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Abstract
In this paper a theory extracting nuclear scale energy without generating radiation is considered. This is done by only using states that are
excited by the pseudoscalar part of the strong force. Also some simple
models to do this is presented and a comparison to LENR experiment are
nally done.
the strong force that doesn't have a coupling to electric or magnetic interaction.
Such a system could be found in
He
neutron interaction.
He
4 neutron state with spin 0. A free 2 or 4 neutron state doesn't exist but the
interaction could exist in neutron rich nucleons.
state is
He
where
He n
and it has a negative binding energy of 0.7 Mev and don't exist in
nature. The
The corresponding
states. A more quantum mechanic view on the topic is the one pion exchange
potential. The photon is a vector particle with spin 1 while the the pion has
spin 0. In
He n
or one pion exchange potential. In order to really be able to access the energy
of the
He n
in the
Li
The trick to access the energy is to set the binding to the pn pair on one axis in
the neutron while the exited
He n
seen in the model where the properties of the nucleon is quark plus gluon and
virtual meson resonances. This model of the nucleon is not fully understanded
yet and is related to the problem joining short and long range nuclear force.
A more simple way to explain this is to look at the terms in the full nucleon
nucleon potential that describes the existing nuclides(see for example [1, 2]).
The potential contains terms of constant, isospin exchange and spin exchange.
i j .
of view the binding energy comes from setting the pion oscillation in an axis
perpendicular to the spin at a lower energy.
He
is spin free the potential is only contains the central and isospin exchange
He n
Li
V (r) = 0 e n
1
r3
Using this potential in the schrdinger equation generates the the equation
1
2 m + 0 e n 3 = 0
r
If we would use a normal
1/r2
standard solutions for atomic electrons for example. But here the step between
2 ,
m and
1/r3
kr
1/r2 ).
The dipole solution could be used to lock a neutron outside the core by having
zero retransmission coecient.
barrier tunneling and setting the probability to be in the barrier to be zero. For
a normal quantum mechanic barrier the equations at the potential wall is:
A+B =C +D
ik(A B) = (C D)
ikx
For equations = Ae
+ Beikx
Dex
outside.
= Cex +
C=D=0 must be set. This implies A-B=0 and nally the only trivial solution
i(x)
Be
0 = 0.
= Aeikx + Beikx
= Aei(x) +
the equation for the deviate would instead be i (AB) = (C D) so
Using this simplest model one could lock the neutron at a dis-harmonic
He n
excitation in the neutron could be harvest by a electron. The electron does have
a small pion distribution.
1010 .
The energy excitation is then done by a spin ip. Since only the s state has a
large enough probability to be near the core one should consider s states only.
In order to be able to do the spin ip there could not be 2 electrons in the s state
by the Pauli principle so only odd s states nuclides could be considered. For a
spin ipped s state electron the only available energy is the hyperne structure
coupling so the energy would be released in meV steps. The 2s state electron
in lithium has a binding energy in the eV scale so the oscillation in time where
the electron are near the core are around
1015
105 steps
10
10
109
spin ips. If
104
harvestable state are set ie several minutes to hours. The rate could however be
enhanced if the s state was smaller. The best molecular bound to do this is to
bound it to a
dz2
Free
dz 2
dz 2
The
Li n
Li the transfer
state is in an dis-
harmonic state and other dis-harmonic states could be used for transfer that
are at the same order of dis-harmony. For the n-e magnetic dipole binding the
steady state are close to zero but the potential are open for oscillating states
when the energy is larger than the binding energy state.
V (r) = 0 e n r13 one nds that the potential are at -8 MeV for radius around
1013 m. This while p-n potentials are open only at a range of 1015 m. To nd
13
a s state electron as close as 10
m only has a probability of around 0.001 but
this could be enhanced by shrinking the s state. The best molecular bound to
put the electron close enough to the core are once again the
s dZ 2
bindings.
protons
Even if protons not could be held long enough outside the core by electrons the
neutron could change place with the a proton in the core by the isospin exchange
force. By exchanging the overbound neutron in
the reaction
Li He + p
Li 6 Li + n
with a proton
proton is that when it is held outside the nucleus by the Pauli principle it could
p system has an
Li 6 He + p it is then possible
reduce its energy even more than the neutron since the
even higher energy at 2 MeV. The proton in
Li 5 He + p + n
could happen.
He
In order to ll up to lling proton should have an opposite parity so that the
spin state are even out.
the best p state is 3/2+ ie copper, chloride or potassium. Chloride could also
3/2
to
3/2+
for
61
N i.
Mn Li system has
3/2
to
3/2+
transfer is not possible by energy principles if the neutron has to have at least
0.7 MeV overbound energy. The dis-harmonic state
enhance
55
M n Cr + p
55
M n + n
could however
transmission.
