Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Objective of Course
To acquaint the students about light and sound theory and their
application to building design
Unit 1:
- Day lighting: Physical parameters of day lighting, Day light penetration, Day light factor
- Integrating day lighting with artificial, automatic control of artificial lighting in relation to
day lighting, calculation of requirements of artificial lighting in relation to available day
lighting
- Types of lamps : Incandescent Lamp, Reflector Lamp, Blown bulb lamps, Tungsten Halogen
Lamp, Tubular fluorescent lamps, Mercury vapour lamps, Sodium Vapour Lamps, Compact
Fluorescent lamps
Unit 2:
- Vocabulary of artificial lighting: Lumens, Lux, M.F., R.I.R, Lighting level requirements for
various areas
- Types of Luminaries Decorative commercial, Industrial, Outdoor, Working out room index
ratio and coefficient of utilization
- Design of artificial lighting for various types of buildings
- External lighting : Lighting for various types of buildings
Unit 3:
- Acoustical concepts: Wave theory, Sound power, Sound intensity, Decibels, Sound power
level, Sound intensity level, Sound pressure level, frequency bands concept of reflection,
absorption, transmission.
- Absorption coefficient, NRC, Sound absorption materials, fibrous, membrane, resonators,
perforated facing, application techniques.
- Noise control by absorption, Sound transmission, Transmission loss, Composite barriers,
Noise reduction between rooms, Light construction.
Unit 4:
- Reverberation time (RT), Calculation of RT, Sample problems, RT and noise criteria for
spaces for speech and music.
- Acoustical design of enclosed spaces for speech and music, reflection analysis, echoes,
flutter echo, foci.
- Acoustical design consideration in interior design and sound amplification system.
Introduction - Lighting
Building - acts as a barrier between the Internal and
External environment
Internal environment Controlled
External environment Undesirable conditions.
Building should be a selective barrier or filter, which
excludes the unwanted influences whilst admits those
which are desirable.
One such desirable effect is Day light.
Most important communication channel for man with
his environment is Vision and without light this
communication is not possible.
Light is prerequisite for seeing
Light
Natural
Source of Day light is Sun and Sky
Ultimate Source of Daylight is Sun
Large amount of thermal radiation are
received with light
In Bright Sunshine, Illumination is
around 100 Klux (1,00,000 Lux)
Artificial
Light source is under designers control
Light source is independent of Location,
Climate
Nature of Light
Light is a narrow Wavelength band of electromagnetic radiations i.e. 380nm 780nm
These waves are vibrations of electric and magnetic fields that pass through space.
Each colour has its own particular wavelength and frequency.
A wavelength is the
distance between the
same locations on
adjacent waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transmission
Reflectance (r)
Absorption (a)
Transmittance (t)
Transparent : These materials when exposed to light transmit large part of it.
Opaque: These materials when exposed to light block the passage of light.
Therefore behind an opaque object there is no light.
Translucent: These are materials which transmit part of incident light, break its
straight passage, scatter it in all directions, creating diffuse light.
In all cases, r + a + t = 1
In case of opaque objects, t=0, r + a = 1
luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelengthweighted power emitted by a light source in a particular
direction per unit solid angle.
The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela(cd)
Flux (or Flow) of Light (F)(): Light flux is the total quantity of light
emitted per second. {Measured in Lumens (Lm)}
It is the total perceived power emitted in all directions.
Illuminance (E): amount of flux falling on unit area i.e. Lm/m2
E = / Surface Area
It is a measure of the intensity of the incident Light
Lux(= lm/m2)
Luminance (L): measure of brightness of a surface.
often used to characterize emission or reflection from surfaces
It is an indicator of how bright the surface will appear.
L= I/ Surface area {measured in cd/ m2}
Conversions
Illuminance
SC : The area of sky visible from the point considered and its average altitude angle (i.e.
Luminance of sky at that angle)
ERC: The area of external surfaces visible from the point considered and the reflectance of
these objects.
IRC: The size of the room and reflectance of these indoor surfaces.
I / d2
UF = FR / FI
Where FR = Total flux received on the working plane
FI = Total flux emitted by all the lamps.
Types of Lamps
Incandescent Lamps:
An electric current passes through a
thin filament, heating it until it
produces light.
These are lamps in which current is
passed through a tungsten filament.
The enclosing glass bulb prevents the
oxygen in air from reaching the hot
filament, which otherwise would be
destroyed rapidly by oxidation.
These lamps have luminous efficacy
of 10 16 Lm/ W
5% of Light and 95% Heat.
