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Consider the following plastics which can be classified as thermoplastics and thermosetting
plastics:
polythene, perspex, urea-methanal, nylon
a) What does thermosetting plastics mean?
b) Classify the above plastics into thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
c) Explain which of the above plastics can be used to make the following items:
i) handle of a cooking pot;
ii) glass substitute for advertising displays.
d) Polythene is made from ethene.
i) Name the type of polymerization involved in the production of polythene from
ethene.
ii) Write a chemical equation for this polymerization.
e) Nowadays, plastics are widely used as substitutes for metals. State TWO advantages of
using plastics instead of metals.
f) Suggest how
i) the public,
ii) the government and
iii) the manufacturers of plastic products
can help reduce pollution problems associated with the disposal of plastic waste.
(15 marks)
a)
b)
What is Process 1?
The heavy oil contains a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. C9H20 and C12H26.
i) What is the meaning of saturated hydrocarbons?
ii) Name Process 2 and Process 3.
iii) Write a chemical equation for the production of ethene from C12H26.
c)
d)
e)
f)
a)
i)
b)
vii) Recycle and reuse are two possible solutions for the disposal problem of plastic
bottles.
(1) What preliminary treatment of bottles made of plastic X is required before
recycling?
(2) Before reusing bottles, bottles would need to be sterilized first. Glass bottles are
sterilized using superheated steam. Why might this method be unsuitable for
some types of plastic bottles?
The repeating unit of a polyester is shown below:
i)
ii)
Draw the structure of the dioic acid which could be used in the preparation of this
polyester.
Give ONE reason why this polyester is biodegradable.
(15 marks)
Polystyrene is a polymer which is widely used in our daily lives. Its structure isshown below:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
PVC, which is known as polyvinyl chloride, is often used in the manufacture ofplastic bags
and drainage pipes.
a) What is the monomer of PVC?
b) Write a chemical equation for the formation of PVC from its monomer.
c) PVC is formed by addition polymerization. What is meant by the term addition
polymerization?
d) Explain with TWO reasons why PVC is a better material in the manufactureof drainage
pipes than iron.
e) Suggest an experiment to show that a piece of PVC is a thermoplastic.
f) Incineration is one of the ways to dispose of PVC waste. However, it maylead to
pollution problems.
i) Suggest TWO air pollutants that will be produced during theincineration of PVC
waste.
ii) State ONE harmful effect of each pollutant suggested in (i).
iii) Suggest ONE way to reduce the emission of each pollutant suggestedin (i).
iv) Suggest another way to dispose of PVC waste. Give ONE advantage ofthis way.
(15 marks)
Perspex can be used as a substitute for glass. Its structure is shown below:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
b)
c)
a)
For each task listed below, decide which of the two plastics given is the bestfor
accomplishing the task. Explain your answer.
Task
b)
c)
d)
Plastic
Polythene / nylon
Polystyrene / urea-methanal
Perspex / poltthene
Nylon / perspex
State the processes for making safety spectacles from the monomer of plastic chosen in
(a)(v).
Polythene waste can be recycled or used as an energy source. State ONE advantage
and ONE disadvantage of
i) recycling polythene waste; and
ii) using polythene waste as an energy source.
Name ONE plastic which CANNOT be recycled by melting and remoulding.
(18 marks)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
where
are two different saturated hydrocarbon chains.
Nylon is formed from condensation polymerization of hexanedioyl dichloride and
hexane-1,6-diamine. Hydrogen chloride is also evolved in the reaction.
Why is nylon considered as a condensation polymer?
According to the structure of nylon above, draw its monomers.
Write a chemical equation for the formation of nylon from its monomers.
Suggest ONE disadvantage of using nylon fibre for making clothes.
Nylon can be prepared in the laboratory with the following procedure.
1 Pour 10 cm3 of hexanedioyl dichloride dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloroethane into a
beaker.
2 Slowly add 10 cm3 of hexane-1,6-diamine solution (in sodium hydroxide solution)
to the beaker.
3 A white film of nylon is formed at the interface between the two immiscible
solutions.
