Power Electronics Laboratory User Manual: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
USER MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PRACTICAL HANDOUTS
REVISED: AUGUST 2009
DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL
SAFETY WARNING:
Before using this laboratory, read, understand and follow the Safety
Precautions mentioned inside this manual
This is an educational laboratory where high-voltage terminals and large
current-carrying components and circuits are exposed for ease of measurements.
Therefore, regardless of the voltage and current levels, these should be treated as high
voltages and high currents, and the safety precautions mentioned in the manual must
be followed.
Contents
Expt #
Title
Page #
Safety Precautions
03
General instructions
05
01
Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC
06
02
Static characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT
13
03
Half and Full controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL load
21
04
HWR and FWR control using RC triggering circuits
25
05
AC Voltage Regulator using TRIAC-DIAC combination
06
UJT firing circuits for HWR and FWR
07
Speed control of separately exited DC motor
08
Speed control of Universal motor (AC Motor)
09
10
11
12
Few important questions
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Why is safety important?
Attention and adherence to safety considerations is even more important in a power
electronics laboratory than its required in any other undergraduate electrical engineering
laboratories. Power electronic circuits can involve voltages of several hundred volts and currents
of several tens of amperes. By comparison the voltages in all other teaching laboratories rarely
exceed 20V and the currents hardly ever exceed a few hundred milliamps.
In order to minimize the potential hazards, we will use dc power supplies that never
exceed voltages above 40-50V and will have maximum current ratings of 20A or less. Most of
the time we will use dc supplies of 20V or less and 1 A or less output current capability.
However in spite of this precaution, power electronics circuits on which the student will work
may involve substantially larger voltages (up to hundreds of volts) due to the presence of large
inductances in the circuits and the rapid switching on and off of amperes of current in the
inductances. For example AC voltage converter has an output voltage that can theoretically go
to high values. Moreover the currents in portions of some converter circuits may be many times
larger than the currents supplied by the supplies powering the circuits.
2. Potential problems presented by Power Electronic circuits
Electrical shock may take a life.
Exploding components (especially electrolytic capacitors) and arcing circuits can cause
blindness and severe burns.
Burning components and arcing can lead to fire.
3. Safety precautions to minimize these hazards
3.1 General Precautions
Be calm and relaxed, while working in Lab. When working with voltages over 40V or
with currents over 10A, there must be at least two people in the lab at all times.
Keep the work area neat and clean.
No paper lying on table or nearby circuits.
Always wear safety glasses when working with the circuit at high power or high voltage.
Use rubber floor mats (if available) to insulate yourself from ground, when working in
the Lab.
Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kits in lab.
A switch should be included in each supply circuit so that when opened, these switches
will de-energize the entire setup. Place these switches so that you can reach them quickly
in case of emergency, and without reaching across hot or high voltage components.
3.2 Precautions to be taken when preparing a circuit

Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power through
isolation power transformers). This helps using a grounded oscilloscope and reduces the
possibility of risk of completing a circuit through your body or destroying the test
equipment.
3.3 Precautions to be taken before powering the circuit

Check for all the connections of the circuit and scope connections before powering the
circuit, to avoid shorting or any ground looping that may lead to electrical shocks or
damage of equipment.
Check any connections for shorting two different voltage levels.
Check if you have connected load at the output.
Double check your wiring and circuit connections. It is a good idea to use a point-topoint wiring diagram to review when making these checks.
3.4 Precautions while switching ON the circuit

Apply low voltages or low power to check proper functionality of circuits.
Once functionality is proven, increase voltages or power, stopping at frequent levels to
check for proper functioning of circuit or for any components is hot or for any electrical
noise that can a affect the circuits operation.
3.5 Precautions while switching on or shutting down the circuit

Reduce the voltage or power slowly till it comes to zero.
Switch of all the power supplies and remove the power supply connections.
Let the load be connected at the output for some time, so that it helps to discharge
capacitor or inductor if any, completely.
3.6 Precautions while modifying the circuit