Low Installation cost
Warm colour tone
Application: Interiors, Exteriors,
Night lamps, Decorative lighting in
chandelier, signboards, Torches etc.
Types of Lamps
Reflector Lamps:
Reflector lamps are for directional
light. No more wastage of energy.
Lamps with Satin frosted front
finish and internal mirror reflector.
Satin frosted finish ensures
diffused output and internal
reflector gives high intensity beam.
Types of Lamps
Halogen Lamps :
A halogen lamp is an incandescent
lamp in which a tungsten filament
is sealed into a compact
transparent envelope filled with an
inert gas and halogen
These last longer than Filament
bulb but are more costly.
Produce white light than ordinary
tungsten.
Small and energy efficient.
Compact and easy to install and
maintain.
Application: Car parks,
Construction areas, security
lighting, storage yards, Factory
Bays, Godowns, Monuments etc.
Types of Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps:
These tubular fluorescent lamps
are basically low pressure mercury
vapour lamps.
These have advantage of low
wattage consumption and higher
efficacy.
Use of these lamps are diverse and
almost universal.
These lamps give 40-70 lm/W
These lamps give 21% - light and
79% heat.
A fluorescent lamp tube is filled
with a gas containing low pressure
mercury vapour and argon, xenon,
neon or krypton.
The inner surface of the bulb is
coated with a fluorescent (and
often slightly phosphorescent)
Types of Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Lamps :
The high ceiling and heights in
Industrial interiors and outdoor
lighting applications necessitate
the use of high intensity light
sources.
These lamps have high lumen
output.
These include Mercury Vapour and
Sodium Vapour lamps.
A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp which uses mercury
in an excited state to produce light.
A sodium vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp which uses sodium
in an excited state to produce light.
Types of Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Lamps :
Application: typically used when
high levels of light over large areas
are required, large public areas,
movie theaters, football stadiums,
outdoor activity areas, roadways,
parking lots, floodlighting of
monuments, ports etc.
Types of Lamps
Ambient Lighting:
This lighting fills the undefined areas of a room with a soft level of light.
This is to soften the contrast between the light source and surroundings areas.
Illumination should be uniform.
It helps to enhance the general ambience.
Luminaires
Luminaire:
A body housing the light source which has been designed to produce a particular spatial
distribution of light by using reflector or diffuser surfaces. Certain light fittings
incorporate part or all or the auxiliary equipment necessary for correct functioning of
the light source.
Indoor Commercial Luminaire
Create an optimum ambience combined with high efficiency, good glare protection and
maximum comfort.
Also perform other functions like creation of moods, add value by highlighting products.
Indoor Industrial Luminaire
High efficiency luminaires
Initial cost and maintenance expense.
Outdoor Lighting
Long life, economical in long run.
(include street lighting, floodlighting etc)
Commercial Luminaires
Indusrtial Luminaires
Outdoor Lighting
Light Fittings
GLARE
Glare:
Glare is defined as a shine with a harsh, dazzling light.
One of the most important considerations in the placement of light fixtures is to study
the glare they produce.
Types of Glare:
Direct Glare:
A bare light source is the worst kind.
Deeply recessed light fixture will solve the problem.
The interior surface finish of the reflector can also affect the amount of glare.
Reflected Glare:
Light bounces from an object into our eyes from the same angle it hits it.
Angle should not be too steep. (safety range is about 30 45 degree)
Veiling Glare:
If a light fixture is located directly over a flat, shiny surface, veiling glare can be a
problem.
GLARE
E.g. Colour of a blue vase under a blue light will be heightened as the colour of the light
intensifies the colour of vase.
Under red light same vase will appear dull (red absorbed and no blue light to reflect)
To solve this problem different light sources throw different amount of colours.
The colour rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to
reproduce the colours of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural
light source.
The colour rendering characteristic of a lamp describe how natural the surroundings appear
in its light.
Introduction - Acoustics
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the production, control,
transmission, reception, and effects of sound.
The science of sound acoustics can be broadly divided into two major areas:
a) The handling of wanted sound i.e. creation of most favorable conditions for
listening to a sound we want to hear. (room acoustics)
b) The handling of unwanted sound i.e. Noise
Hearing is most important communication channel (second to vision)
Noise is the term used for unwanted
sound, thus definition is subjective, one
mans sound is another mans noise.
Noise may also be defined as a disturbance
in an elastic medium which includes solid,
liquid and gasses.
Areas
Rural
low density of rural areas ensures
greater distance between source and
listener.
In village areas, one knows everyone
else, sound originates from known
source.
