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TINSMITH lNG

INSTRUCTION

PAPER

PREPARED BY

WILLIAM NEUBECKER
INSTRUCTOR SHEET. METAL DEPARTMENT OF NEW YORK TRADE SCHOOI,
FORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT FORESTER Co.

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1903

MERICAN SCHoo:L OF CORRESPONDENCE

AT

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHICAGO

U. S. A.

ILLINOIS

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THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS,

l wo Copiea Reo.lvetl

JUL 16 1903

Eti:-u:t

J'" Nv.

COPY 8.

COPYRIGHT 1903

BY

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE

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TINSMITH lNG,
An importan t part of the technical education of those con
n ected with tinsmiths' work is a knowledge of laying out patterns.

vVhen making the various form s of tinware, or, as they are com

monly called, housefurnishing goods, the greatest care m ust be

taken in developing the patterns, for if a m istake of but one point
is m ade, the pattern will be useless.

There are general geometri

cal prin ciples which are applied to this work which, when thor
oughly understood, m ake that part plain and simple, which would
otherwise appear intricate.

These principles en able the student

to lay out differen t pattern s for various pieces of tin ware where
the methods of construction are simil a:.

Fig. 2.

Fig. I.

Construction.

Before laying out the pattern for any piece of

tinware, the method of construction should be known.

Knowin g

this, the first thought should be: Can the pattern be developed and
cut from one piece of metal to advantage, as shown in Fig. 1, or
will it cut to waste, as shown in Fig. 2 ?

Will the articles have

soldered, grooved or riveted seams, as shown respectively by A, B

and 0, in Fig. 3 ? .Also, will the edges be wired or have hem edges

at the top, as shown respectively by A and B, in Fig. 4 ?

Some

times the pattern can be laid out in such a way that the article

may be made up of two or more pieces, so that the patterns may

be l aid in one another, as shown in Fig. 5, thereby saving material.
This is a plan that should always be followed if possible.
When the patterns are developed, tin plate should be obtained
of such size as to have as little waste as possible.

By means of the table on pages 45-47 tin plate may be ordered

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TlKSIITliiNG

which -nill cut to adn1ntage, f or there is n o th i ng worse i n a tin

shop than to see a lot of was te plate u n der the benches, 'vhereas a

little foresight in orderi n g stock would haye saved material .

Capacity of Vessels.

Some t i m e s the t i n smith i s re qu i red to

make a piece of t i n \\are "hich will hold a given quan t i ty of l iquid.

The me thods of finding the d i me n si o n s are gi ven in Ari thmetic

and fensuration, -nhich subjects should be reviewed before begin
n i n g thi s work.
Shop Tools.
tinsmith are:

The most i m port a n t han d tools requred by th e

hammer, shea rs , mallet, scratch a wl, di v i <.l e r s

s old eri n g coppers.

ex plai n ed as we

Th e other t i n sm i th tools and machines "ill be

proceed.

r r

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Variou s Methods of Obtaining Patterns.

i n g for thi s course is d i v ided i n to t w o classes:

1.

2.

and

Fig. 5.

The pattern

d ra ft

Patterns which a re developed by means of parallel lines.

Patterns which are developed by means of radial l ines.

The pr i nc i pl es which follow are fu ndame n tal i n the art

of

pattern cutting. and their a ppl i cation i s u n iversal in t i n smi ths' work.
INTERSECTIONS AND D EVELOPMENTS.

The

lay i ng out of patter ns in tinsmiths' work b el ongs

t o t ha t

de partme n t o f descriptive ge ome try known as developme n t o f su'r

faces, wh ich means the layi ng ou t flat of the surfaces of the sol ids,
the fiat surfaces in this case bei ng the tinplate.

In l1"ig. G i s shown

one of the most s imple forms to be de v e loped by p ara ll e l l i n es,

that of an octagonal p r i sm.

This proble m e x pla i n s certain fixed

rules to be observed i n the d eve lo pme n t of all parallel forms,

which are as follows:
1.

There must be a plrm, devation or o ther view of

article to be

the

made, shmY i ng the l i ne www.vintagebase.com

of jo i n t or in tersection, and

TINSl"LITJII <+

in line \Yith which must be drawn a st>ction or profile of the artide.

Thus, ABCD sho \\ s tlw view of the articlt>. A L the line of joint

or intersection, and E the profile or section of the article.

')
The ]>J'oj71<3 or st>ction (if curved) must he diYided into
e q ual

spaces (the more spaees entploy(d the more accurate will be

the pattern), from \\hich lint's are drawn parallel to the lines of
the article intersecting the line of joint ot intersection.

Thus

fi'om the corners nmubered 1 to 8 in the profile E, lines are drawn

B
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"""-- ------ -- ----.::..::::

-. -c--- ---

-- -- - -

I'

2'

---- ---- f--::7

----

v
:_:::.;?'

4'

5'

i=

w
_J
w

3'

7'

e'

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Fig. 6.

parallel to the line of the article. intersecting the line of joint AL

frolll 1" to 8".

In Fig. 7, where the section A is curved, this is

divided into equal spaces.

3.

A st,etdwut line (showing the amount of material the

article will require) is. next drawn at right angles to the line of the
article, upon which is placed eaeh space contained in the section
or profile.

Thus JF, in Fig. 6, is the stretchout line, which con

tains the true amount required to enclose the profile E.

4.

At right angles to the stretchont line, and from the inter

sections thereon, draw lines called the mr'a81U'ing lin<!8.

Thus,

from the intersections 1' to 8' on J F lines are drawn at right angles
to the stretchout line JF, which are called measuring lines.
5.

:From the intersections on the line of joint draw lines in

tersecting similarly numbered measuring lines, which will result

in

the pattern shape.

Thus lines drawn from the intersections on

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TINSIITHING

the line AI. at right angles to BO intersect similarl y n um bered

m ea::;u ring lines as shown.

for an

octagonal

Then JIHF will be the de vel op men t

prism intersected by the line AL in

ele v ation

This simple problem shows the

fundamental principles in all

parallel l ine developments. vVhat we have just done is similar to
tak i ng the prism and rolling it out on a flat surface. Let the
-

.s t u dent

imagine the prism before him with the corners blackened

Fig. 7.

anJ

s tarting

with corner 1 turn the prism

}Japer until the point 1

is

on

sheet of

whit e

again reached, when the result will cor

respoud to the de n lopment shown.

in mind, the student shou ld ha v e

no

Bearing these simple rules

d iffi culty in laying out or

developing the forms which will follow.

Fig.

shows the

d e v elop m e n t

of a c y linder , and also shows

circular sections or pro

tiles, as explained for parallel developments. A shows the profile
or sec t io n B the ele\ation, and CD the stretchout line or the
amou n t of material req uired to go around the circle. By d r a w ing
the measuring lines CF and DE and connecting them Ly the line
FE, we obtain CDEF, which is the de velopm ent of the c y lind er.
Fig. shows how to obtain the de\elopmen t of the surfaces
of an intersected he xagonal prism the angl e of intersection Leing
First draw the elevation ABOD and the section E in its
4G0

the principles which are applied in spacing

,

proper position belo\L

B,

as

Number the corners in the section 1, 2 and

shown, from which erect perpendicular lines inte rs ecting the

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TIX.JIITHIX<_T
plane

A,

as shown by 1

2" and 3'.

Bisect the lines 1-1 and

3-3 in plan obtaining the points F and II respeeti\ely. aml draw

the line FH.

This line will be used to obtain dimen ions with

which to construct the de,eloped surface on the plane A.B.

right angles to .AB and from the intersections 1

lines as shown.

'

At

2) and 3 draw

Parallel to AB draw the line F

H.

K ow.

measuring in each instance from the line FH in E. take the dis

tances to 1, 2 and 3, and place them on similarly numbered line.;

drawn from the plane AB, measuring in each instance from the

t--

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Fig. 8.

line Fv Hv on either side. thus obtaining the points 1'. :2' and 3'.
Connect these points by lines as shown; then J will be the true
de,elopment or section on AB.

For the de,elopment of the prism. draw the stretchout line

KI at right angles to AD, upon which place the stretchout of the
section E. as shown by similar numbered intersections on KI.

to KI. draw the measurht anales

From these intersections. at rio
0
o
ing lines shown, which intersect with lines drawn from similar

numbered intersections on the plan AB. at right angles to BC.

Through the intersections thus obtained. dra\Y the lines from L to .

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8
l\L

TINSl\IITIIING
Then KLl\II will be the pattern or developmen t of the i n ter

sected prism.
Fig. 9 shows the development of an i ntersected cylinder.

i s the elevation and B the profile or plan.

As each half of the

de,elopment will be symmetrical, d i vide the profile

ber o f equal parts, n umbering each half from

i n to a n u m

t o 5, a s shovvn .

From these poi n t s perpendicular li nes are erected, i n tersecting the

plane 1v- 5v at 1 v, 2v, 3v, 4vand 5v. A stretchout is now made

of the profile B and placed on the horizontal stretchout l i n e CD,

the poi n ts bei ng shown by 5', 4', 3', 2',

1',

2", 3", 4" and 5".

From

Fig. 9.

these yoints measuring l i nes are erected and i ntersected by s i m i lar

nu mbered l i nes drawn from the plane 1 v- 5v at right angles to the

line of the cyl i n der.

A l i n e traced through points thus obtained

vYill be the developmen t of the i n tersected cylinder.

In thi s case

the bu t t i n g edge or joint l i ne of the cyl inder i s on i ts shortest side.

If the but t ing edge were desired on i ts longest side, it would be

n ecessary to change only the figures on the stretchout l i n e

ma k i n g

1'

start at 5' and end at 5".

CD,

'Vhere two prisms i n tersect each other , as shown i n Fig.

10,

it i s necessary to find the poi n ts of i n tersect i on before the surfaces

can

be

developed.