Switch on the circuit as per the steps in section 3.5.
Modify the connections as per your requirement.
Again check the circuit as per steps in section 3.3, and switch ON as per steps in section
3.4.
3.7 Other Precautions
No loose wires or metal pieces should be lying on table or near the circuit, to cause
shorts and sparking.
Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing
leads.
Keep high voltage parts and connections out of the way from accidental touching and
from any contacts to test equipment or any parts, connected to other voltage levels.
When working with inductive circuits, reduce voltages or currents to near zero before
switching open the circuits.
Be aware of bracelets, rings, metal watch bands, and loose necklace (if you are wearing
any of them), they conduct electricity and can cause burns. Do not wear them near an
energized circuit.
When working with energized circuits (while operating switches, adjusting controls,
adjusting test equipment), use only one hand while keeping the rest of your body away
from conducting surfaces.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Students are hereby strictly informed to
Wearing shoes is compulsory in the laboratory.
Write the datasheets of the experiment to be conducted before coming to lab.
Write the theory of the experiment in the record and to get it signed by the in charge in
advance before doing the experiment
Marks are allotted for the writing and in time submission of datasheets and record,
Conduction of the experiment, writing theory of the experiment in advance and for the
results.
Power on the circuits only after showing the rigged circuit to the faculty incharge.
EXPERIMENT 1 - STATIC VI CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR AND DIAC

THEORY TO BE WRITTEN TO THIS EXPERIMENT:
List and define all the Power semiconductor devices
Explain constructional details and characteristics of SCR and DIAC
Applications of Power Semiconductor Devices
Briefly explain the types of Power Electronic Converter Circuits
a) Static characteristics of SCR:

OBJECTIVE:
To understand and to study:
a) the properties and characteristics of SCR
b) Gate triggering of SCR
c) Effects of Gate current on Forward Blocking Voltage
d) Turn-on and turn-off switching characteristics
AIM: To plot the VI characteristics of SCR and hence determine

1. Forward break over voltage (VFBO)
2. Holding current
(IH)
3. Latching current
(IL)
4. SCR On-state voltage
(VAK)
REQUIREMENT: SCR (TYN612)
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Ammeters:

Resistors:
0-100 m amps, 0-1 amps

Regulated (tubular) 10W, 1K
Rheostat 1.5K , 1W
Regulated Power Supply: 0-30W, 0-300W

Voltmeter:
DMM / Voltmeter
DEFINITIONS:
HOLDING CURRENT: Holding current is the minimum anode current that flows through the
SCR to maintain it in forward conducting state (ON state) in the absence of Gate supply.
LATCHING CURRENT: Latching current is the minimum forward anode current that flows
through the SCR when it enters forward conduction mode (ON state) from forward blocking state
(the time of triggering). If forward current is less than latching current, SCR does not turn-on.
FORWARD BREAKOVER VOLTAGE (VFBO): Forward break over voltage is the voltage at
which the SCR starts conducting.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure above.
2. Set the Gate current, say Ig = 2.5 mA, vary the anode voltage supply V2 (0-300)V
3. If the gate current is not sufficient, SCR will be in forward blocking state.
4. Increase the gate current (say Ig = 4 mA). By increasing the VAK, current conduction increases
through the device. The voltage at which the current conduction takes place is called forward
break over voltage (VFBO1), note down the values of VAK and IA.
5. Once the device is turned on, the voltage across the device is very low, i.e., VT
1V, where
VT is the on state drop.

6. To measure IL: Set the anode voltage to some value (say 100V). Now vary the gate supply
monotonically till the device changes from forward blocking to forward conduction state and
note down the current through the device.
7. Repeat the above step for different values of Anode voltage say, 100V, 110V, 120V and note
down the Latching current, the latching current remains same for a given device.
8. To measure IH: Once the device is turned on, switch off the gate supply. Now reduce the
anode voltage, the anode current IA reduces. At one point, the current IA goes to zero. The
anode current present in the SCR just before the SCR changes its state from forward
conducting state to forward break over state is called Holding current, IH. Note down the
value of IH
9.
Repeat the procedure for different values of Gate current, say Ig1 = 4 mA, Ig2 = 4.3 mA > Ig1,
the device will turn on at a lower forward break over voltage, VFBO2.
10. Vary the input voltage (V2) so that we get varying values anode current IA (use DMM to
measure) and note down the VFBO
11. Plot the VI characteristics and indicate the device parameters: IH, IL, VFBO, VT and Ron.
Measurements and waveforms

TABULAR COLUMN:
Ig1 = __ A
VAK (V)
IA (mA)
Ig2 = __ A
VAK (V)
VFBO1 =
VFBO2 =
IL1=
IL2 =
IA (mA)
VI Characteristics of SCR:
LAB REPORT:
The lab report should have a brief abstract detailing what has been done in the experiment. The
remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked below along with any
discussion you feel is necessary.
1. Attach a graph output voltage anode voltage versus anode current using data mentioned above.
Plot the theoretical and practically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two plots
and comment about the differences between ideal values and practical values of SCR.
2. Attach a copy of the waveforms and tabular columns for different anode voltage and gate
current.
3. Comment on the changes in the output for the change in the inputs.
CONCLUSION /INFERENCE:
b) STATIC VI CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAC
AIM: To plot the VI characteristics of DIAC and hence determine