Urban
Noise sources are Industries, factories,
aircrafts, radio etc.
High density towns Distances between
sources and listeners are much less.
Nature of Sound
Sound is sensation caused by vibrating medium acting on the ear, but term is usually
applied to vibration itself.
The medium conveying it to ear can be gas (air), liquid or solid.
In gases or liquids, vibrations are transmitted as a longitudinal wave motion.
In solids, vibrations are transmitted as lateral wave motion.
As density of air changes with temperature, velocity of sound also varies with air
temperature (for rough calculations 340 m/s)
Sound Waves
A wavelength is the
distance between the
same locations on
adjacent waves
The frequency of a wave
is determined by the
number of complete
waves, or wavelengths,
that pass a given point
each second
Transverse wave
Nature of Sound
Speed of Sound Wave
In general, the speed of sound c is given by
where
C is a coefficient of stiffness (or the modulus of bulk elasticity for gas mediums)
is the density
Nature of Sound
Power and Intensity:
Power is output of a source and it is measured as rate of energy flow (unit Watts)
Sound intensity is the strength of sound in a carrying medium (e.g. air) or in other
words, density of energy flow through unit area. (unit W/m2)
In case of a point source emitting sound uniformly in all directions
I = W/ 4 d2
Where, I is intensity in W/m2
d is distance from source
This is known as Inverse Square Law.
Nature of Sound
Sound Pressure
Sound pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average, or
equilibrium) pressure caused by a sound wave.
The SI unit for sound pressure is the pascal (symbol: Pa)
Sound Pressure Level
Ears Sensitivity
The average person can hear
frequencies from 20 to 16000 Hz
(this range reduces with age)
Standard threshold of audibility is
10 -12 W/m2 (1 picowatt per Sq. Mt.)
Threshold of pain is 1 W/m2
The ear has a built in defence
mechanism: its sensitivity decreases for
higher intensity sounds.
N = 10 Log I /I0
The logarithm of the ratio of the
measured sound intensity to the
Where I = the measured Intensity
intensity at the threshold gives the
I0 = Reference Intensity (10 -12 W/m2 )
sound level scale or decible (dB) scale.
Ears Sensitivity
Decibel (dB) is a unit for expressing
relative pressure or intensity of sounds
on a uniform scale from 0 for the least
perceptible sound to about 130 for the
average threshold of pain.
Because decibel measurement is based
on a logarithmic scale, the decibels of
two sound sources cannot be added
mathematically.
An equal loudness contour is a curve
that represents the sound pressure level
at which sounds of different frequencies
are judged by a group of listeners to be
equally loud.
Noise Insulation
Noise insulating qualities of an element can be expressed by:
Transmission coefficient (t): A decimal fraction, expressing the proportion of sound
energy (Intensity) transmitted.
Transmission Loss (TL) or Sound reduction index: The reduction effect of an element
expressed in dB.
e.g. A wall with TL = 30 dB will reduce noise of
90 30 = 60dB
The relationship between the two quantities is reciprocal and logarithmic:
TL = 10 Log 1/t
or
t = antilog TL/10
Noise Control
Means of Noise Control:
Against External Noise the following means of protection are available to the
designer:
Distance
Avoiding zones of direction sound
Screening
Planning: Using non noise sensitive parts of the building as barriers
Noise insulating building envelope
Against Internal Noise (generated within the building) the following means of
protection are available to the designer:
Reduction at Source
Enclosing and isolating the source, or use of absorbent screen
Planning: Separating noisy spaces from the quiet ones; placing indifferent areas
in-between
Reduce impact noises by covering surfaces with resilient materials
Reduce noise in the space where it is generated by absorbent surfaces
Reduce airborne sound transmission by airtight and noise insulating construction
Reduce structureborne sound transmission by discontinuity
Absorbent qualities of different materials vary with the frequency. Four basic type of
absorbents can be distinguished:
Sound
Absorbents
Sound Absorbents
Sound Absorbents
Material having hard, rigid and non porous surface, provide the least absorption.
Flexible, soft , porous can vibrate and absorb more sound.
Classification of Absorbents:
Porous Absorbents:
When sound wave strike the surface of porous material, part of the wave get
reflected while part enters the pores and is thought to be dissipated into heat energy.
The efficiency depends upon thickness and porosity.
E.g. Slagwool, wood wool, faomed plastic, perforated fibreboards etc.
These are mainly selected to absorb sound having high frequency.
Resonant Absorbents:
The absorbent material is fixed on sound framing (usually Timber) with an air space
left between framing and the wall at the back.
