Slide 2 intro + laws of thermodynamics

Slide 3-4 Coal power plant

Heat of combustion of fuel (coal or bagasse) is used to convert water into
steam at high temperature and pressure.
The steam is then fed to the steam turbine where the thermal energy of steam
when passing over the blades of turbine is converted into mechanical energy.
Slide 5-6 Gas power plant
Slide 5 the diagram shows the overall process in a gas power plant.
Slide 6
Air is drawn into the turbine and is compressed
The compressed air mixes with fuel and ignites in the combustion chamber
Resulting hot air forces turbine to spin, powering the generator.

Slide7-8 turbocharger
Slide 7
It uses the waste gases, that is, the hot exhaust gases leaving the engine after
combustion to rotate a turbine wheel which will in turn pull in air and compress
it before sending it into the engines chambers.
Compressing the air increases temperature and pressure while the volume
decreases
Intercoolers reduce the temperature before it enters engine

Slide 8- PV graph

Slide 9
1 Fresh air enters the compressor with a relatively low pressure and temperature.
We can say the air has no change in internal energy.
2 work is done on the gas by the compressor of the turbocharger. The pressure and
temperature increases and, volume decrease. The internal energy of the gas
increases because of the work done on it.
U=small heat(o) + work done(w)
In stage 3 the air is compressed again inside the cylinder wall by the piston and
combustion of fuel occurs.
This will provide further energy to the gas as well as more work is done on the gas.
U=small heat(o)+ HEAT(q in) + work done(w) + Work done(W)
Stage 4, now the compressed air and fuel does work on the engine and exhaust gas
is evacuated through the turbine section of the turbocharger.
U= HEAT(q in) work done

Slide 10-11 refrigerators

Slide 10
In a kitchen refrigerator the inside of a closed box is to be kept cool by
removing heat from the inside and depositing it on the outside. Because the heat
will not move freely from the cold inside to the hot outside it must be made to
do so using an intermediate fluid which absorbs heat on the inside, then carries
outside of the box and releases the heat to the air

Slide 11
This fluid circulates in a pipe which passes in and out of the back of the
refrigerator, kept moving by a compressor driven by an electric motor. It is the
work done by this compressor (using electrical energy from the household
electricity supply) that makes the refrigerator work without violating the Second
Law of Thermodynamics.
Slide 12, 13- future application: thermodynamic panels
They are closer to an air source heat pump than they are to a solar thermal panel.
A freezer in reverse. Refrigerant enters the panel and as it passes through it absorbs heat
from the atmosphere and becomes a gas.
The gas then passes through a compressor which increases the temperature and finally
through a heat exchange coil inside the hot water cylinder. This heats the water in the
cylinder
Air source heat pumps have a fan running continually, which requires more electricity
than the compressor in a thermodynamic system.
The refrigerant enters the panel at -22 oC, so even on cold winter days they can absorb
relative warmth from the air.
Advantages

Anodized Aluminium, with flexible coating

Light weight only 8 kilos, easy to transport and install

No glass, rubber or fragile materials

No risk of over heating

No risk of freezing

High resistance in saline environment

High resistance to humidity

It can be installed from 10 to 85 in a horizontal position

The panel does not lose its efficiency with time or with dirt

Estimated useful life of 25 years