(i)
Forward and reverse VI characteristics of DIAC
(ii)
Breakdown voltage in both the directions.
OBJECTIVE:
To understand and study the
a) Operation (forward and reverse characteristics) and Characteristics of DIAC
REQUIREMENT: DIAC (DIATB3)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Ammeters:
0-100 m amps
Resistors:
Regulated (tubular) 10W, 1K
Regulated Power Supply: (0 - 300) W, (0 - 30)W

Voltmeter:
DMM / Voltmeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
10
NOTE:
DIAC is a bidirectional diode
Breakdown voltage is the minimum voltage required for the DIAC to start conduction
PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Vary the supply gradually and note down the corresponding voltage and current
3. Note down the breakdown voltage
4. Reverse the DIAC terminals and note down the corresponding breakdown voltage by varying
the supply gradually
5. Tabulate the current v/s voltage readings for both the directions
6. Plot the forward and reverse VI characteristics of DIAC
MEASUREMENT AND WAVEFORM:
FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS
VT1T2 (V)
I (mA)
VBO
Forward break down voltage =
VBR
Reverse break down voltage =
REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS
VT1T2 (V)
I (mA)
11
VI Characteristics of DIAC
LAB REPORT:
The lab report should have a brief abstract detailing what has been done in the experiment. The
remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked below along with any
discussion you feel is necessary.
1. Attach a graph of anode voltage versus anode current as the data mentioned above. Plot the
ideal and practically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two plots and comment
about the differences between ideal values and practical values of DIAC.
2. Attach a copy of the waveforms and tabular columns for forward and reverse characteristics.
3. Comment on the changes in the output for the input values in both the directions of operation
of DIAC.
12
EXPERIMENT 2- STATIC CHARECTERISTICS OF IGBT AND MOSFET

Characteristics of Ideal switches
Switching characteristics and switching Limitations of Power transistors
Compare and differentiate the properties of MOSFET and IGBT
Comment on
ON state and OFF state voltage
input and output impedance
Switching and conduction losses and
Turn-off time
a) Static Characteristics of POWER MOSFET
Conduct a suitable experiment to obtain Drain and Transfer Characteristics for a given
Power MOSFET and hence determine its Drain Resistance and Transconductance.
AIM:
i.
To plot the VI characteristics of power MOSFET
ii.
To obtain the device parameters
OBJECTIVE:
a) To learn about Power MOSFET
b) To understand the characteristics, gate control requirements and models of MOSFET
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. MOSFET IRF 840, IGBT (IRG4BC205)
2.
Regulated Power Supply: (0 - 30)V - 2 Nos
3.
Rheostat
30 Ohms
4. Resistors
30 20W, 10K 1/2W (2 Nos), DMM
5. Ammeter
(0 - 2)A
6. Digital Volt Meter
13
NOTE:
The minimum Gate Voltage (VGS) required to turn on the MOSFET is called THRESHOLD
VOLTAGE, (VTH).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Drain Characteristics:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in circuit diagram
2. Set the value of VGS slightly greater than Threshold voltage (VTH) to a constant value
(not too high)
3. If VTH = 3.5 Volts, set VGS = 3.6Volts, Vary the VDS and note down the VDS and
corresponding changes in the ID.
4. Repeat the above step for different values of VGS.
5. Plot VDS V/S ID characteristics on the graph sheet and hence compute RDS
14
Transfer Characteristics:
2. Set the value of VDS to a constant value, say 8 Volts, vary the gate supply and note down
the value of VGS for which the device is turned on, once the device is turned on, Voltage
(VT) remains constant, ID increases
3. Repeat the above step for different values of VDS
4. Plot the VGS V/S ID characteristics and obtain the device parameters and compute GM
MEASUREMENT AND WAVEFORMS:
Drain Characteristics:
VDS V/S ID |VGS = Constant

(VGS > VT)
VGS1 = ___(V)
VGS2 = ___(V)
VDS (V)
VDS (V)
ID(mA)
Transfer characteristics:
VDS1 = ___ V
VGS (V)
ID (mA)
VGS V/S ID | VDS = constant
VDS2 = ___ (V)