Thus we have two unequal quadrangular

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TIN SIITHIN G

Vfe

prisms intersec ting diagonally at right angles to each other.

first draw the section of the horizontal prisms as shown by B in

the end view, from which the side view A is p roj e cted as hown.

From the corner T i n the section B erect the perpendicular line

TC, and above in its proper position draw the section D of the
vertical prism , and number the corners 1, 2, 3 and 4.

From the

corners 1 and 3 dr op vertical lines intersecting the profi le B

and 3', T r epresenting the points 2' and 4' obtained from 2

in D.

at

an d

1'

From the points 1' and 3' in B, draw a hor izontal line

through the side view, and locate the center of the vertical prism

as

B", from which erect the perpendicular line 3"- 1.

Now take

a duplic ate of the section D and place it as shown by F, all o wing

it to m ake a quarter turn (90;)); in other words, if we view the
vertical pr ism from the end view, the point 1 in section D face

the left, "hile if \Ve stood on the right sid e of the e n d view the

point 1 would point ahead in the direction of the

aiTO\Y.

The s ide

view therefore represents a view standing to the right of the end

view, and therefore the section F m akes a quarter turn, bringing

the corner 1 toward the top.

From points 2 and 4 in section F

drop vertical lines intersecting the line drawn from the corner

2'- 4' in B, thus obtaining the intersections 2"- 4" in the side

view. Draw a line from 4" to 3" to 2", which represents the
intersection between the two prisms.
To develop the vertical prism, draw the horizontal stretchout
line HI, and upon it place the stretchout of the profile D
by similar figures on III.

points 1, 2, 3,

4,

as

shown

Draw the m easuring lines from the

1, at right angles to HI, which intersects with

lines drawn at right angles to the line of the vertical prism from
intersections having similar numbers on B.

A line traced through

the points thus obtained, as shown by HILJ will be the develop

ment of the vertical prism.

The developm ent of the horizontal

prism wi th the opening cut into it to adm it the joining of the

vertical prism ie shown in Fig. 1 1, and is drawn as follows: Draw

any vertical line Ov Pv, H.nd on this line place the stretchout of

the upper half of section B in Fig. 10, as shown by similar letters

and figures in Fig. 1 1. From these points at right angles to

Ov pv draw lines equal in length to the sid e view in Fig. 10. Draw
a line from U to T in Fig. 1 1. Now, measuring from the line RS
i n side view in Fig. 10, take the various ditances to points of in.

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TlNS:MITHINU

10

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JJJ

t:O

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W.

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TIS M I Til I Xh

11

tersections --1:'', i3". 1" and 2". and plac t> tht:>nt in Fig. 11 on lines

lmdng similar nmnbers, measuring from the line ()v P", thus re

sulting in the int ersections 1(', 2. H' and -r.

('omH'cting these

points by lin t' s as sho wn. thfln Ol"T pv wil l be the half Llevelop

The bot t om half will he

ment of the t op of the horizontal pri s m.

s

im ilar

the

without the ,)pening.

_Having described the p ri nci plt>s

next

lating to

parallt>l

forms,

snbjL-'Ct "ill be the p rinci plt> s relating to t apt>r ing forms.

These forms incl ude onl y the olid titrnres

that ha , e for a base the
I""

circle, or

any of the r egular pol ygon s . also

which can he inseribt:>d in

fig

ur es of nnt>q nal sides

circle. the lint's drawn from the cor

ners of which tL r m inat e in an apt>x. dirt'ctly o , er the centt'r of the

base.

The forms with which the tinsmith has to deal are more

frequentl y frustums of t hese figures. and th e method nsed

in

develo p ing these surfaces is simply to develop the surface of the

entire cone or pyramid. and then by simple m ea s uremen ts cnt off

p a rt of the fignrf', lea ,ing the dt>sirecl frus tum.

known forms of the

Tbns in the we ll

li pp er , eoffee pot, colandt'J', straine1, ,,ash

bowl, bucket, funnt.-'1, m ea s ure . pan.

cones above referred to.

t c .. \\e ha,e the f rn s t nms of

In spea k ing here of metal p late articles

as portions of cones, it must be remembered that all patterns are

of surfaees, and as we are deali ng with tinp lat e , these patter ns

"hen form ed are not sol ids, but m e rely shells.

Solid Geometry the right cone is de fined

base, generated by the

revolution

its vertical side ealled t he a x is.

of

as

In wor ks upon

a solid with a ci rc ula r

right

angle triangle about

This is more cl e arly shown in Fig. 12, in which is s how n

right cone, whieh con tain s the pr inci p l es ap pli ca ble to all frustums
of p yr amids and cones.

ABC r epresen ts the elevation of the cone;

the horizontal section on the line B(' bein g shown by G DEF,

which is sp aced into a _ n umber of eC)ual parts. as shown by the

sntall fi gu res 1 to 10.

over

the cen ter

1t

As the center or apex of tht' co ne is elirec tly

of the ci rele. then the len gth of each of the lines

drawn from the small figures 1 to 10 to the

both in plan and elevation.

ente r

will be equal

Therefore to ob tain the envelope or

d e velop me nt , use AB or AC as radius, and with A in Fig. 13 as

center, describe the arc 1- 1'. From 1 d ra w a line to A and s tart
ing from the point 1, s e t off on the are 1-1' the stretchout or num-

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TIN SMITHING

12

ber of spaces contained in the circle DEFG in Fig. 12, as shown

uy similar figures in Fig. 13. From 1' draw a line to A. Then
A -1-7 -1' will be the development of the right cone of Fig. 12.
Suppose that a frustum of the cone is desired as shown by
liiCB, Fig. 12; then the opening at the top ,\;ill be !equ_al _to the
small circle in plan, and the radits for the pattern will be equal to
AI. Now using A in Fig. 13 as a center with AI as radius, describe
the arc III, intersecting the lines 1A and A1' at Hand I respective
ly. Then II- I-1' -7-1 will be the development for the frustum
of the.. cone.
When a right cone is cut by a plane passed other than parallel
to its base, the method of development is somewhat different. This

A
I'

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

is explained in con nection with Fig. 1, i n whieh A is the r'ight

cone, intersected by the plane represented by the line DE. B repre
sents the plan of the base of the cone, whose circumference is divided
into equal spaces. As the intersection of both haves of the cone
are symmetrical, it will.ue necessary to divide only half of plan B
as shown uy the small figures 1 to 7.
From these points, erect
lines parallel to the axis of the cone, intersecting the base line
of the cone. From these points draw lines to apex F, intersecting
the line DE as shown. From the intersections thus obtained ou the
line DE and at right angles to the axis, draw lines as shown, inter
sectrn g the side of the cone FE. Now using F as center and F II
as a radius, describe the arc 7- 7'. From
7 draw a line to F, and
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TINSMITIIINH

13

starting from the point 7 set off on the arc 7- 7', the strt:'tchoH t of
From these

the circle B as shown hy tht small tigures 7- 1- 7'.

points draw radial lines to the center point F, a.nd intersect them

by arcs strut'k from the center F, with radii equal to similarly num

bered intersections on the side FIJ, and partly shown by points

7 v- 1v_ 7.

Trace a line through the points of intersections thus

obtained; then 7 -7v- 7-7' will be the desired development.

These same principles are applicable no matter at what a.ngle

the cone is intersected.

7'

For the

section on the line DE, see the

explanation in :Mechanical Draw

ing Part III.

Fi_g. 15 show s the principles

applicable to the developments of

pyramids having a base of any
shape.

In this case, we have a

square pyra mid, intersected by the

line DE.

First draw the elevation

of the pyramid as shown by ABC

and in its proper position the plan
view as shmvn by 1, 2, 3, 4.

Draw

the two diagonal lines 1 - 3 and

2- 4 i ntersecting each other at A'.

ll
but I I
with I I

The length of the line AC repre-

sents the true length on A' e,

is

not

the

correct radius

which to strike the development.

A true length must be obtained on the line A'4 as

follows:

At right angles to 3-4 from the

2
---

I
I

-r

. II

---

center A' d raw the line A'E' and

using A' as center and A'4

Fig. 14.

as

radius, describe the arc 4E' intersecting A'E'

at E'.

From E'

erect the perpendicul ar line E'1 v i ntersectin g the base line BC ex

tended at 1v. From 1 v dra
a straight line to A, which wil1 be

the. true length on A'4 and the radius with which to strike the

de

velopment. (See also Part III, Mechanical Drawing) Now .with A

as center and A-1 v as radius, describe the arc 1 v_3v-1 v.

Starting

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14

TIN8IITI-IING

from -1 set off the stretchout of 1- 2- 3-4-1 in plan, as shown

by 1 v_2v-3---1 on the arc 1 -1v (1v- 2v being equal to 1-2,
etc.), and from these points draw lines to the apex A and con
nect points by straight lines as shown from 1v to 2v, 2v to 3v, 3v
to 4v and --tv to 1. Then Alv3vlv will be the development of the
square pyramid.
To obtain the cnt. in the development of the intersected plane
v

1"

\
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

'/
2v

'/

3v

.I
I

Fig. 15.

wh.ich represents res pecti vely the points 3 1-41 and 11 - 2\

dra at right angles to the center l i ne the lines D-D" and E-1",
iRtersecting the true length A1v at D" and 1". Using A as cente-r
and radii equal to A-D" and A -1" intersect similarly numbered
radial lines in the development. Connect
these points as shown
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DE,

15

TINS MITRING

from 1" to 2", 2' to 3", 3" to-!" and-!" to 1". Then 1" -1'- 3v -1 v1"- 3" will be the development of the intersected Sfl_Uare pyramid.
To draw DE in piau drop perpendieulars from ]) anu E in

tersecting the diagonal lines in plan at v e and (l a. Connect lines

as shown at a, b, c and d. To obtain the true section of the plane

DE,

take the length of DE anu

place

it, as shown in plan

from /1 to 'i; through -i draw the Yertical l ine j111 \Yhieh is inter
sected by horizontal lines drawn from points

line from v to 111 and

rt

anu rl.