10
11
a)
b)
i)
12
Urea-methanal is a plastic which can be made using coal as a feedstock. Theflow diagram
below shows the steps involved in the production process.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) Urea-methanal does NOT soften on heating. What is the name given to this type of
plastic?
f) i) Urea-methanal is formed by condensation polymerization. What is meant by the
term condensation polymerization?
ii) State a common characteristic of those monomers which can form condensation
polymers.
g) Name a moulding method for urea-methanal.
h) The following diagrams show three plastic items. One of them is made of urea-methanal.
i)
ii)
(1)?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of any gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol-1)
(17 marks)
13
The structures of five compounds, I, II, III, IV and V are shown below:
where
represent different saturated hydrocarbon chains.
Some of the compounds above can give polymers under suitable conditions.
a) Explain the meaning of polymer?
b) i) Which compound can be used to make an addition polymer?
ii) Draw the repeating unit of the polymer formed in (i).
iii) Would you expect the polymer formed to be a thermoplastic or a thermosetting
plastic? Explain your answer.
c)
d)
e)
14
a)
Polythene
Paper
Perspex
Glass
PVC
Iron
PVC
Wood
v) To make clothes
Nylon
Cotton
Urea-methanal
Steel
b)
c)
15
Materials
Plastics are very useful materials. Many objects previously made with metals are now made of
plastics.
a) For each of the following objects, suggest ONE advantage of using plastics over using
a)
b)
c)
Properties
Appearance
Behaviour on heating
Flexibility
transparent
softens readily
stiff
40
opaque
burns readily
stiff
10
opaque
stiff
350
opaque
burns readily
flexible
12
Which of the above plastics is/are thermosetting plastic(s)? Explain your answer.
Which of the above plastics is the most suitable for making
i) packaging materials;
ii) an ashtray;
iii) a water bucket?
Explain your choice in each case.
Disposal of plastic waste can cause pollution problems. The pollution problems can be
reduced by the recycling of plastic waste.
i) Besides recycling, suggest THREE other methods for treating plastic waste.
ii) State TWO advantages of recycling plastic waste.
iii) State TWO disadvantages of recycling plastic waste.
iv) Suggest how you can help reduce pollution problems associated with the disposal of
plastic waste.
(16 marks)
17
a)
Teflon (PTFE) is a polymer which is commonly used in making the material coated on
non-stick frying pans. Part of the structure of Teflon is shown below:
i)
b)
where
represents a saturated hydrocarbon chain.
a) Which of the compounds, D, E, F or G, can decolourize acidified potassium
permanganate solution? Name the type(s) of reactions involved.
b) State all the functional groups present in compound H.
c) i) Which compound(s) can undergo addition polymerization?
ii) Draw the repeating unit(s) of the polymer(s) formed from the compound(s)
mentioned in (i).
iii) State ONE use of each polymer mentioned in (ii).
d) Two pairs of the above compounds can undergo condensation polymerization.
i) What is condensation polymerization?
ii) Which TWO pairs of compounds can undergo condensation polymerization?
iii) What common characteristic in the structures of the compounds mentioned in (ii)
enable them to act as monomers?
iv) Draw the repeating units of the polymers formed from the pairs of compounds.
v) State ONE use of each polymer mentioned in (iv).
(20 marks)
19
a)
Plastics are widely used nowadays. There are two types of plastics.
Their structures are shown below:
i)
b)
c)
20
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Detergent
pH value of the
detergent
Is it
biodegradable?
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Which of the above detergents is / are soapy detergent(s)? Explain your choice.
i) Name the ions which cause the hardness of water.
ii) (1) Name a substance which can reduce the hardness of water.
(2) Explain, with the help of an ionic equation, why the substance mentioned in (1)
can reduce the hardness of water.
Which of the above detergents CANNOT be used in a strongly acidic medium? Explain
your choice.
In general, biodegradable detergents cause fewer pollution problems than
non-biodegradable detergents.
i) What does biodegradable detergents mean?
ii) Suggest a structural characteristic of a detergent that makes it biodegradable.
iii) Suggest ONE pollution problem associated with non-biodegradable detergents.
iv) Biodegradable detergents can also pose hazards to the environment. Explain briefly.
Detergent is sprayed over petroleum patches on the sea in case of a petroleum leakage.
Explain briefly the action of detergent in this process.
(17 marks)
21
There are two types of detergents: soapy detergents and soapless detergents.
a) Describe briefly how a soapy detergent can be prepared from vegetable oil in a school
laboratory.
b) State TWO materials required in the manufacture of soapless detergents.
c) Describe how you can distinguish between a soapy detergent and a soapless detergent.
d) If the general formula of a soapy detergent is CnH2n+1COO-Na+ and its formula mass is
320. What is the formula of the soapy detergent?
e) Compare soapy and soapless detergents in terms of their environmental impacts.
f) Explain why phosphate additives in detergents can cause the death of aquatic life.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
(14 marks)
22
(14 marks)
23
a)
24
d)
water.
e)
i)
ii)
25
What will be observed when the mixture is shaken and then allowed to stand for a
long time?