ID (mA)
VGS (V)
ID (mA)
15
Characteristics of MOSFET:
LAB REPORT:
GM = ( IDS / VGS) = ________ mho
RDS = ( VDS / IDS) = ________ ohm
For the given MOSFET (IRF840),
Transconductance (GM) = __________ Mho
Drain resistance, RD
= __________ Ohm
VT, Threshold voltage VT = __________ Volts
16
The lab report should have a brief abstract detailing what has been done in the
experiment. The remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked below
along with any discussion you feel is necessary.
Attach a graph of VDS v/s ID and VGS v/s ID for the values as mentioned above. Plot the
practical and theoretically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two plots
and comment about the differences between ideal and practical characteristics of
MOSFET.
Attach a copy of the waveforms and tabular columns for
Drain characteristics and
Transfer characteristics.
Comment on the characteristics and working of MOSFET
CONCLUSION / INFEERENCE:
17
b) STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT

AIM:
a) Conduct a suitable experiment to plot the VI Characteristics for a given IGBT and
b) Determine Forward Resistance, Transconductance and Threshold Voltage.
OBJECTIVE
To study and learn the
a) Structure of IGBT
b) Characteristics and Operation of IGBT
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IGBT (IRG4BC205)
2.
0 30V Power Supplies (2 Nos)
3. Resistors: 30 20W, 10K 1/2W (2 Nos), DMM

4. Ammeter (0 2)A
5. Digital Volt Meter
6. Regulated Power Supply: (0 - 30)V (2 Nos)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
18
PROCEDURE:
1. Transfer Characteristics:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCE, say about 8Volts, vary the gate voltage VGE and note down the changes in IC.
3. Repeat the above step for different values of VCE
4. Plot the characteristics on a graph sheet.
2. Output Characteristics:
1. Set VGE slightly greater than VT say about 4.3Volts, vary VCE and note down the values
of IC.
2. Repeat the above step for different values of VCE
3. Plot the characteristics on a graph sheet
MEASUREMENT AND WAVEFORMS:

Output or collector characteristics: IC V/S VCE |VGE = Constant
VGE = ______ (V)
VGE = ______ (V)
VCE (V)
VCE (V)
IC (mA)
IC (mA)
Transfer characteristics or gate characteristics: IC V/S VGE |VCE = Constant

VCE = ____(V)
VGE (V)
VCE = ____(V)
IC (mA)
VGE (V)
IC (mA)
19
CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT
LAB REPORT: 1. Threshold Voltage, VT = _______Volts

.2. Transconductance, GM = _______Mho
.3. Forward Resistance, Rf = _______Ohm
The lab report should have a brief abstract specifying what has been done in the
Attach a graph of VCE v/s IC and VGE v/s IC for the values as mentioned above. Plot the
practical and theoretically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two plots
and comment about the differences between ideal and practical characteristics of
MOSFET.
Output characteristics and
Transfer characteristics.
Comment on the characteristics and working of IGBT
CONCLUSION / INFERENCE:
20
EXPT 3 - HALF AND FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Briefly explain all the types of commutation
Define and explain different types of controlled rectifiers
Explain the effect of inductor and freewheeling diode in the rectifier circuit
AIM:
a) To study the working principle of FWR with R and RL loads
b) To observe the waveforms VL, VSCR and to plot the response curve VDC V/S ,
Objective: To realize a half and full controlled bridge rectifier circuit using SCRs and suitable
gate controlled circuitry and to study its response for:
1. R load
2. R-L load
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Isolation Transformer
Control bridge rectifier module
Single phase firing module
Load module with freewheeling diodes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (HCB)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (FCB)
21
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the secondary of the transformer (12-0-12) using CRO or DMM in AC mode
2. Rig up the circuit as shown using specific kits.
3. Adjust the gate circuit for minimum pulses (maximum triggering angle) before switching on
the supply to the rig.
4. Observe the output waveforms VS, VSCR1, VSCR2, VL and IL on CRO.
5. Vary the POT, (1KW) to vary the firing angle and measure the value of ,
and
correspondingly record the VDC using DMM in DC mode.
6. Connect the inductor load and observe the waveform across it ( negative spikes are obtained )
7. Connect freewheeling diodes and note difference in waveform.
8. For continuous current, should be less. This comes into picture only in inductive load.
9. Tabulate the values of VDC, and , and plot the response curve VDC V/S , and the
necessary waveforms for both R and RL load.
OBSERVATION
R Load
R-L Load
VL
Without freewheeling diode