Draw a

to j which will be the desired section.

These problems just described should be thorough l y studied

and practiced on paper, until every step is well unders tood .

Practical Workshop Problems will now be considered, and the
student who thoroughl y understands the principles expl ained in the
foregoing problems, will be able to develop the patterns with greater
ease and in less tim e than is required by the student, who pays
little attention to the principles, but simply proceeds to develop the
patterns by blindly following directions.

A thorough kno\dedge

of the principles renders the _student independent as far as pat

tern problems are concerned, as he can apply them to ne\\ work.
Short Rules.

There are various short rules, which, while not

geometrically accurate, :ii e sufficiently so for all practical purposes

and will be introduced as we proceed.

In developing patterns for

any given article, the pr oblem should be gone over carefully, locating

the joints or seams, so that it can be seen, we m ight say in our

minds' eye; by doing this a shorter rule m ay be empl oyed, thus

saving tim e
and expense.

The student "ho pays attention to these

smaller d etails will succeed as a pattern draftsman.

Allowance for Seaming and Wiring.

As we are dealing with

tin plate only , we assume this to have no thickness, aml therefore

m ake no allowance for the sh rinkage of the m etal, when bending
in the machine folder or brake.

The amount of the material to be added to the pattern for

wiring will vary according to the thickness of the m etal.

A safe

and practical plan is t0 use a small strip of thin m etal about inch
wid e and curl this around the wire which is to be used as shown
in Fig. 16.

This will giv e the true amount of m aterial re quired,

whether the ,\ire is to be laid in by hand or by m eans of th e wiring

machine.

First bend off with plyers a sharp corner as shown at

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a,

TINSMITHING

16

place the wire in the corner and turn A snugly around the wire as
shown at B. The amount of A, or thP. allowance to be added to the
height of the pattern is thus obtained. The vertical joint in tin
ware is usually a lock seam as shown in Fig. 17. Three times the
width of the lock a must be added to the pattern. In other words,
the end u has a single edge as d, while the other end c has a double
edge as shown at a and e ; the two ends of the body joining at f.
In allowing these edges for the pattern, some workmen prefBr
to add a single edge on one side of the pattern, and a double edge
on the other, while others prefer to allow one-half of the amount
required on either side of the pattern. Where the bottom of any
piece of tinware is to be joined to the body, it is generally double
a..-

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

seamed as is shown in Fig. 18, where the two operations are clearly
shown by A and B whether the seaming is done by hand or ma
chine, while the lock seam in Fig. 17, is done on the groover.
Another important point is the
Notch i ng the Patterns.
notching of the edges of the patterns for seaming and wiring;
special attention should be given to this. The notches should be
made in such a manner that when the article is rolled up and the
wire encased or the seams grooved, the ends of the wire or seam
allowance will fit snugly together and make a neat appearance.
When an article is made and the notches
. not been cut
. have

properly, the wire, or uneven lines, will show t the ends of the
seam. Fig. 19 shows how the allowance for wire or locks should
be cut. A shows the pattern to which an. allowance has been
made for wire at B and for seaming to the bottom at C. In this
at one end of the pattern
case a single edge D has been allowedwww.vintagebase.com

17

TINSl\IITfliNG
and a double edge of the other as shO\:;n at

E.

Then, using this

111etbod of allowance for seaming, notch the allowance for wire B

and seam C on a line d ra:wn through the solid I ines in the pattern

as sbm,n by

aa

and 0/1.

The notches of the allowance D and E

should be cut at a small angle, as shown.

Transferring Patterns.

After the

pattern

bas been de

veloped on manilla paper, which is generally used in the shop, it

,,
is placed on the tin plate and
a few weights laid on top of
the paper; then with a sharp
scratch awl or prick punch and
hamme r ,

slight

prick-punch

m arks are made, larger dots in

The paper is

dicating a bend.

then removed and lines scribt:d

Fig. 18.

on the plate, using the scratch

the straight lines, and a lead pencil for the

After laps are added as required, it is ready to be

awl for marking

curved lines.

cut out with the shears.

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
In presenting the twelve problem s vvhich follow, particular
attention has been given to those problems which arise in shop
ct(""....

-- -----

-----.....

practice. These problems should

........,a.

be practiced on cheap

manilla

paper, scaling them to the m ost

convenient size, and then prov
ing them by cutting the patterns

...........
b

Pail.

----

--

Fig. 19.

from thin card board, and bend

..... """-../

ing or forming up the m odels.

This will prove both instructive
and interesting.

The first piece of tinware for which the pattern will

be developed is that known as the flaring bucket, or pail, shown

in Fig. 20.

First draw the center line AB, Fig. 21, upon which

place the height of the pail, as shown by CD.

On either side of

the center line place the half diameters CE of the top and DF of
the bottom. Then EFFE will be the elevation of the pail. Ex

tend the lines EF until they meet the center line at B, which will

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TINSMITHING

18

be the center point with which to describe the pattern. Now,

with C as center and CE as radius, describe the semi-circle CAE,
and divide it into equal spaces, as shown.
This semi-circle will represent the half sec
tion of the top of the pail.
A

--14/-1
I
5'"I
\

(
E

7E

IC
I

Fig. 20.

ELEVAT ION

I
I
I

\
F\

F
I I I ....,

I I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I

\\
\
\

\\
\
\\

I
II
I
I

\ /It
I
,I;

\\

/
B

PATTERN

-....:::,

//

/ J

//

/
/
/

Fig. 21.

For the pattern proceed as follows: 'Vith B as center and

radii equal to BF and BE, describe the arcs GH and IJ. Draw a
line from G to B. Starting from the point G lay off on the arc GH,
the stretchout of the semi-circle EAE, as shown by similar figures
on GIL From H draw a line to B, intersecting the arc IJ at J.
Then G IIJ I will be the half pattern for the pail, to which laps must
be added for seaming and wiring as shown
by the dotted lines.
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TI N l l TIII N e t
Fu n nel and Spout.

19

I n F i g. 2 2 i s s h o " n

f n n m--1 a n d s pon t ,

wh ich i s n o t h i n g m o re t h a n t \\o f r u s t u m s o f e o n t>s j u i n t>d t uget ht > r.

a n

F i g. 23 shows how the pat tt> r ; 1 s

t l t>, e l u ped .

] 1 1 t h i s t i g'1 1 re

the fu l l el e , a t i m i s d ra w n , h u t i n p ra e t i e e i t i s l l t'l'l-'S::>:l r y t u d ra w

on l y o n e - h a l f o f the elt> , a. t i o n .

as

shown o n t:> i thLr

/' ....

//
I
I
I

E'

---ra-- ..........

i d t> o l' t ht <'L' I l t t' r

"

r-----r-----

PATTERN
!="O R

FU N N E L

'/
'/
'/
'/
'/
'/

Fig. 23.

Fig. 22.

l i n e }3( ' .

at C

Extend the

con tou r l i nes n n t i l th ey i n tersect t h e cen t er

a n d A.

Now, u s i n g A' as a cen ter, w i t h rad i i e q ual to

AF a n d AE, desc r i be the a rc s F' F2 a n d E'E res pect i vely. O n

l i ne

the a rc E' E lay off t w i c e the n u m ber o f spaces con tai ned i n tht>

sem i -c i rcle B, t h e n d raw radi al l i nes from E' and E t o A ' , i n t e r

secting the

i n ner arc

at

F' F2, which

c om plete s

the outl i ne for .he

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T I N S:NI I TI- I I N G

20
pa t t ern.

Laps m ust be allowed for wiring and seaming.

For the

pa ttern for the spout use C as a center, and with radii equal to CG

a nd CF d escribe t he arcs F1 F2 and G 1CP.

On F1 F2 l ay off twice

the amount of spaces contained in the semi - cj rcle D, and dra"v

radial l in es from F1 and F2 to C .

tern for t he spout.
Hand Scoop.

Then F1 F2CPG2 will be the pat

The dotted l ines show t he edges al lowed.

In Fig. 24: is s hown a pers pective view of a

hand scoop, in t h e developm en t of which t he parallel and radial

line d evelopm en ts are em ployed.

Thus A and B represent inter

sected cylinders, whil e C represents an intersected right cone.

The m ethod of o btaining t he patt erns for the hand scoop i s clearly

shown i n Fig. 25 ; t hese principl es are appl icable to any for m o f

hand scoop.
First

draw the

s id e view of the scoop

as shown , in line w ith
\\hich pl ace t he half
section ;

divide

into

number

this
of

equal spaces as shown

Fig. 24.

by the figures 1 to 7 .

From t hese points d raw horizontal l in es in tersecting the c urve

of the scoop.

In l in e with t he back of the scoop draw t he vertical

l ine 1'-1 ', upon which plac e t he stretchout of twice t he n um ber

of spaces contained in the half section,
numbers

on

the

stretchout line.

as

shown by

similar

F rom these points on the

stretchout line d raw horizontal l ines, which intersect lines d rawn

from simil arl y n.umbered points on the curve of the scoop parallel
to the stretchout l ine.

Trace a l ine through points thus obtain ed ,

which will give the outline for the pattern for th e scoop, to which
:
ed ges 1n ust be allov;red as shown by t he dotted l ine.
The pattern
for the back of the scoop is s im p l y a flat d isc of the

requi red

diam eter, to which edges for seam ing are allowed .

vVhen drawin g t he hand l e, first locate the poin t a t which the
center line of the hand l e is to intersect the back of the scoop, as
at 2.

Through t his poin t, at its proper o r required angle, d raw

the center line 22x.

Establish the length of the handle, and

with any poin t on the center line as center, draw the section

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T I N S I T T i l I N < +

21

---- - - - -

12

I ''1.3
1 4.
I
Is '
I6 '
1
1 7'
I 6'

,..

2."

3"

2."

