PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Influence of work hardened

on the mechanical properties of some metals and alloys
Material

State

Annealed
Work hardened
Annealed
Aluminium
Work hardened
Annealed
Brass
Work hardened
Annealed
Mild steel
Work hardened
Stainless
steel Annealed
Work hardened
18%Cr; 8% Ni

Copper

Tensile
strength,
rm [daN/mm2]
20
44
8
18
27
38
42
84
61
182

Elongation Hardness
[HB]
At [%]
45
6
42
5
50
15
31
6
8
5

38
105
20
47
80
140
130
250
200
650

Mg alloy
Cu alloy
Brass
Steel with low % C
Steel with mild % C
Steel with high % C
Steel with Mn
Steel with Ni
Steel with Cr-Ni
Stainless Steel
Ni
Monel alloy
Ti

1400

1300

1200

1100

900

800

700

600

500

400

1000

Material
Aluminium
Al alloy

300

Temperature [0C]

200

The domain of heating and forming depending on the chemical

composition of material

ROLLING PROCESS

= processing by plastic deformation, cold or hot, made

by forcing the material through the nip of two rolls
rotating in opposite directions or in the same direction.

b1

b0

Rolling principle

Forces in the rolling process.

Rolled products:
a square; b angle; c I profile; d- T profile; e round.

Bloomer: a - plane, b - profiled

Drill mill cylinders:

1, 2 roller; 3 slab billet; 4 gauge piercer.

DRAWING
= Plastic machining process which consists in forcing
the material through a die which has a cross-section
smaller than that of the original blank, under the
action of a tensile force.

Intrare
Corpul
filierei

Con de
deformare

Iesire

Drawing process.

Principiul tragerii evilor:

a - fr dorn; b - pe dorn cilindric; c - pe dorn mobil lung.

Schema unei maini de trefilat cu o singur trecere.

EXTRUSION
= Plastic machining process which consists in
forcing the material, by pushing through the
calibrated orifice of a tool cross-sectional
dimensions smaller than those of the initial blank.

Principle of direct extrusion

FORGING
= plastic machining process consisting of a blank
shape modification due to the creation of a state
strained into the metal volume by hitting or
pressing, accompanied by metal flow in different
directions.

SHEET METAL PROCESSING

CUPPING
= processing technological process by plastic
deformation (hot or cold) through which it may be
obtained from a blank piece a concave part with or
without changing the thickness of the material.

dm

Cupping principle

SHEAR
= process of cutting a work-piece by an open
contour, straight or curved, with two-edged in
relative motion.

Forces in shear process.

BLANKING
= the technological process of cutting which consists
in cutting the sheet by a closed contour and complete
separation of parts of the blank.

Blanking principle.