VL
With freewheeling diode

VL
22
LAB REPORT:
The lab report should have a brief abstract specifying what has been done in the
Attach a graph of v/s VL values both for half wave and full wave rectifiers separately
. Plot the practical and theoretically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the
two plots and comment about the differences between ideal and practical characteristics.
23

R and RL load for Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with and without
freewheeling diodes and
R and RL load for Full Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier with and without
freewheeling diodes.
Comment on the output for R and RL load with and
The effect of freewheeling diode on the output
CONCLUSION / INFERENCE:
24
EXPT 4 HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS USING RC

TRIGGERING CIRCUITS
THEORY TO BE WRITTEN TO THIS EXPERIMENT
List the important features of firing circuits
Mention the different ways to turn on an SCR
Briefly explain the R, RC and UJT triggering circuit
OBJECTIVE
Understand the RC triggering circuit and
To implement the Half wave and Full wave rectifiers using RC triggering.
AIM:
a) To study the working of Half wave and Full wave controlled rectification using RC
triggering
b) To plot the response curve, VDC v/s ,
c) To draw the waveforms at different points
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SCR
(TYN612)
DIODES
IN401 or BY127 (5 Nos)
RESISTORS 470 (10W), 470 (1/2 W), 100K POT
DCB
Transformer (12-0-12)
CRO
BNC
DMM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC HALF WAVE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT:
25
RC FULL WAVE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
2. Check the transformer secondary voltage using CRO/DMM in AC mode
3. Observe the output voltage (VL) variation across the load RL using DMM in DC mode by
varying the 100K POT
4. .Observe the load voltage waveform on CRO by varying the 100K POT.
5. Observe the waveform at various points(SCR, capacitor) and note the voltage levels.
6. Use the triggering pulses obtained to fire the SCRs in either HWR or FWR configuration.
7. Plot the delay angle V/s output voltage levels in HWR & FWR for identical delay angles.
8. Compare the output voltage levels in HWR & FWR for identical delay angles.
OBSERVATION:
HWR
(deg)
FWR
VL (V)
(deg)
VL (V)
26
27
28
29
LAB REPORT:
The lab report should have a brief explanation specifying what has been done in
the experiment. The remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked
below along with any discussion you feel is necessary.
Attach a graph of v/s VL values of the expected and practically obtained graph both for
half wave and full wave rectification separately
Plot the practical and theoretically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two
plots and comment about the differences between ideal and practical characteristics
Comment on the variation of and with the change in the 100K POT value
30
EXPERIMENT No 5: UJT FIRING CIRCUIT FOR HWR AND FWR

(1) Explain the working of UJT as relaxation oscillator.
(2) List the applications of UJT.
(3) What are intrinsic standoff ratio, peak points and valley points, explain?
(4) Explain why a thyristor has to be protected from di/dt and dv/dt and how?
AIM: To conduct a UJT Triggering Circuit For HWR and FWR and to display triggering
Pulses, load voltage waveforms also plot:
(1) Load voltage v/s delay angle
(2) Load voltage v/s conduction angle
OBJECTIVE:
a) To study the working principle of UJT firing circuit.
b) To study the principle of line synchronized UJT firing circuit.
REQUIREMENTS:
Diode
(IN4001 or By127) (2)
UJT
(2N 2646)
Resistors: 500 10W, 220 (2), 1K (3), 100 , 100K POT (2),
470 - 20W (2), 470 5W,
Capacitor
0.1 F (2)
Zener Diode
(12V)
SCR
(TYN 612)
Pulse transformer 1:1:1
Step-Down Transformer 230V/ (15-0-15)
Voltmeter
CRO
BNC
PIN CONFIGURATION OF UJT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
IDEAL WAVEFORMS
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the transformer secondary voltage using DMM (AC mode) or CRO.
2. First, rig up the UJT firing circuit and check the voltages at different points as
shown in the waveforms on CRO.
3. Observe the variation of pulse frequency, f = 1/T by varying the charging resistor
(R 100K POT). Verify the pulse train for
for one half cycle.
4. Develop the HWR circuit using SCR and load resistor.
5. Observe the waveforms VSCR and VL. Verify the changes with respect to 100K
POT.
6. Measure the load voltages with respect to using DMM (DC Mode) and
measure the delay angle using the CRO.
7. The load voltage can be verified using the formula, form value as
VDC = (Vm (1+cos ) ) volts. Where, Vm = 21/2 Vrms of sec voltage.
8. Plot the input waveform, variation of load voltage with respect to , Zener
voltage, Voltage across the capacitor, Voltage across SCR and the voltage across
load.
DESIGN STEPS:
i. Time period of output pulse
T = RC ln 1/(1- ) secs.
Where
R = Charging resistor
C = Capacitor
n = intrinsic standoff ratio 0.63 for (2N 2626)
OR
T = RC ln(VBB VV)/( VBB VP) Secs
Where,
VBB = Supply voltage
VP = Peak voltage
VV = Valley voltage
ii. Rmax = (VBB VP)/IP
iii. Rmin = (VBB-VV)/IV
Where,
IP = Peak current
IV = Valley current
iv. Base resistance, Rb2 = 104/ VBB (an empherical formula)
OBSERVATIONS:
HWR
VL (v)
FWR
VL (v)
LAB REPORT:
experiment. The remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked
1. Attach a graph of input waveform, variation of load voltage with respect to , Zener
voltage, Voltage across the capacitor, Voltage across SCR and the voltage across load.
Plot the theoretical and practically calculated results on the same graph. Compare the two
plots and comment about the differences between ideal and practical values.
2. Attach a copy of the waveforms and tabular columns for load voltage versus .
3. Comment on the plotted waveforms.
EXPERIMENT 6 : AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER USING TRIAC DIAC