1"

PAT TERN
FO R
H AN D LE

1
Is
I '
14
I

1.3,
I
lz
1'

Fig. 25.

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T I N S}I l T I-l l N G
as

shown by 1 x , 2x 3x, and 2x, and d i v i de the circumference i n to

( I n practical work i t would be

l'(l nal spaces, i n th i s case four.

Letter to use more than four) .
.

Parallel to the center l i n e and from

these four d i vi s ions draw l i nes as shown i n tersecti ng the back of the
scoop at 1, 2 and 3.

For the pattern draw any horizon tal l i n e i n

S . a s 1 ''3"1 ", upon wh ich place the stretchout o f the section o f the

hand le as shown by 1 " 2" 3" 2" 1 " on the stretchout l i ne.

-From

these poi n t s at r ight angles to the l i ne of the stretchout, d raw

li nes as shown .

] ine

no

Take the various d i stances measuring from the

i n side view to poi n ts 1 o, 2 and 3, and place them on

l i n es drawn from s i m ilar n umbers i n S, measuring from the l ine

1"3"1".

A l i ne t raced through these poi nts of i n tersection will be

the pattern for the handle, laps bei n g i nd icated by dotted l i nes.
To cl ose the top of the haridle

n o,

a small rai sed metal button i s

usually employed, \:rh ich i s double - seamed t o the handle.

To d raw the con i cal boss i n

s ide view, fi rst locate the poi n ts i

and

e,

th rough which d raw a l i ne

i n tersecti ng the cen ter l i n e of the

At righ t angles to

handle at f.

Fig. 26.

the

cen ter

ij represe n t i ng the top open i ng of the boss.

l i ne, d raw

d raw a l i n e from

(t

line

In s i m ilar manner , at

righ t angl es to the cen ter l i ne, d raw a l i ne from

i n tersec t i n g the center l i ne at y.

the

as shown by

ea ,

N ow make ya equal to ge a n d

to the cen ter j which will intersect the back of

the scoop as shown and the top of the boss at j.

Wi th g as cen ter

and ga as rad i u s describe the half section of the cone, divide this

i n to equal spaces as shown by aocde, from which d raw l i nes at

righ t angles to and i n tersect i n g the base of the cone

ae

as show n .

From the i n tersec t i mis on the base l i n e d raw rad ial l i nes to the
apex ,(, i n tersecting the back of the scoop as shown .

From these

i n tersections at right angles to the cen ter l ine, d raw l ines i n ter

or the pattern proceed as

equal to fe i n the side view

secti ng the side of the boss at a'b'c'rl'.

shown i n d i agram
and f' in
rt ' '

1. t ' ,

1.c .

"\V ith rad i u s

as a cen ter descri be the arc

to the cen ter . f', and starti ng from

' "
a a .

"

D raw

a.

l i n e from

set off on the arc

t w i ce the number of spaces con tai ned i n the semi ci rcle

v i ew, as shown by sim i lar letters i n d i agram

o.

ace

a'a"

in side

From these poi n ts

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T I N Sl\l i TH J N G

fe

ng

.l' i n

as a cen ter
In s i m i l a r man twr, u s i n g as rad i i fit ' ,, lb', /(-',

describe the a rc i' i'.

ftl' a n d

usi

Now

draw radial l i nes to the ce n te r j".

23

in .s i de view, and

f in
'

a s ce n ter, descr i be a rcs i n ter-

se cti n g rad i al li nes havi n g s i m i lar letters a s shO\Y n .

A l i n e t raced

through poi n t s thus obtai ned for m s the pattern for the con ical boss.
a

S I D E E LEVAT I O N

- -

I
11

- - - - - - - - - -

I
I

PAT T E R N

Fig. 27.

Drip Pan .

sides.

a re

F ig . 2 6 shovvs a v iew o f a drip pan with beveled

The special feature of th i s pan is that the corners

and b

fold.ed t o gi ve the required bevel a n d at the s am e t i me have the

folded metal come d i rectly u nder the w i red edge of the pan .

pan folded i n thi s way g i v e s a water t igh t j o i n t without any sol

.

deri n g.

Fig. 27 shows the method of obtai n ing the pattern when

the four s ides of the pan have the sa1ne bevel .

elevation having a bevel i n di cated at

a 21.

F i rst d raw the s ide

N ow d raw ABCD, a

rectangle represe n t i ng the bottont of the pan .

of the slan t

1-2

Take the d i stance

i n elevation a n d add i t to each side of t he rect

a n gu l a r bo tto m as shown by

1 ', 1 " , 1 "'

and

1'"'.

Through these

poi n t s draw l i nes paral lel t o the s i des of the bottom as shown.

Now e xtend the l i n es of the bottom AB, BC, C D and D A i n ter

sec ti n g the l i nes j ust d rawn .

Take the project ion of the bevel

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24
a

TIN SMITH I N G

to 1 in side elevation and place i t on each corner of the pan , as,

for example, from

a'

to 1'.

Draw a line from 1 ' to B.

By pro

ceed i ng i n this manner for all the corners, we will have the butt
m i ters, if the corners were to be soldered raw edge.

Where the

bevels are equal on all four sides, the angle 1 xB1 ' is bisected as

51 DE

ELEVAT I O N

END

PAT T E R N

Fig. 28.

follows :

With B as center and any radi us draw the arc f

f inter

secting the sides of the bottom as shown.

Then with :;t radius

greater than one half of ff, with f and f respectively as centers,

draw arcs which i n tersect each other at
the intersection

1..

1 .

Draw a l ine through

and corner B, extending i t outward toward j.

Now with 1' as cen ter, and radius less than one-half of 1 '- 1 x,

draw arc d-e, i n tersecting the line 1' B at b, and i n tersecti ng the
l i n e 1'a' at
arc cd at
From

e.

c.

'].'hen w ith b as center and be as rad i us, in tersect the

Draw a l i ne from 1' to

draw a line t o 1 x.

e,

i n tersecting the l i ne 1) at

n.

Transfer this cut t o each o the corners,

wh ich will complete the pattern desired .

Dotted lines i ndicate the

wire allowarice.
Someti mes a drip pan is required whose ends have a differen t

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T l X 8. I I T I I I X G

25

flare from those of the s ides, and in one case the folded eorners are
to be be n t toward the end , w h i l e i t m a y be req u ired t h a t the cor
n ers

be folded

towards the s ide.

The p r i n c i ples

are

si m i lar in both

a pp l yi n g these p r i n c i p les m ay be a
bee n prepa red , wh ie h w i l l ex pl a i n t he

cases, b u t as the m ethod of

Fig.

l ittle d i fficu l t,

ap p l i ca tion o f

2 Las

these pri n c i ples.

F i rst dtaw the side

draw the

end

elevation,

show i n g the des i red flare ; also

elevation, wh ich shows the flare of the s ides, be ing

careful that the vert ical heights i n both v ieY\S

draw the bottom of the

side elevation a n d place

pan as fol lows :

a re

the sa u 1 e .

Now

Take the d i stance 1-2 i n

a s shown on
ei ther s ide by 1 '- 2'. S i m i larly take the d i stance 8- in end eleva
t i o n and place i t on the s ides of the bottom as show n on ei ther s ide
by 3 '- 4'. Through the poi n t 2' and ' draw l i n es parallel to the
i t on the ends o f the bottom

ends and sides of the bottom as shown , wh ich i n tersect l i nes dropped
from the e n d and s ide views re spec t i v el y .
m i ters which should be pl a ced

on all

lifh '

corners .

represen t the butt

If these m i ters have

been correctly developed , the lengths from h to f m u st be equal to

fl t'.
arc

B isect t h e angle l f/, ' b y u s i ng .f as cen ter a n d

ab, then

use

and

d ra w i ng

the

1J as cen ters a n d obtai n the i n tersection

through which draw the l i n e (:f.

Now assume that

he folded

c,

cor

as shown by t3. U s i ng
!1 as a cen ter draw the arc (j. Then w i th l a s cen ter and l i a s
Draw a l i ne from h thro ugh m,
rad i u s , i n tersect the arc U at 1n .
meet i n g the l i ne ej' at t, and draw a l i n e from t to 1 1'.

ner is to be turned towards the end view

I f the folded corner were turned towards the side as shown by

'/ ''-2" i n the side view, bi sect the angle v l '.s

as before.

as a
cen ter a n d proceed as already explained. Note t h e d i fference i n
the two corners . The only poi n t t o bear i n mind is, that when the
co01er i s to be folded towards the end, tran sfer the a n gl e of the
end m i ter ; while i f the corner i s to be turned towards the side.
If the corners were to be
t ra n sfer the angle of the side miter.
folded toward the ends of the pan , the cut shown i n t h e right-hand
corner would be u sed o n all four corners, while if the corners were
a n d u se

to be folded towa rds the sides, the cut shown on the left - hand cor

ner would

be us e d.

