Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Goals
Understand the structure of matter and the
fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation.
Understand the concept of x-ray production, how
x-rays interact with matter, the quantity and
quality of the x-ray beam, and demonstration of
anatomic structures in the radiographic image
(radiograph)
Matter
Matter
Anything that occupies space, has shape or form, and has mass
States of matter: Solid, liquid, gas
Mass
Amount or quantity of matter in an object.
Does not change with a change in the form
Does not change with gravitational force
Air has mass, but much less than a rock that has the
same volume because the particles of matter in air are
more widely spaced.
Atomic Theory
Basic building blocks of matter
Atom is unique and characteristic of a
certain type of matter
o Hydrogen atom is different from an atom
of Barium or Calcium
Atoms cannot be seen
o Scientists theorized about its structure and function based
on experimentation
Atomic Structure
Nucleus
Small, dense center
Contains nucleons
protons and
neutrons
Electrons
Orbit nucleus
Bohr Atom
Basic structure of atoms is comparable to
our solar system
An atom is mostly empty space the
space between the electrons and the
nucleus is like the space between the
earth and sun
Atom is comprised of a small, dense,
positive nucleus and negative electrons
revolving in orbit around the nucleus
Bohr Atom
Electron
Negative charge
Electrical stability maintained through equal
number of protons and electrons
Electrons
Electrons (-) charge
Subatomic particle
Small quantity of mass
Located outside nucleus in
orbital shells
Stable atoms have equal
electrons as protons
Electron shells
Ordered from the first shell (K) to
the last shell (Q)
Electron Shells
Represent the energy levels
Maximum number of electrons in each shell
based upon 2n2
K shell: Shell #1 = 2 electrons (innermost)
L shell: Shell #2 = 8 electrons (2)(2)2
M shell: Shell #3 = 18 electrons (2)(3)2
Q shell: Shell # 7 = 98 electrons (2)(7)2
A maximum of 8 electrons may comprise the
outermost shell of any atom (valence shell)
18
32
50
72
98
Factoid: The largest naturally occurring atom, uranium, has a total of 92 electrons in its
seven shells. Even in this atom, shells 5, 6, and 7 are not completely filled.
Forces
Nuclear Binding Energy
Forces
Centripetal force
Maintains electron in orbit preventing it from
flying away from the nucleus
Center seeking force
Balances the force created by the electron
velocity
Forces
Centrifugal force
Maintains electron at a distance from the
nucleus while moving around the nucleus
Out from center force
Forces
TUNGSTEN
(Eb)Comparison
IONS
IONS
Ionization
Adding or removing an electron from its
shell
An atom in which this has occurred is
called an ion.
If an electron is added, termed a negative ion
(-1 charge)
If an electron is removed, termed a positive ion
(+1 charge)
Ionization
Y
Z
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Nuclear arrangements
Isotope
Atoms with same atomic number
Unstable isotopes often have a deficient or excess
number of neutrons. This causes them to spontaneously
change from one element to another.
Considered radioactive, referred as radioisotopes
Isobar
Atoms with same atomic mass
Isotone
Atoms with same neutron number
Nuclear Arrangements
Nuclear Arrangements
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Combination of Atoms
Atoms of different
elements may combine to
form molecules
Ionic Bonding occurs when
an electron from one atom
transfers to another atom
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Combination of Atoms
Covalent Bonding occurs when two atoms share
some of the same electrons which revolve around
both nuclei
Water (H2O)
Video
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