Islam and Judaism

Main article: Islam and Judaism

See also: History of the Jews under Muslim rule and Islam and antisemitism
The relationship between Islam and Judaism is special and close. Both religions claim to arise
from the patriarch Abraham, and are therefore considered Abrahamic religions. As
fellow monotheists, Muslims view Jews as "people of the book", a term that Jews have
subsequently adopted as a way of describing their own connection to the Torah and other holy
texts.[109] In turn, many Jews maintain that Muslims adhere to the Seven Laws of Noah. Thus,
Judaism views Muslims as righteous people of God.[110] Jews have interacted with Muslims since
the 7th century, when Islam originated and spread in the Arabian peninsula, and many aspects
of Islam's core values, structure, jurisprudence and practice are based on Judaism.[111]
[112]
Muslim culture and philosophy have heavily influenced practitioners of Judaism in
the Islamic world.[113]
In premodern Muslim countries, Jews rarely faced martyrdom, exile or forcible conversion, and
were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.[114]Indeed, the years 712 to 1066
CE under the Ummayad and the Abbasid rulers have been called the Golden age of Jewish
culture in Spain. Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries, including Jews, were known
as dhimmis. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their religion and to administer their internal
affairs, but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims.[115] For
example, they had to pay the jizya, a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males,
[115]
and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims.
[116]
Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic. For example, dhimmis in some
countries were required to wear distinctive clothing, a practice not found in either
the Qur'an or hadiths but invented in early medievalBaghdad and inconsistently enforced.
[117]
Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecutionfor example, many were
killed, exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century, in Persia and by the rulers of
the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Al-Andalus.[118] At times, Jews were also restricted in
their choice of residencein Morocco, Jews were confined to walled quarters (mellahs)
beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century.[119]
In the late 20th century, Jews were expelled from nearly all the Arab countries.[120][121][122] Most
have chosen to live in Israel. Today, antisemitic themes have become commonplace in the
propaganda of Arab Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas, in the pronouncements
of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other
publications of Refah Partisi.[123]

Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism

There are some movements that combine elements of Judaism with those of other religions.
The most well-known of these is Messianic Judaism, which arose in the 1960s.[124][125][126][127] It
blends evangelical Christian theology with elements of Jewish terminology and ritual.[127][128][129]
[130][131]
The movement states that Jesusis the Jewish Messiah, and generally that he is part of
the Trinity,[132][133] and salvation is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one's savior.

[134]

Some members of the movement are ethnically Jewish, and some of them argue that
Messianic Judaism is a sect of Judaism.[135] Jewish organizations and religious movements
reject this, stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect.[136]
Other examples of syncretism include Judeo-Paganists, a loosely organized set of Jews who
incorporate pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices; Jewish Buddhists,
another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith;
and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, Sufism, Native
American religion, and other faiths.
The Kabbalah Centre, which employs teachers from multiple religions, is a New Age movement
that claims to popularize the kabbalah, part of the Jewish esoteric tradition.

Islamul[modificare | modificare surs]

Adepii Islamului s-au referit n istorie la evrei, cretini i la ei nii ca la ,,Oamenii Crii,
datorit faptului c cele trei religii se bazeaz pe anumite cri de origine divin. Doctrinar ns,
cretinismul este perceput de ctre islam ca o form de politeism (asociaionism, "srk" - n
arab "politeism"), aa cum este reflectat de chiar textul sfnt islamic (Coranul), n surata
("capitolul") 5, versetul 73, care spune textual c "este blasfemie curat s pretinzi c
Dumnezeu este unul din trei ntr-o Trinitate". Versetul continu, spunnd c Dumnezeu (Alah)
va pedepsi aspru o astfel de credin. Surata 5, continu i ea n aceeai direcie, susinnd c
Iisus Hristos a fost un simplu om, un profet (surata 5, verset 75), iar versetul 77 spune c cei
care cred altfel sunt nite rtcii. Se poate gsi o mai ampl cercetare a viziunii islamice despre
cretinism n lucrarea "Islamul interdiciilor" al islamologului Anne-Marie Delcambre, capitol 7,
paginile 55 la 62. Conceptul srk (n englez "shirk") este i el discutat la intrarea omonim din
Wikipedia englez. Cretinii i ei, nu recunosc Coranul ca fiind o carte de origine divin, i nici
nu sunt de acord cu faptul c Iisus este un simplu profet ca i Mahomed, cum nu pot accepta
nici faptul c Mahomed este profet, i c astfel cartea lui sfnt reprezint un mesaj veridic al
Creatorului.
Musulmanii consider c Biblia i Tora, crile sfinte ale Cretinismului i Iudaismului au fost
interpretate greit i distorsionate de ctre credincioii respectivelor religii. Bazai pe aceast
credin, musulmanii vd n Coran corectarea greelilor fcute de cretini. De exemplu,
musulmanii resping existena Trinitii i a ideii c Iisus Hristos este Dumnezeu.
ntre cele dou religii au existat dese controverse i conflicte (Cruciadele fiind un exemplu),
chiar dac au existat i relaii de nelegere i pace. Scrierile teologuluiToma de Aquino citeaz
i anumii filozofi musulmani (cum ar fi Ibn-Rushd).

La data de 6 mai 2001, Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea, primul Pap care s-a rugat ntr-o moschee, a
declarat n Moscheea Omeyazilor din Damasc c ,,Este important ca musulmanii i cretinii s
continue explorarea ntrebrilor filozofice i teologice, pentru a putea obine o cunoatere mai
obiectiv i o cunoatere inter-religioas. O mai bun cunoatere ntre cele dou religii va
conduce, la nivel practic, la o nou modalitate de a prezenta religiile noastre, nu n opoziie,
cum s-a ntmplat foarte des n trecut, ci n asociere, pentru binele umanitii.