Tea Pot.

tea

I n Fig. 29 i s shown the wel l - k n ow n form of the

or coffee pot, for \\hich

short 1nethod of developi n g the

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pat -

26

T I N Sl\fiTH I N G

tern is shown i n Fig. 30. This is one of the inany cases where a
short rule can be used to advantage over the geometrical method.
While it is often advisable to use the true geometrical rule, the
difference between that and the method here shown i s hardly
noticeable i n practice. Of course, if the body A and spout B were
larger than the ordinary tea pots i n use, it. would be necessary to
use the true geometrical rule, which is thoroughly explained for
Plates I, II and I I I .
The pattern for the body of the
tea pot will not be s h own , only the short
rule for obtaining the open ing i n the
body to adm it the joining of the spout.
The_ method of obtain ing the pattern for
the body i s similar to the flaring vessels
shm;n i n previous problems.
First draw the elevation of the body
of the tea pot as shown at A. Assume
the point a on the body and draw the
Fig. 29.
center line of the spout at its proper
angle as shown by 2 b. Establish the poi nt 3 of the bottom of
the spout against the body, also the point 3x at the top and draw
a line from 3 through 3x intersecting the center line at lJ . At
right angles to the center line and from 3 draw the line 3 - 1
and make c1 equal to c3. From 1 draw a line to the center point
and from gx draw a horizontal line until it intersects the opposite
side of the spout at 1 " . Then 1 ' - 1" - gx_3 will be the side view of
the spout. Now with c as a center draw the half section 1- 2 -3
and divide it into equal spaces ; i n this case but two (in practical
work more spaces should be employed) . From these points and at
right angles to 1 - 3 draw lines intersecting the base of .the
spout as shown , and draw l ines from these points to tL..e
center b. Thus line 1b i ntersects the body at 1 ' and the top of the
spout at 1 " ; line 2b i ntersects the body at a and the top of the spout
as shown, while line 3b cuts at 3 and the to p of spout at 3x.
From these intersections at right angles to the center line ab, draw
lines intersecting the side of the spout at 3, 2:), 1 at the bottom
and 1 x, 2x, 3x at the top. Now with b as center and h3 as radius,
describe the arc 3 ' ' - 3" upon which place the stretchout of twice
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o

T I N SI I T l l l N t

27

the n u mber of s paces con tai n ed i n the half section 1 - 2 - 3, as

show n by si m i lar figu res 011 3" - 3" ; f ro m these po i 11 t s d ra w rad ia l

l i nes to the cen ter b , a n d i n tersect them by a rc::3 d ra w n w i t h b as a

cen ter and rad i i equal to the i u tersec t i o n ::3 c o n t a i n ed o n the s ide o f
F

I \\\\

h'

I \

I
I

I
I

\ \'
I

I
I
I

'i

\ \
\

I
I
\

I
I

'

\
\
\
\
\

I
I

'
o

'

',

I
I

' - - L - _,.,

//

\
\

,,

y
--.:6'
""'

--

- - -

I
I E

a 2

- -- - \

- - - - _ ,_ _ _ - -

I
\

--

ELATION

\ \

\
\
- .

'

I
I

I
I

\\

' '
'
\ \ \
\
\ \
\ \ \
\
\ \
\ \ \

l'

\
I

I \ \\ \

\ '"
I ',\, \

_)\ .

- -- (J

\'

'

'(J

Fig. 30.

the spout 3 - 3x.

To form the pattern , trace a l i n e thro ugh p o i n t s

t h u s obtai ned and make t h e n ecessary al lowance for ed ge s .

I t should be u n derstood that i n t h u s de,elopi n g t he s pout, the

fact that the spout i n tersects a rou n d s u r face has n ot bee n considered ;
i t was assumed to i n tersect

plane s u r face .

As a l ready stated the

d i fference i n the pattern i s so sl igh t that i t w i l l n ot be n o t iceable

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TI N Sl iTIII N G

28
in

p rac tice .

Had we devel oped the

p atter n

according to the t rue

geometrical rule, it would prese n t a problem of two cones of

unequal d i ameter i n tersect i ng each other, at other tha n a t righ t

angles to t4e axes.

For the

for the ope ni n g

pat ter n

in t he

body, dra w l i ne s at

r i ght an gl es to the cen ter l i n e of the body from i n tersec t io n s 1 ' ,

and 3 i n tersect i n g the oppos i te side of the body as show n .

pa t ter n

F as a ce n ter d raw a part ial

p oi n t

From a n y

rt

With

of the body as shown by du.

( d raw a l i n e t o the cen ter. F .

N ow w i th F a s

Th e d i stance 1 to 3 'o n th e l i n e

cen ter draw the arcs 1, 2 " a n d 3.

Ff re pre s ent s the l e n gth of the

openi ng, while a l i n e dravn through

a a t r i gh t a n gles to the center line lHJ
of th e s pout represen ts the width of
the open i n g. Therefor e take the d i s
ta n ce f rom 1 t t o 2 a n d p l ace it a s
sh own from r t ' o n the l in e .fF t o

-6

2 - 2

Fig. 31.

on

ei ther s i de on

the arc .

Trace an ell i p se th rough 1 - 2 - 3 - Z'

for the shape of the o pen i n g .

The patter n for the ha n dl e is o lJ

tai n ed by taki n g the stretchont of lF and plac i n g i t as show n

on

vertical line 1 / i'. At r i ght an gles t o J, ' j' on e i the r s ide, at top
and bottom add th e desi red w i d th of the handle and draw the l i nes
the

sho\\ n ; add ed ges for " i r i n g or hem edge.

For the pattern for the gras p D wh i ch is placed i n s ide on the
handle 1 noceed as i s

s ho w

i n F i g. 3 1 .

Let D

rep res e n t an en

larged v i ew of par t of the handle i n which the grasp i s to be soldered .

D i rectly i n l i ne , i th i t d raw the secti o n E tak i n g care tha t the

width from 1 to 1 w i l l H ot Le w i der than that portion of the handle

from

'I'

to

i n F ig. 30, be i n g the wid th

the section E i n Fig . 31 i l l to a

at C

in the ele vation

n umber of equal

au

npo

sim i l ar fi gures.
with

li nes

\Vh i ch l ay off the stretchou t of

as shown by

d rawn from s i m i lar i n tersections i n th e curve D paral l el

Foot Bath.
u s ed

D raw the

Th rou gh these 'p oi n t s d raw l i nes which i n tersect

to a u . Trace a l i ne through the

ples

D i v i de

spaces, from which

d raw verti cal l i n es i n ters ec t i n g the curYe D as shown .

center line

poin t s thus obtai ned

I n Fig. 32 i s shown

i n obtaining the pattern of

as shown at F.

an oval foot bath ; the pri n ci

which are a ppl i ca b l e to any

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T I N 1\l I T I I I K G

29

fo rm o f fla ring Yessel s of w h ieh t h e sect i on i s e l l i p t ical or s t ru e k from

more than two ce n te rs

I n t h i s con nection i t m ay be we l l to ex

et of ce n te r::; can bt>

plai n how to con s t ruct an e l l i p s e, so that a

F i g. ;n s h ow ::; t h e

obtai n ed w i t h wh i c h to s t ri ke the arcs d t> s i rt>d .

method of d rn.'\Y i n g a n a p p ro x i matt>

gt ven .
w id th .

t> l

l i p se

i f tht> d i n 1 e n :::; i o n :::; are

Let A B re p re se n t t h e l e n g t h o f the foot bath a n d C D i t s

On

BA

measu re BE e q ual t o ( ' D .

N ow di , ide th e d i s

ta n ce E A. i n to t h ree e<] mtl parts as

shown Ly 1 a ml ;2.
these

I
Fig. 32.

pa r ts

as

Take two of

a r ad i u s ,

or E2, and

w i th 0 as eenter, desc r i be arcs i n

terseet i n g t h e l i ne B A a t

X'.

an d

X X' a s a
u s i n g X and X ' a s

Then w i t h

descri be arc s i n tersecting each other at U and D.

and

ra d i u s
cen ters

Draw l i nes from

U to X a n d X ' a n d e x t e n d them tmvard F and G respectively.

i m il arly frmn D d raw l i n es th rough X and X ' , exte n d i n g them

toward s I a nd II rt>spect i Yely.

Now w ith X a n d X' as cen ters, and

X A and X'B a s rad i i des c r i b e arcs i n tersecti ng t h e l i nes I D, FC,

G C and H D at J , K, l, and J\ I , respec t i vely.

I n s i m i lar man ner

ELEVATION

Fig. B3.

with D and C as centers and DC and C D as rad i i describe arcs

which n1ust meet the arcs already d rawn at J, J\i , L an d K, re spe c t
i vely, form i n g a n approximate e l l i p s e .

I n Fig. 3- l e t A BC D repre

sen t the side elevation of the pan , whose vertical height i s equal

to RC .
I n precisely the same m a n n e r as descdbed i n Fig. 3 3 d raw

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80

T J N S}l l TlllNG

the plan as shown , in correct relation to the elevation , letting E FG II

be the plan of the top of the pan , and J K LI the plan of the bottom ,
struck from the cen ters, 0, M ,P and N . The n ext step is to obtain
the rad i i with which to strike the patter n .

Draw a horizon tal l i n e

R E i i1 Fig. 35 equal i n length to N E i n plan i n Fig 3 . Take the

vert ical heigh t RC i n elevation , and place i t as shown by RO i n
Fig. 35 on a line drawn at righ t angles t o R E .

Parallel t o RE

and from the poi n t 0, draw the l i n e OJ equal to NJ in Fig. 3.

E

C-i
,7 I
I

I 1
I/

I
I

prI

I
I

I
I
I

--

i/
ro

I
I

.... .....
I

I
I
I

...,,
I "\

/pi'

..&..----

I
I
,.
I

I
I
I

I
I

J --

I
I

I
I
I
I
f
I
I
I .

os
Fig. 35.

Now draw

line from E to J i n Fig. 35, extending it until i t meets

the line RO produced .

Then OJ and O E w i ll be the radii with

which to make the pattern for that part of the pan or foot bath
shown in plan in Fig. 34 by E FKJ and G HIL.

To obtain the radii with wh ich to stri ke the smaller curves in

plan , place distances P F and PK on the l ines RE and OJ i n Fig.

35 as shown by RF and O K .
til i t meets the l i n e R O at P.

Draw a l i n e frmn F through K un

Then Pl{ and PF will be the radii

with which to strike the_ pattern , for that part shown in plan _ in
Fig. 34 by KFG L and I H EJ .

Now divide the curve from G to H

and H to E (Fig. 34) i n to a n umber of equal spaces.

To describe

center and radi i equal to OJ and OE in the d iagiam

Y,

the pattern draw any vertical line E 1 0 1 ( Fig. 85) and with 01 as

de scribe

the arcs J 1 1P and E1F1 as show n . On the arc E1F1 lay off the stretch -

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T I N S}I IT I I I N G

31

out of G H in p l a n in Fig. 3! as shown by s i m i l ar figures in Fig.

