration
Theseequationsareusedinsituationswith
uniformacceleration

Section2.5

Notesontheequations

Givesdisplacementasafunctionofvelocity
andtime
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentasked
fortheacceleration

Section2.5

Notesontheequations
Showsvelocityasafunctionofacceleration
andtime
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedto
findthedisplacement

Section2.5

GraphicalInterpretationofthe
Equation

Section2.5

Notesontheequations

Givesdisplacementasafunctionoftime,
velocityandacceleration
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedto
findthefinalvelocity
Theareaunderthegraphofvvs.tforany
objectisequaltothedisplacementofthe
object
Section2.5

Notesontheequations
Givesvelocityasafunctionofacceleration
anddisplacement
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedfor
thetime

Section2.5

ProblemSolvingHints
Readtheproblem
Drawadiagram
Chooseacoordinatesystem
Labelinitialandfinalpoints
Indicateapositivedirectionforvelocitiesandaccelerations

Labelallquantities,besurealltheunitsare
consistent
Convertifnecessary

Choosetheappropriatekinematicequation

Section2.5

ProblemSolvingHints,cont
Solvefortheunknowns
Youmayhavetosolvetwoequationsfortwo
unknowns

Checkyourresults
Estimateandcompare
Checkunits

Section2.5

GalileoGalilei
1564 1642
Galileoformulatedthelaws
thatgovernthemotionof
objectsinfreefall
Alsolookedat:
Inclinedplanes
Relativemotion
Thermometers
Pendulum
Section2.6

FreeFall
Afreelyfallingobjectisanyobjectmovingfreely
undertheinfluenceofgravityalone
Freefalldoesnotdependontheobjectsoriginalmotion

Allobjectsfallingneartheearthssurfacefallwitha
constantacceleration
Theaccelerationiscalledtheaccelerationdueto
gravity,andindicatedbyg

Section2.6

AccelerationduetoGravity
Symbolizedbyg
g =9.80m/s
Whenestimating,useg 10m/s2

g isalwaysdirecteddownward
Towardthecenteroftheearth

Ignoringairresistanceandassumingg doesntvary
withaltitudeovershortverticaldistances,freefallis
constantlyacceleratedmotion

Section2.6

FreeFall anobjectdropped
Initialvelocityiszero
Letupbepositive
Conventional

vo=0

Usethekinematic
equations

a=g

Generallyuseyinsteadof
xsincevertical

Accelerationisg =9.80
m/s2
Section2.6

FreeFall anobjectthrown
downward
a=g =9.80m/s2
Initialvelocity 0
Withupwardbeing
positive,initialvelocitywill
benegative

Section2.6

FreeFall objectthrownupward
Initialvelocityisupward,so
positive
Theinstantaneousvelocityat
themaximumheightiszero
a=g=9.80m/s2 everywhere
inthemotion

Section2.6

v=0

Actuallystraight
backdown

Thrownupward,cont.
Themotionmaybesymmetrical
Thentup =tdown
Thenv=vo

Themotionmaynotbesymmetrical
Breakthemotionintovariousparts
Generallyupanddown

Section2.6

NonsymmetricalFreeFallExample
Needtodividethemotion
intosegments
Possibilitiesinclude
Upwardanddownward
portions
Thesymmetricalportionback
tothereleasepointandthen
thenonsymmetricalportion

Section2.6

CombinationMotions

Section2.6

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