What will be observed when the mixture is shaken with concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution? Explain the observation.
(19 marks)
a)
b)
Animal fat is one of the raw materials in the production of soapy detergent.
i) Name another raw material that is needed in the production of soapy detergent from
an animal fat.
ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place in the production of soapy detergent.
Briefly describe how you would prepare soap from the animal fat above in the
laboratory.
iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved in the preparation.
The relative molecular mass of the animal fat shown above is 806. What is the value of
n?
c)
d)
26
i)
ii)
Soap can be formed when sodium hydroxide reacts with an animal fat with thefollowing
structure:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Write a chemical equation for the formation of soap from this fat.
Name the type of reaction involved.
10.0 cm3 of the resulting solution were withdrawn and titrated against 0.650M
hydrochloric acid. 15.4 cm3 of the acid were required to reach the end point.
Calculate the value of n in the structural formula of the animal fat.
Concentrated sodium chloride solution was added to the resulting solution after reflux.
What is the purpose of adding concentrated sodium chloride solution?
The structure of a certain soapless detergent is shown below:
i)
What other raw materials, apart from sodium hydroxide, are required in the
manufacture of this soapless detergent?
ii) Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using this soapless detergent for
domestic cleaning compared with using a soapy detergent.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
(13 marks)
27
A new brand of glass cleaner has been produced recently. The label displayed on its bottle is
shown below:
Super Glass Cleaner
Major ingredient:
Ammonia
Cautions:
Keep away from children.
Wear plastic gloves when handling it.
Do not...........
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What will be observed when a few drops of methyl orange solution are added into a few
cm3 of the glass cleaner?
Why should we wear plastic gloves when handling the glass cleaner?
On the label, some words are missing in the third warning statement.
Complete the third warning statement, beginning with Do not. Explain your answer.
Explain how the glass cleaner can remove oil on glass.
Oven cleaner contains concentrated sodium hydroxide solution which is used to remove
f)
g)
grease in oven. Explain why oven cleaner CANNOT be used to clean windows.
Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using a soapy detergent for domestic
cleaning compared with using a soapless detergent.
i) Explain why plastic is suitable for making the bottle of the glass cleaner.
(13 marks)
28
29
a)
where
i)
b)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
30
a)
The labels show the names of ions contained in the spring waters. Describe how the ions
got into the spring waters.
Both spring waters are hard. Name TWO ions which make them hard.
AA spring water is about twice as hard as BB spring water.
Describe how you could use soap solution to show that the above statement is correct.
You should state how the experiment is made fair.
Hard water can form deposits called scale inside water pipes.
i) Explain why the scale may cause problems in water pipes.
ii) Explain why the scale may be beneficial to lead water pipes.
Explain why washing soda, a form of sodium carbonate, can help reduce the hardness of
water.
Sodium ions in hard water can be identified using the flame test.
i) Briefly describe the procedure for conducting flame test.
ii) State the colour of flame produced by sodium.
(14 marks)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
31
where
a) i)
ii)
b)
c)
d)
e)
32
a)
b)
c)
d)
be?
ii)
e)
structure.
ii) The formula mass of RCOO-Na+ (CnH2n+1COO-Na+) is 264. What is the number of
carbon atoms in each particle?
iii) Suggest ONE advantage of using the method shown in the flow diagram to produce
a soap.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
(17 marks)
33
34
Plastics bring us convenience. However, disposal of plastic waste causes negative impacts to
the environment. Describe how the disposal of plastic waste pollutes our environment. Suggest
various ways to reduce the problems caused by the disposal of plastic waste.
(You are required to give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)
35
Recycling and pyrolysis are two common ways of treating plastic waste. Briefly discuss the
two methods.
(You are required to give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)
36
Describe how you can prepare a soap from vegetable oil in the school laboratory. Explain why
soap can remove grease from clothes in water with reference to its structure.
(You are required to give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)
37
Both soapy and soapless detergents can remove oily dirt. Compare the two types of detergents
with respect to the raw materials used in their production; their cleaning abilities in soft water
and hard water; and their impacts on the environment.
(You are required give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)