35.

From the p oi n t () on the arc E 1 F1 draw a l i n e to 01 i n tersect

Now w i th P F i n d i ag r a m Y a s rad i u s and F1

iug the curve J 1 K 1

as a cen ter describe an arc i n tersecting the l i n e F1 0 1 at P 1

Then

using P1 as a cen ter and w i th rad i i equal to P1 l{I and P1 F1 describe

the arcs IQ L1 a n d F1G1 as

On the arc F 1 G 1

show n .
A

start i n g from poi n t 6 lay

off the stretchout of li E,

Fig. 3!.

,a

F r o n1 1 1 draw a

l i ne to P1 i n tersectin g the

a rc

K 1 L1 at L1
The n
E1 F1 G 1 L1 l( 1 J 1 w i l l b e the

Fig. 36.

half pattern , the allowance

for

wiring

a n d seami n g

bei n g shown b y the dotted

l in es.

Should the article be

desired

- -- -

two

Fig. 37 .

in

pi ece s

four s ec ti o n s ,
of

F1K1L 1 G1

would be . required.

The

pat tern for the bottom of

the pan is shown by the inner ellipse in Fig. 34 to which of course

edges m ust be allowed for double seami n g.

Wash Boiler.

l n Fig. 36 is shown a perspective view of a

wash boiler to which little attention need be given , except tQ the

raised c o ver.

First d raw the plan of the cover B, Fig. 37, which

shows straight sides w i th sem i -circular ends.

draw the elevation

A, giving

In line with the plan

the required rise as at C.

r esent the apex i n elevation , and C' the apex i n plan .

Let C r ep

As both

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TI I\ 8 1\I IT H I NG

32

halves of the cover are symmetrical, the pattern w ill be developed

Divide the sem i -c i rcle 1 - 3 - 1 i n to a n umber

for one half only.

of equal spaces as shown by the small figures 1, 2, 3, 2 and 1 .

From these poi nts draw radial l ines t o the apex C\ and through
C' draw the perpendicular

true length of C ' 3

aa.

C 3" in elevation represents the

i n plan, and to obtai n the true length of

C ' 2, C ' l and C'a, it will be necessary to construct a di agram of

triangles a s follows :

With C' as center, and C'(l, C ' l and C' '3

as rad i i , describe arcs i n tersecting the cen ter l i n e in plan at a ' , 1'
and 2'.

Frmn these poi nts at right angle to 3C' erect l ines i nter

sect i n g the base l i n e of the elevation at a'', 1 " , 2 ' '

and 3", from which draw li ne::; to the apex C , as

show n .

Now, with rad i i equal to C 3", C2", C l "

and Cu", and C2 as cen ter describe arcs 3x,2x 2x,

1 x 1 X and ({ x({x.

From C2 erect the perpendi cu

lar i n tersecting the arc 3 x at 3 x .

N ow set the

d ividers equal to the spaces 3 to 2 to 1 to

plan , a n d

F Ig.
.
38 .

start i ng

from 3x

'Ct

in

step off to s i m ilar

n um bered arcs, thus obta i n ing the i n tersections

2Xl xax ; from ax draw li nes to C2, and trace a l i n e ax3xax to get

the half pattern for the cover.

Allow edges for seam ing.

The body of the boiler requires n o pattern , as that i s simply

the requi red height , by the stretchout of the outl i n e shown i n plan .
The handles shown o n the body a n d cover i n Fig. 3 6 are plain

strips of metal to ''hich w i red o hem edges have been allowed .

Measure.

dle attached .

F ig. 38 shO\YS a flaring-l ipped measure with han

Care should be taken i n laying out the pattern s for

these measures, that when the measure is made up i t will hold a

given quanti ty.

While there are various proport ions used i n

making up the size o f the measure, the fol lowi ng table gives good
proporti ons :
Q u a n t i ty.

1 G ill.

Yz

Pint.
1 Pi n t .
1 Qua rt.
Yz G allon.
1 G allon.

Bottom Diameter
i n i nches.

Top Diamete r
in i ncheB.

He igh t .

2 . 06
2 . 60
3 . 27
4 . 12
5 . 18
6 . 55

1 . 37
1 . 75
2 . 18
2 . 7f1
3 . 45
4 . 35

3 . 10
3 .'89
4 . 90
6 . 18
7 . 78
9 . 80

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TINSMITII I NG

33

Fig. 39 shows the method of laying out the pattern for the
measure and lip. . First d raw the elevation A to the desired stze
a

..

/'''
1 \\',
\ ',

I \ \
'
I \ \
'
'
\
\
I
\ \
I
',
\
\
I
'
'
I
\
\
'
I
\
\

'

\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\

I
I

I
I
I
I.

I
I
I

(/

2\

f.
I
'

'

I
I

'

\
\

1/

I
I

,'

'
' \
\

'\

\
\
\
\

\
\

I
I

- - - -

/'.

Fig. 39.

and assume the flare of the lip B, as shown

a line through
c

to d.

7" to c which

Draw the handle

by fl. .

From - draw

is a chosen point, and d raw a line from

of the desi red shape.

contour lines of the measure until they intersect at

Now extend

a,

and draw

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34:

TINSMITHING

the half section of the bottom of the measure as shown a t

divide this semi -circle i n to equal parts as showR .
a center, and

a7

and

From any poin t (as

as

as radii, describe the arcs as shown .

a7"

draw a radial line to

1')

Now, with

p;

and starting at

a,

1'

set o ff the nu1nber o f spaces contained i n the half section D , as

shown by the small figures
to

a.

to

1'

7'. '

From

Allow edges for wiring and seaming.

pattern for the body of the measure.

7'
E

draw a radial line

represents the half

We find that lip B is simply

an i n tersected frustum of a right cone, which can be developed as

shown in the pattern for conical boss of Fig. 25.

There is, however, a shorter method which serves the purpose

j ust as well ; this is shown at F, Fig.

First draw the half sec

39.

tion of the bottom of the lip, which will also be the half section of
the top of the measure, as shown by the figures
with radii equal to b
the arc

1 x.

7x7x.

1",

1 "- 4"- 7",

1 x,

place it as shown by
F from

7x

No''

set off the spaces contained i n the

as shown by the figures

Now take the distance from

7"

7".

Frmn b' drop a vertical line i ntersecting the arc a t

draw l ines through the i n tersection s

tance from

to

or b - 7" and b ' i n F as center, descri b e

Starting from the poin t

half section

1' '

1 xd'

1"

in F.

7x7x,

1x

to

7x.

From b'

extending them as shown .

to d of the front of the lip and

In similar manner take the d i s

t o c o f the back o f the l ip and place i t a s shown i n

t o c' o n both sides.

sect i t to obtain the cen ter

e.

Draw a l i n e from c ' t o d', and bi

From e , at right angi es to c'd',

draw a line i n tersecting the line b'd' at

f.

Then ilsingf as center,

with radius equal to frl' , draw the arc c'd' c', as shown.

Adding

laps for seaming and wiring will complete the pattern for the lips.
The pattern for the handle and grasp
in Figs.

30

and

i s obtained as shown

31.

Scale Scoop.

Fig.

40

shows a scale scoop, wired along the

top edges and soldered or seamed i n the .cen ter;

made as shown in Fig.
as shown by ABCD.
that is necessary.)

41.

The pattern is

First draw the elevation of the scoop

(In practice the hal f elevation, BDC, i s all

At right angles to BD and from the poi n t 0,

draw the i ndefinite straight line CE, on which a true section is to

be drawn .

Therefore, at right angles to CE, fr01n poin ts

draw the lines CO and

E10,

EE1

From

E1

0 an d E,

erect a perpendicular as

on which at a convenient point locate the center F ; with

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35

T I N SMITI-I I N G
FE1 as radius, describe the arc

section on

CE

Then I I E1 I w i l l be the true

HE1 I.

i n elevation .

Div ide the section i n to a n u mber of

equal parts a.s shown by the fi gu res 1 to 7 ; through these poi n ts,

parallel to the line of the scale BD, dra l i n es i n tersect i n g BC and

CD as shown .

At righ t angles

to BD d raw the stretchout l i n e

1 - 7 and place upon i t the stretch

out of

the section as shown by

si milar figures .

Fig. 40.

A t righ t angles

to 1 - 7 draw l ines which i n tersect

lines drawn at right angles to BD, frmn i n terse-ctions on BC

and

DC

having similar numbers.

Trace a l i n e through these

c

..,

......

.......:\.

7 \
\

......- \
H,...., ......\F
1
.., -1t
.-:r.,o
;;.....
1
.......
\
......

...... ...
' 2 e..
.JJ
...... 9 .:,..-\- \
/
, ......
-

.....-

...

- ......

...

..--:il':::--

......

......-

......

....... .......

...

'

......

...

} /

-...........::__ _.- El

, 3

.....-

...

...

Fig. 41.

points and thus obtain the desired pattern.

The dotted outline

shows the lap and wire allowance.

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TIN SMITHING

se

In Fig. 42 is shown a perspective view .of a dust pan with.a

tapering handle passing through the back of the pan and soldered
to the bottom. The first step is to draw the plan and elevation
which is shown i n Fig. 43. Let ABO be the side view of the pan.
Directly below it, in its proper position, draw the bottom DEFG .
From the point 0 in elevation draw a line d'd indefinitely. Now
bisect the angle E FG. Through c and F draw the line cd, in
tersecting the line del' at d . From d draw a line to G.
In the same manner obtain Ed'D on the opposite side, which

PATT ERN FOR

PAN

. Fig. 42,

Fig. 44 .

will complete the plan vie.w o.f the pan. Now locate the point h
in side view, through which the center line of the handle shall pass,
and draw the l ine m . Through m, the end of the handle, draw
the line no at right angles to ln, and assume o the half width at
the top and j the point where the contour line of the hndle shall
meet the back of the pan, and draw a line from o through j, inter
secting the center line lm at l. Make 1nn equal to mo and
draw a line from n to l, intersecting the back of the pan at w.
Through h at right angles to the center line draw ij'', giving the
diameter of the handle at that point to be used later. This com
pletes the elevation of the handle ; the plan view is shown by dotted
lines and similar. letters, but is. not required in developing the
pattern.
.
For the pattern of the pan proceed as is shown in Fig. 44, in
which DEFG is a reproduction of sim ilar letters of Fig. 43. Take
the distance of BO i n side view, Fig. 43, and place it as shown by

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T I N S IITH I N G

37

in Fig. 4 and through C draw a l i ne paral lel to EF as shown .