Such arrangement works most efficient for absorbing low frequency sound waves.
The principle of sound absorption in this method is that sound waves cause vibrations
in the panel which act as a diaphragm. The absorption of sound takes place by virtue
of the dampening of vibration in the panel by means of the air space behind the
panel.
Sound Absorbents
Classification of Absorbents:
Cavity Absorbents :
Cavity resonators essentially consists of a chamber with a narrow opening in which
absorption takes place by resonance of the air in the chamber which gives loss of
sound energy.
Such an arrangement is effective over a single selected frequency.
Application of cavity resonator is normally restricted to absorption from individual
machine or in similar cases.
Composite type of Absorbents :
They consists of perforated panels mounted on battens so as to leave a cavity
between panels and wall at the back.
The panels may be of metal, wood hardboard etc.
The area of holes in the panel should vary between 10 to 20% of total area of the
panel.
The effectiveness of this system can be increased by placing a porous material in the
cavity.
This type is commonly used, as it is easy to install, economical and accommodate
wide range of frequencies.
Multilayer Construction
Ventilators
Acoustical Definitions
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC): NRC is a single-number rating representing and
overview of how much sound is absorbed by a material.
Example: gypsum board (drywall) on 2x4 studs has an NRC of 0.05.
Soft materials like acoustic foam, fibreglass, fabric, carpeting, etc. will have high
NRCs; harder materials like brick, tile and drywall will have lower NRCs.
A materials NRC is an average of its absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000 and
2000 Hz.
In general, the higher the number, the better the absorption.
NRC is useful for a general comparison of materials. However, for materials with very
similar NRCs, it is more important to compare absorption coefficients.
Sound Absorption Coefficient (a)
The actual absorption coefficients of a material are frequency dependent and
represent how well sound is absorbed in a particular octave or one-third octave band.
Example: drywall on 2x4 studs has an absorption coefficient at 125 Hz of 0.29.
Acoustical Definitions
Sound Transmission Class (STC) :
STC is a single-number rating of how effective a material or partition is at isolating
sound.
Example: drywall has an STC of 28.
is a single-number rating representing and overview of how much sound is absorbed
by a material.
Hard materials like rubberized sound barriers, concrete, brick and drywall will
have high STCs. Softer materials like mineral fiber, acoustic foam and carpet will have
much lower STCs. Virtually every material filters out some of the sound that travels
through it, but dense materials are much better at this than are porous or fibrous
materials. Like NRC, STC is useful to get an overview-type comparison of one material
or partition to another. However, to truly compare performance, the transmission loss
numbers should be reviewed.
Sound Transmission Loss (STL or TL)
The STL represents the amount of sound, in decibels (dB), that is isolated by a
material or partition in a particular octave or one-third octave frequency band.
Example: drywall has an STL at 125 Hz of 15 dB.
Acoustical Definitions
Decoupling :
STC This is the concept of detaching partitions from each other, or physically
detaching layers in a partition in order to improve sound isolation.
The most common methods of decoupling are:
Air gaps or air spaces between two partitions.
Using resilient channels between layers and structural framing members for walls
and ceilings.
Floating a floor using springs, rubber isolators or other decoupling layers.
Room Acoustics
Behaviour of sound in an Enclosed Space :
Various phenomena which may occur are 1) Attenuation due to distance
2) Audience absorption of direct sound
3) Surface absorption of direct and reflected sound
4) Reflection from re- entrant angle
5) Dispersion at modelled surface
6) Edge diffraction
7) Sound Shadow
8) Primary Reflection
9) Panel resonance
10) Inter- reflection, standing waves and
reverberation
11) Sound Transmission
Room Acoustics
Types of Auditorium:
Can be classified as follows
1) For Speech
2) For Music
3) Multipurpose
Power
Distance
From
Speaker
Directional
Relationship
to Speaker
Audience
absorption
of Direct
Sound
Reinforcement
by reflectors
Reinforceme
nt by Loud
Speakers
Sound
Shadows
Clarity
Delayed
Reflection
Echoes
Reverberation
Intrusive
Noise
Ambient Noise
Duplication
of sound by
Loudspekers
Directional Relationship of
Speaker
Speech intelligibility varies in
accordance with the directional
Relationship of speaker to
listener
S
Equal Intelligibility Contour
Approximately
Upto 15 m = Relaxed Listening
15 to 20 m = Good Intelligibility
20 25 m = Satisfactory
30 m = electronic amplification
Open
Stage
Theatre
Box Set
Stage
Restoration
Apron Stage
Theatre in
the Round