COMBINATION
(1) Explain the Master Circuit Breaker.
(2) Clearly classify the AC Voltage Controllers stating the principle of operation.
(3) List the advantages and disadvantages of on-off control and phase angle control
circuits.
(4) Mention the Merits, demerits and applications of AC Voltage Controllers
AIM: To study the performance of an Ac Regulator using Triac- Diac combination and
Incandescent lamp as load. To plot variation between load voltage and delay
angle.
OBJECTIVE:
a. To understand the operation and characteristics of AC Voltage Controllers.
b. To understand the performance parameters of AC Voltage Controllers.
REQUIREMENTS:
Resistors
1K (2), 10K , 1M , 500
Diac
(DIATB3)
Triac
(BT136)
Capacitors
0.1F/30V, 0.1 F/300V
Auto-Transformer
Voltmeter
Lamp
MCB
CRO
PIN DESCRIPTION:
5W
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram.
2. Set Auto-Transformer to 80V.
3. Out-put can be controlled by potentiometer.
4. Vary 1M ohm pot to obtain various values of AC.
5. The variation of AC is indicated by intensity of lamp.
6. Tabulate the variation between delay angle and load voltage and plot the graph.
OBSERVATIONS:
(delay angle )
540
720
.
.
VL (volts)
LAB REPORT:
1. Attach a graph of input waveform, variation of load voltage with respect to , Voltage
across triac and voltage across diac. Plot the theoretical and practically calculated results
on the same graph. Compare the two plots and comment on the differences between ideal
and practical values.
2. Attach a copy of tabular column for load voltage versus .
3. Comment on the plotted waveforms.
4. Explain the effect of source and load inductances on AC Voltage Controllers.
CONCLUSION/INFERENCE:
EXPERIMENT 7: SPEED CONTROL OF SEPERATELY EXITED DC MOTOR

(1) Explain the following terms Rotor, Stator and Winding in DC Motor.
(2) Explain the effect of load inductance on load current.
(3) Define the performance parameters of a controlled rectifier.
(4) Explain the working of converters with
a) Pure inductive load
b) RL load with finite inductance and
c) Resistive load.
AIM:
To control speed of a separately exited DC Motor through control technique using
a static controller realized using SCR.
OBJECTIVE:
a. To study the working of half controlled bridge rectifier.
b. To study the principle of speed control of separately excited DC MOTOR USING
HCB
REQUIREMENTS:
Transformer 230V/40V (PP)
Line commutation firing module
Power Module
DC Motor
Tachometer
DMM
CRO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. First check the firing pulse from line synchronized firing module using a power
supply 12V, and input from transformer 12-0-12V.
2. Check the variation of pulse width on CRO by varying POT.
3. Make the power circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
4. Ensure the gate pulses G1K1 and G2K2
5. Set the angle knob in the module to maximum and switch it on.
6. Observe the speed change in the motor by varying in the firing module.
7. Connect a DMM across motor, record the voltages for different firing angle .
8. Verify the values using the formula VDC = (Vm/ )(1+cos ) volts.
9. Measure the using CRO by taking load voltage or VSCR.
10. Observe the waveform and plot v/s speed (RPM).
11. Now gradually reduce the speed by reducing the resistance in POT and switch off
the power supply, finally switch off the firing module.
OBSERVATIONS:
(delay angle )
Speed (rpm)
LAB REPORT:
1. Attach a graph of input waveform and output waveform. Plot the practically calculated
results on a graph sheet. Observe the plot and comment on the readings.
2. Attach a copy of tabular column for delay angle ( ) versus speed of motor (RPM).
3. Comment on the plotted waveform.
EXPERIMENT 8 : SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR (AC Motor)