At right angles to and from EF draw Er and Fr, then take the
distance from 1' t o
SIDE VIEW
d in plan in Fig. 48
11
and place i t a s
II
II
shown from 1 ' to d
II
A
II
on both sides i n II
I
II
Fig. 44. Draw the II
I
I
I
I
l ines elF and dE. I
I
I
Now using E as o r
:: ::::
:: :: -----l_J
1 oo:::::::
I
I
I
center, and radius_
I
I
I
I
I
equal to Erl des
I
I
I
I
c r i b e the arc st.
I
I
I
I
Then with tel as
I
radius and s as cen
e- -z'r::-=-==-==-- - - - r-----.:.:.lll
ter, intersect the
arc 8t at cl'. Draw
PLAN
a line from cl' to
D. In similar man
ner obtain cl' G on Gl-:=:::::::....--,;_-:-u

BC

Fig. 43.

pan to allow the

handle to pass
through is obtain
ed by first drawing
a cen ter line if,
then take the dis
tances from j to h
and h to x i n Fig
43, n oting that j
comes directly on the bend

Fig. 45.

B,

and place it in Fig. 44 on the line ef

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38

TI N SMITHING

from j to h to x , placing } on the bend as shown. Now take the dis

tance from h to i or 1 to j" in side view in Fig. 43 and place it i4
Fig. 44 from 1 .to i on either side ; on a line drawn through the
points ji;m: draw an ellipse shown. Fig. 45 shows the method
of drawing the pattern for the tapering handle. From the figure
we find that we have a frustum of a right cone. To illustrate each
step the handle has been slightly enlarged. n, o, j, j' represents
n , o , j, j' in Fig. 43.
Draw the half section i n Fig. 45 as shown ,
and divide i t into equal parts ;
a
I
drop perpendiculars as shown to
I
/ '
the line n o , and from these
points draw lines to the apex b,
which is obtained by extending
the lines nj' and oj until they
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I .

Fig. 46.

I
I
I
I

meet at b. Where the radial

li nes i ntersect the line jj' draw
lines at right angles to the
-- - --:::
;101
./)
center line 3b, intersecting the
Fig. 47 .
side of the handle o b at 1 ', 2 ' ,
Now with b as a center and bo as a radius,
3', 4' and 5'.
describe the arc 1-1, upon which place twice the number of spaces
contained i n the hal section a. From thet:e points on 1-1 draw
radial li nes to b and cut thmn with arcs struck from b as' center
and radii equal to b1 ', b2', b3', b4' and b5'. Trace a line through
points thus obtained to complete the pattern.
Colander. Fig. 46 shows another well-known form of tin
ware, known as a colander. The top and bottom are wired and
the foot and body seamed together, the handles of tinned malleable
i ron being riveted to the body. In Fig. 47 is shown how to lay
out the patterns. Draw the elevation of the body A and foot B
and extend the sides of the body and foot until they meet respecwww.vintagebase.com
-

-.,.

- --

TIN Sf iTH I NG

39

tively at C and D on the cen ter line a T1 . D raw the baH seetion on
the line 1-7 and divide it i n to equal parts as show n . For the body
use C as a cen ter and descri be the arcs shown, laying off the
stretchout on the lower arc, allowing edges in the usual man ner.
Then E will be the half pattern for the body. In the u sual man
ner obtain the pattern for the foot shown at F, the pattern bei ng
struck from D 1 as center, with radi i obtai ned from the elevat ion
D1 and De.
.

'

PLATES .

I n preparing the plates, the student should practice on other

paper, and then send finished drawings for exami nation. The
plates of this i nstruction paper should be laid out i n the same
manner and of the same size as the plates in Iechan ical Drawing
Parts I, II and I I I .
PLATE

I.

On this plate, the intersection between two right cones is

shown. This problem arises in the manufacture of tinware i n
such instances as the intersections between the spout and body
as i n a teapot, watering pot, kerosene-oil can, dipper handle and
body, and other articles. It is one of the m ost complicated prob
lems arising in tinsmith work. The problem should be drawn in
the center of the sheet making the diameter of the base A 4
inches and the heigh t of the cone B 4 inches. The distance
from X to Y should be 1 i nch. From the poi nt F measure down
on the side of the cone a distance of 3k inches and locate the
poin t C, from which draw the axis of the smaller cone at an angle
of 45 to the axis of the larger cone.
From C measure on C L
1 i nches locating the point 6' ; through this poi nt, a t right angles
to the axis, draw ED equal to 1 inches. From the poin t 4' on
the base of the cone, measure up on the side of the cone a distance
of ! i nch as indicated by o , and draw a line from o to E, extending
it, until i t intersects the ai s LC at L . From L draw a line
through D extending i t until i t in tersects the larger cone at a .
Then D a o E will represent the outline of the frustum of the
smaller cone in elevation .
The next step is to obtai n the line of in tersection between
the two cones, but before this can be accomplished, horizon tal

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40

TIN SMITHING

sections must be made through various planes of the smaller cone

cutting in to the larger. As the intersection of each half of the
smaller cone with the larger one is symetrical, and as the small
cone will not in tersect the larger one to a depth .greater than the
poin t 1 i n plan , divide only one-quarter of the plan into a number
of equal spaces as shown by figures 1 to 4 ; from these points
draw radial lines to the center F1 as shown . Also from points 1 ,
2 , 3 and 4 erect vertical li nes intersecting the base of the cone at
1', 2', 3' and 4' respectively, from which points draw radial lines to
the apex F.
Now with 6' on the line ED as a cen ter describe the circle
shown , which represen ts the true section on ED. Divide each
semi-circle into the same n umber of divisions as shown by the
small figures D, 5, 6 , 7, and E on either side. From these points at
right angles to ED draw lines intersecting the center line ED at 5 ,
6' and 7'. From the apex L draw lines through the intersection 5 6
and 7', and extend them until they intersect the axis of the large cone
at e and the base line at k and n . The student may naturally ask
why the radial lines in the small cone are drawn to these points.
As it is not known how far the smaller cone will intersect the larger
one, we obtain such sections on the planes j ust drawn , as .we think
will be required to determine the depth of the intersection. Thus
the radial li ne drawn through 5' intersects the radial lines through
4', 3', 2' and 1 ' in the larger cone, at b, c, d and e respecti vely.
The radial line through 6' intersects radial lines in the larger cone
at f, . h, i, } and the base line at k, while the radial line . drawn
through the point 7', intersects the radial lines of the larger cone
at l and rn and the base at n . We know that the l ine Da and Eo
of the smaller cone intersect the larger cone at points a and o re
spectively, and determine the true points of intersection ; these are
shown i n plan by a' and o ' , and therefore no horizontal sections
are required on these two planes. For the horizon tal section on
the plane b e , . drop vertical lines from .the intersections b, c and d
on the radial lines, intersecting radial lines having similar num
bers in plan as shown by b', c' and d' . To obtain the point of in
tersection i n plan of e i n elevation, draw from the point e a hori
zon tal line intersecting the side of the cone at ex, from which point
drop a perpendicular line intersecting the center line in plan at ev.
,

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T I N SJH l Ti i i N G

41

Then u s i n g F1ev as rad i u s , descr i Le an arc i n tersect i n g the rad ial

line

at e' .

Through t he poi n ts

e',

d',

'

a n d l/ d raw a cu rved

l i ne, which is the hal f horizon tal sect i o n of b

in elevation.

In

the same 111an ner obta i n the sec t ion s show n i n plan by j", 1 /, i', }'

a n d k' ; and l',

1n'

and

n',

both plan a n d elevati o n .

wh ich have s i m i l a r letters and figures i n

The n e x t ste p i s t o obta i n t L e i n tersec

t ion s where the radial l-i nes of the smaller cone w i l l i n te rsect these
. section s in plan j u st obtai n ed .

To avoid a c o n fu s i on of l i n e s

wh ich would otherwi se occur, a reproduction o f the plan a n d ele

vation has been transferred to Plate

II.

PLATE II.

The fi gures on thi s plate are sim i lar to those on Plate

and

have simi lar letters a n d figures ; those letters and figures bei n g
om i tted which are n o t n ecessary.
careful l y before proceedi n g.

This plate sh ould b e stud ied

The reproducing frmn Plate

can

be best done by u s i n g a n eedle poi n t or the small needle which i s

usually fou n d i n the handle o f the drawing pen , when u nscrewi ng
the pen from the handle, and pricking through Plate
i n distinct prick marks.

I,

very small

O m i t al l that i s o m itted i n Plate

II,

where i t w i l l b e n oticed that t h e radial l i n e _ i n elevat ion, o f the

larger cone, and some of the various small letters in plan are n ot
represented .
To obtain the plan view of the smaller con e, proceed as fol
lows : Extend the l i n e Fl 4 i n plan as show n by Fl Et.

From the

apex L of the smaller cone drop a vertical l ine i n tersectin g Fl E1 at

Lt, which represents the apex of the smaller cone i n plan.

With

L1 as cen ter and rad i u s equal to the radius 6' D describe the circle

E1

D1 and d ivide the circumference i n to the same n umber of spaces

as ED, being careful to n u1nber the spaces as is there.shown .