Comparison to experiment
With the theory that the nucleon transfer should be most probable when the
lled state has the same quantum number as the source one the most probable
nuclear transmissions that could be explained by observations in experiments
are
Element
before
alter
Ni
36,4072
18,795
35,0812
42,3785
Al
20,2859
17,0474
3,8231
7,4318
Mn
3,6826
0,2935
SI
0,2505
2,1615
Cl
0,1752
0,047
Fe
0,1375
0,1846
Cr
0,0358
1,4396
55
M n +27 Al 54 Cr +28 Si
55
M n +27 Al 56 F e +26 M g
7 Li +61 N i 6 Li +62 N i
7 Li +X Cl 6 He +X Ar
Some dierent state transmission that could been observed are also:
7 Li +58,60 N i 6 Li +58,60+1 N i
Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si
The compassion the experiment are to two LENR experiment with devices by
Rossi ref. [3] and Parkhomov ref. [4]. In ref. [3] the observed isotopic shift to
6
Li and 62 N i indicates that 7 Li +58,60 N i 6 Li +58,60+1 N i and7 Li +61 N i 6
Li +62 N i are present. While X Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si also was observed.
There where also observation of Fe rich grains in the fuel with some manganese
in it.
While in the ash there where only nickel and Si rich grains.
Traces
55
M n +27 Al 54 Cr +28 Si
[4] there where no sign of isotopic shifts in Ni while some abundance shifts where
found for elements. This indicates that the neutron ow between lithium and
nickel needs some EM stimuli used in ref. [3] to happen at a observable rate.
The elemental abundance of ref [4] are displayed in tab. 1 before and after the
test. Now we live in an oxygen and carbon rich environment so those shifts could
have external sources the fuel was also surrounded by aluminium oxide so the
increase in aluminium could be explained by this. Setting the abundance ratio
compared to nickel generate table 2. In this table also the starting abundance of
lithium has been set to equal aluminium before since the lithium source where
LiAlH. The lithium could also generate sodium and potassium as a background
from the industrial process. So the used lithium abundance before are Al before
plus N and K after.
Element
before
alter
b-a
Ni
1,00000
1,00000
0,00000
0,96358
2,25478
1,29120
Al
0,10501
0,39541
0,29040
0,00688
0,11500
0,10812
Mn
0,10115
0,01562
-0,08553
SI
0,00688
0,11500
0,10812
Cl
0,00481
0,00250
-0,00231
0,00605
Fe
0,00378
0,00982
Cr
0,00098
0,07659
0,07561
Li
0,53034
0,51003
-0,02030
Table 2: Table 1 with numbers divided to the percentage of nickel. The lithium
number before are aluminum before minus potassium+sodium after.
55
One also sees that Mn plus Li decrease equals Si increase which indicates that
radiation
Lithium are in principle a good source for neutrons that could undergo nuclear
transmission without high energy photons but there are some risks. Even if the
neutrons is held outside the average range of the strong force there is still some
probability that there is an interaction between the expelled neutron and the
nucleus. The interaction
X + n Y + p
ex/m
12/135 0.1
1013 m=100
fm=12
zero.
7 Li 6 He + p
followed by
He 6 Li + e + + 3.5M eV .
The high
6 Li 5 He + p
27
28
N i + p state where the proton could drag the neutrons into the
Ni
core independent of the spin of the neutron. The proton is best set to be an
intermediate step in
state in lithium are a good place to separate the proton from the lithium since
He is a noble gas and don't bind to the nickel core. The p energy from
Li 6 He + p has a negative energy of -9.9 MeV so the proton cant form a
the
the
stable copper isotope with nickel since the largest accessible energy is 7.4 MeV.
The proton will then stay in a dis-harmonic state which is able to move around
the neutrons in the nickel. The state is eventually absorbed by an aluminum
core but the transmission is disfavored since the proton is in a 3/2 state while
the aluminum isotope looking for a 5/2 state. There fore there should be a
Al pair for each
Ni
Li
For the neutron owing into the nickel core the abundance ratio could be
found by setting n
62
N i.
Li
The correct abundance ratio is then for natural nickel 3.21 which then is
40%.
Li + N i 6 Li + N i and 7 Li +27 Al 6 He +28 Si
20% Lithium and 30% lithium aluminum.
50%
nickel,
References
[1] R.~B.~Wiringa,
V.~G.~J.~Stoks
and
R.~Schiavilla,
%An
Accurate
V.~R.~Pandharipande,
R.~B.~Wiringa
and
J.~Carlson,
of
new
version
of
the
device
similar
to
high-