(1) Explain field and armature winding
(2) Explain types of induction motors
(3) Explain the working principle of 1- phase controlled type AC Voltage
Controller connected to i) R Load
ii) RL Load and
iii) L Load
(4) Explain the problem caused by short single pulse triggering of thyristors in an
ACVC when the load is inductive and how it can be solved.
AIM: To control the speed of AC motor using static controller.
OBJECTIVE:
(1) To study the working principle of 1- . AC controller using SCRs.
(2) To study the working principle of phase control of TRIAC (Light dimmer)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power module (1- AC controller)
Line commutated firing module
AC motor/Universal motor
(230V/45V) Transformer
AC Regulator
Tachometer
AC Motor
DMM
Motor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Test the firing module for pulses G1K1 and G2K2 and the variation.
2. Rig up the circuit as shown in the diagram.
3. Set the firing module to minimum position and switch on the firing module.
4. Observe the speed of the motor by varying the firing angle .
5. Measure the value of using power scope for different settings of POT.
6. Record the voltage across motor using DMM (ac mode) and speed using
tachometer for different settings of POT on firing module.
7. Again gradually reduce speed and switch off the power module and firing
module
8. Plot the response curve voltage versus speed (rpm).
OBSERVATIONS:
Speed(rpm)
LAB REPORT:
1. Attach a graph of input voltage, load voltage and voltage across thyristor waveform.
Plot the practically calculated results on a graph sheet. Observe the plot and comment on
the readings.
2. Attach a copy of tabular column for delay angle ( ) versus speed of Universal motor
(RPM).
3. Comment on the obtained result.
EXPT - 9 PARALLEL INVERTER

AIM:
To study the operation and working of a single phase parallel inverter,
To display the output waveforms across load and commutation elements and
To plot the efficiency curve
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Inverter modules, Ammeter, DMM, Power supply, rectifier module and firing
module.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PARALLEL INVERTER:
L and C are not connected internally in the module

Use a external Commutation components module for l and C connection
OBSERVATION:
RL
VDC
IDC
PDC
VAC
IAC
PAC
(ohms)
(volts)
(amps)
(watts)
(volts)
(amps)
(watts)
=(PAC /
PDC) x100
PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit using inverter circuit modules as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Note that the commutating elements L and C are not present in the kit. They are shown as
dotted line in the module.
3. Measure VDC across A and B and IDC across A to A interconnection of two modules.
4. Now fix a load resistance. The load resistance actually consists of four 180/40W
resistances in parallel. If a resistor is switched on (through switch), it is connected else it
is not been taken into consideration.
5. IAC can be measured using AC ammeter
6. Vary RL and note down VAC and IAC.
7. Plot c/s load.
WAVEFORMS;
PARALLEL INVERTER:
LAB REPORT:
EXPERIMENT -10 Digital Firing Circuit

AIM:
a. To design and develop a digital firing circuit using proper ICs
b. To study the working of digital firing scheme
REQUIREMENTS: ICs CD 4047(3 Nos), 7408 (1 No.), SL100 (2 Nos) Pulse
Transformer (1 No.), Diodes IN4001 (5 Nos), DC source 0-30V of 1 No.
Circuit Design:
Procedure:
Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram and check the output at each ICs
Check the output pulse variation at MSMV by varying 220K POT
Check the pulses at G1K1 and G2K2
Convert the G1K1 and G2K2 to FWRs and observe the output across load by varying
22K POT of MSMV
Also record the values and plot the graph of VC v/s
Ideal Waveforms:
Lab Report:
Conclusion/ Interference
EXPT 11: SCR TURN OFF USING LC COMMUTATION CIRCUITS