The

reason for doing this 1nay be better u nderstood fr01n what follows :
Assume that ED i s a pivot on which the circle turn s, so that it
l ies o n

plane ED, then by look i n g down from the top, the points

6 and 6 appear as shown by 6 ' and G' i n plan .

better i l lustration i s obtained by cutting a card - board disc

and after spacing i t and n umberi ng the poi nts hold i t i n various
positions u n til all the points become clear.

Now from the i n ter

section s on ED i n elevation, drop l in e s , i n tersecting horizontal

l i n es drawn from sim i lar n umbered poin ts in the profile E1 Dt,

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4:2

TIN SMITIIING

thus obtaining the points of intersection Dv, 5v, 6v, 7v and Ev.
Trace a curved line through these points,. which will give th
the top view of ED. As the radial lines drawn through the
points 5', a and 7' on the line ED of the smaller cone i n
elevation i ntersect the section lines b e, f k and l n respec
tively, the radial li nes in plan drawn through the apex L1 and
points 5v, av, and 7v m ust intersect similar section lines in plan
'
'
b' e , f k' and l' n' respectively, as shown by points 5X, ax and 7x.
The points a ' and o' are obtained by dropping perpendiculars from
the points a and o in elevation onto the line E1 F1 i n plan .
Through the points thus obtained, draw the curved line a', 5x, ax,
7x, o ' which will represent the plan view of one-half of the inter
section between the two cones, the other half being similar.
Now from the intersections 5x, ax and 7x on the section lines
'
'
b' e , f k' and l' n ' respectively, erect perpendicular lines inter
secting similar section lines in elevation b e , fk and l n as shown
respectively by points 5, ao and 7.
A curved line traced through a, 5, ao, 7o and o will represent
the line of intersection between the two cones in elevation . At
right angles to the axis of the smaller cone and from the inter
sections a , 5, ao and 7 draw lines intersecting the side of the
cone E o at DA 5A aA and 7A. For the pattern of the smaller
cone proceed as is shown in the following plate :

I ll.
On this plate the two patterns should be placed in the cen ter
of the sheet. .Take the radius of LD in Plate II and with L i n
Fig. 1 of Plate I I I a s center describe the arc DD. From L drop
a vertical line as shown by L EA. Upon the arc DD meas
uring from ither side of the point E, lay off the stretchout of
the semi-circle E, 7, a, 5 , D in Plate II as shown by similar letters
and figures on DD in Fig. 1 Plate III. From the apex L and
through these points draw radial lines as shown and intersect them
by arcs whose radii are equal to L DA, L 5A, L aA, L 7A and L EA in
Plate II, as shown by similar letters and figures in Plate III. Trace
a line through points thus obtained, and D, E, D, DA, EA, DA, D
will be the pattern for the small cone. As the pattern for the
larger cone is obtained in the usual manner, we will only show
how to obtain the opening to be cut into one side of the larger
PLATE

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TINSM I T H I NG

43

cone to admit the intersection of the smaller. \Ve m ust now

again refer to Plate I I . From the intersections a , 5, (P, 7, and
o in elevation draw li nes at right angles to the line of the axis,
intersecting the side of the cone at 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B and 4B.
Al so in add ition to the spaces 1, 2,. 3 and 4 i n the plan view,
it will be necessary to obtai n the points of intersecti on on the base
line i n plan, where the radial lines would intersect drawn from
the apex F1 through the points of intersections between the two
cones. This is accomplished by drawing lines from Fl through
5x , 6x and 7x until they i ntersect the base line i n plan at 5 , 6 and
7.
All these points form the basis with which to develop the
pattern shown in Fig. 2 of Plate III, in wh ich draw the vertical
line F 4, and with F as a center and radi i equal to FY, and F P
in Plate I I draw the arcs Y Y and PP i n Fig. 2 of Plate III as
shown. Now starting from the point 4 on the arc PP on either
side, lay off the stretchout of 1, 6 , 5, 7 and 4 i n plan i n Plate
I I as shown by similar numbers i n Fig. 2 of Plate III. From
the points 6, 5 , 7 and 4 on either s ide draw rad ial lines to the
apex F, which w ill be used to obtain the pattern for the opening.
Now with F as center and radi i equal to F 4B, F 5B, F 6B, F 7B
and F 4B in Plate I I, describe arcs intersecting radial lines having
similar numbers in Fig. 2 of Plate III as shown by intersections
having s imilar numbers. A line traced through. these points will
be the required opening to be cut out of the pattern of the larger
cone, one-half of which is shown by drawing radial lines from the
points 1 and 1 to the apex F.

IV.
In drawing this plate, the sam e size paper and border lines
should . be used as for the preceding plates. The subject for thi s
plate is an oil tan k resting on inclined wooden racks. The prob
lem involves patterns in parallel and radial -line developments.
The drawing can be made to any convenient scale until the prob
lems are understood and should be proven by paste-board models.
It should be drawn to a convenient scale, placing the pattern to
fill the sheet and make a neat appearance. The section, stretch
out l ines, construction lines, and developments should be num
bered or lettered, so as to prove the thorough understanding of
the problem, and then sent to the School for correction . The varPLATE

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44

T I N S M ITHI N G

ions parts in the elevation and patterns have similar letters. A

represen ts the tank body, the pattern being shown by A1 B shows
the bottom, the pattern being shown by B1 The cone top C and
inlet D are shown developed by 01 and D1 respectively, while the
outlet E and open ing F jn elevation are shown developed by El,
and Fl in the bottom B1

EXAM INATION PLATES.

Drawing Plates I to IV inclusive constitute the
examination for this Instruction Paper.

The student

should draw these plates i n ink and send them to the

School for correction and criticism.

The construction

lines and points should be clearly shown.

The date,

student's name and address, and plate number should

be lettered on each plate in Gothic capitals.

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TABLE

OF

STANDARD

OR REG U LAR TIN PLATES.

Size and Kind of Plates, Numbe r and Weight of Sheets in a Bo x , and

W ire Ouage Thickness, of Every Kind and Size .

Size.

lO x 10
"
"
"
"

1 0 x 14
H
"
"
"
"
"

10 x 20
"

11

"

11

"
"
"

11

"

15

"

1 1 X 15
12 x 12
"
"
"
"
"
"

1 2 1 -2 x 1 7
"

"
"
"
"

13 x 13
"

"
"
"

13 x 1 7
13 x 1 8
"

14 x 14
"

"
"

Grade.

IC
IX
IXX
IX X X
IX X X X
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IXX X X
IXXXXX
I XX X X X X
IC
IX
IC
IX
IXX
lXXX
IX X X X
SDC
SDX
SDXX
SDXX X
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IXXXX
IX X X X X
I XX X X X X
DC
DX
DXX
DXXX
DXX X X
DXXXXX
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX X X X
IXX
IX
IXX
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX

Sheets
in Box .

225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
200
200
200
200
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
100
100
1 00
100
100
1 00
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225

Pounds
in Box .

\Vire
G uage.

80
100
1 15
130
1 45
1 12
140
161
1 82
203
224
245
1 60
200
95
121
1 39
157
175
1 68
1 89
210
230
1 12
140
161
1 82
203
224
245
98
1 26
147
1 68
1 89
210
135
1 69
1 94 "
220
245
254
234
269
157
1 96
225
255

29
27
26
25
1 -2
29
27
26
25
1 -2
24
1 -2
29
27
29
27
26
25
1 -2
26
25
1-2
24
29
27
20
25
1 -2
24
1 -2
28
26
24
23
22
21
29
27
26
25
1 -2
26
27
26
29
27
26
25

24

24
23

24

24

24
23

24

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TABLE OF STANDARD OR REGULAR

Size.

14 X 14
14 x 1 7
14 x 20
"

"
"
"

15 x 1 5
"
"
"

15 x 21
"

"
"

15 x 22
"

"

16 x 16
"
"
"
"

17
17

"

17
17

,,

"

17 x 25
"

"
"
"
"
"

18 x 18
"

"
"

19 x 19
"
"
"
"

20 x 20
"

"
"
"

20 x 28
"
"

Grade.

IXXXX
IX
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX XXX
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX X X X
IX
DXX
DXXX
DX X X X
IXX
SDXX
SDX X X
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX X X X
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX XXX
DC
DX
DXX
DXXX
DXXXX
IX
IXX
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX X X X
IC
IX
IXX
IXXX
IX XXX
IC
fX
IXX
IXXX
IX X X X
IC
IX
IXX

Sheets
in Box.

255
225
1 12
112
1 12
1 12
112
225
225
225
225
1 12
100
100
100
112
100
1 00
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
1 12
1 12
1 12
100
100
50
50
50
112
112
1 12
1 12
1 12
112
112
112
112
1 12
112
1 12
112
112
112
112
112
1 12
112

TIN

f>LATEs . ......con .

Pounds
in Box.

284
238
113
143
162
1 83
202
225
259
293
326
158
218
249
280
190
210
230
205
256
294
333
371
231
289
166
188
210
1 96
252
146
1 68
189
213
244
162
186
21 1
235
144
1 80
207
234
262
160
200
230
260
290
224
280
322

Wire
Gauge.

24 1 -2
27
29
27
26
25
24 1 -2
27
26
25
24 1 -2
27
24
23
22
26
24 1-2
24
29
27
26
25
24 1 -2
29
27 .
26
25
24 1 -2
28
26
24
23
22
27
26
27
26
25
24 1-2
29
27
26
25
24 1-2
29
27
26
25
24 1 -2
29
27
26

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TERNE PLATES.
Size.

14 x 20
"

20 x 28
"

20 x 200
"

Grade.

IC
IX
IC

IX

IC
IX

Sheets
in Box.

1 12
1 12
1 12
1 12
Roll
"

Pounds
in Box.
1 12
1 40

224

280
1 76
220

'Yire
Gauge.
29
27
9

27

29
27

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'''"'"'''"

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