AIM: To rig up a chopper circuit and thereby to determine the output voltages for various
duty cycles and hence compare the output voltage with theoretical values.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Chopper module, Input Transformer, commutation module, firing module, DMM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS
VIN = 34.9V, TON = 1.9mS
Vi (dc)
TON
TOFF
(Duty cycle)
TON/(TON+TOFF)
TON (theoretical) = 2**(LC)1/2

Where L = 20.55 mH,
C = 16.67 F
TON (theoretical) = 2
VO (Theoritical) = Vi
=
ms = 3.67mS.
Vo (practical)
VO(Theoritical) =delta X Vi
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rig up the circuit using various chopper modules as shown in the circuit diagram.
Verify the DC voltage across the output of DC chopper.
Vary the knob of triggering module and hence obtain variable values of duty cycle.
Note TON is always constant and TOFF is varied.
Tabulate the values of TON, TOFF and Vo for various triggering points on the gate trigger
circuit.
6. Observe the waveforms at load and commutation elements.
7. Plot a graph between VO and duty cycle.
WAVEFORMS:
LAB REPORT:
EXPERIMENT -12 SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

AIM: To interface the stepper motor to microprocessor and to rotate it clockwise or anticlockwise
directions for a given degree
APPARATUS: Microprocessor (8085) kit, Power supply and Stepper motor
Four step Sequence
Phase1 Phase2
10
11
10
11
11
01
11
10
Hex Value
07
0B
0D
0E
Four step input sequence gives 1.80/step. For four step it gives 7.20.
Example: If given angle = 1800 then count value =
= 25,
In Hex it is 19H
Use 19 as counter and store 07, 09B, 0D & 0E in four memory locations.
Instruction
Program:
Opcode
Instruction Length in (byte):
MVI A, 80H
3E, 80
2 Mem C000
OUT DB
D3, DB
C002
MVI C, 19H
0E, 19
C004
06, 04
C006
21, 00, C3
C008
7E
C00B
OUT PC
D3, DA
C00C
LXI D, FF07
11, 07. FF
C00E
CALL DELAY
CD, BE, 04
C011
INX H
23
C014
DCR B
05
C015
JNZ LOOP1
C2, 0B, C0
C016
DEC C
0D
C019
JNZ LOOP2
C2, 06, C0
C01A
HLT
76
C01D
LOOP2: MVI B, 04
LXI H, C300
LOOP1: MOV A, M
Note: See the opcode sheet and enter the opcodes of the above instructions.
Circuit connection
Connect the circuit with VDD = +12V

VCC = +05V and
Ground connections
OBSERVATIONS:
LAB REPORT:

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POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

REVISED: AUGUST 2009

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC

Static characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT

Half and Full controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL load

HWR and FWR control using RC triggering circuits

AC Voltage Regulator using TRIAC-DIAC combination

UJT firing circuits for HWR and FWR

Speed control of separately exited DC motor

Speed control of Universal motor (AC Motor)

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

3.2 Precautions to be taken when preparing a circuit

3.3 Precautions to be taken before powering the circuit

3.4 Precautions while switching ON the circuit

3.5 Precautions while switching on or shutting down the circuit

3.6 Precautions while modifying the circuit

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT 1 - STATIC VI CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR AND DIAC

a) Static characteristics of SCR:

AIM: To plot the VI characteristics of SCR and hence determine

4. SCR On-state voltage

REQUIREMENT: SCR (TYN612)

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Ammeters:

0-100 m amps, 0-1 amps

Regulated Power Supply: 0-30W, 0-300W

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

VT is the on state drop.

Measurements and waveforms

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

b) STATIC VI CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAC

AIM: To plot the VI characteristics of DIAC and hence determine

Forward and reverse VI characteristics of DIAC

Breakdown voltage in both the directions.

REQUIREMENT: DIAC (DIATB3)

Regulated (tubular) 10W, 1K

Regulated Power Supply: (0 - 300) W, (0 - 30)W

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

MEASUREMENT AND WAVEFORM:

Forward break down voltage =

Reverse break down voltage =

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT 2- STATIC CHARECTERISTICS OF IGBT AND MOSFET

To plot the VI characteristics of power MOSFET

To obtain the device parameters

Regulated Power Supply: (0 - 30)V - 2 Nos

30 20W, 10K 1/2W (2 Nos), DMM

6. Digital Volt Meter

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

VDS V/S ID |VGS = Constant

VGS V/S ID | VDS = constant

VDS2 = ___ (V)

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

VT, Threshold voltage VT = __________ Volts

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPT OF E & CE, R.V.C.E. POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL