Heat Transfer:

Physical Origins
and
Rate Equations
Chapter One
Sections 1.1 and 1.2

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
difference.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,
vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature

and Heat Transfer
Quantity

Meaning

Symbol

Units

Thermal Energy+

Energy associated with microscopic

behavior of matter

U or u

J or J/kg

Temperature

A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in matter

K or C

Heat Transfer

Thermal energy transport due to

temperature gradients

Heat

Amount of thermal energy transferred

over a time interval t 0

Heat Rate

Thermal energy transfer per unit time

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time and

surface area

W/m2

+
U Thermal energy of system
u Thermal energy per unit mass of system

Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to

the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or
electrons.
Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and
random motion for fluid flow over a surface.

Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron

configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material
medium.
Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material
medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates

Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fouriers Law:

q k T
Heat flux

W/m

Thermal conductivity

W/m K

Temperature gradient

C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a

plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

qx k

qx k

Heat rate (W): qx qx A

T T
dT
k 2 1
dx
L

T1 T2
L

(1.2)

Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates

Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newtons law of cooling:

q h Ts T
h : Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

(1.3a)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates

Radiation

Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation

emission from the surface and may also involve the
absorption of radiation incident from the surroundings
(irradiation, G ), as well as convection if Ts T .
Energy outflow due to emission:
E Eb Ts4
E : Emissive power W/m2
: Surface emissivity 0 1

(1.5)

Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)

: Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.6710-8 W/m2 K 4

Energy absorption due to irradiation:

Gabs G
Gabs :Absorbed incident radiation(W/m2 )

: Surface absorptivity 0 1
G : Irradiation W/m2

Heat Transfer Rates Radiation (Cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur
4
G Gsur Tsur

If , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
4
Eb Ts G Ts4 Tsur
qrad

(1.7)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (Cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Alternatively,

h r Ts Tsur
qrad

h r : Radiation heat transfer coefficient W/m 2 K

2
h r Ts Tsur Ts2 Tsur

For combined convection and radiation,

qrad
h Ts T hr Ts Tsur
q qconv

(1.8)

(1.9)

(1.10)

Process Identification

Problem 1.73(a): Process identification for single-and double-pane windows

Schematic:

qconv ,1
qrad ,1
qcond ,1

qconv ,s

qrad ,s
qcond ,2
qconv ,2
qrad ,2
qs

Convection from room air to inner surface of first pane

Net radiation exchange between room walls and inner surface of first pane
Conduction through first pane
Convection across airspace between panes
Net radiation exchange between outer surface of first pane and inner surface of second pane (across airspace)
Conduction through a second pane

Convection from outer surface of single (or second) pane to ambient air
Net radiation exchange between outer surface of single (or second) pane and surroundings such as the ground
Incident solar radiation during day; fraction transmitted to room is smaller for double pane

Problem: Electronic Cooling

Problem 1.31: Power dissipation from chips operating at a surface temperature

of 85C and in an enclosure whose walls and air are at 25C for
(a) free convection and (b) forced convection.
Schematic:
Tsur = 25oC
Air

Substrate

qrad
Chip, Pelec
o
Ts = 85 C, = 0.60

= 25 C
1/4
h = 4.2(Ts- )
or
W/m2-K

qconv

L = 15 mm

Assumptions: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Radiation exchange between a small surface and a large enclosure, (3)
Negligible heat transfer from sides of chip or from back of chip by conduction through the substrate.
Analysis:

Pelec qconv qrad hA Ts T A Ts4 Tsur4

A L2 = 0.015m =2.2510-4 m2
2

(a) If heat transfer is by natural convection,

5/ 4
qconv CA Ts T =4.2W/m 2 K 5/4 2.2510-4 m 2

qrad 0.60 2.2510-4 m 2 5.6710-8 W/m 2 K 4

60K
358 -298 K
4

5/4

=0.158W
=0.065W

Pelec 0.158W+0.065W=0.223W
(b) If heat transfer is by forced convection,

qconv hA Ts T =250W/m2 K 4 2.2510-4 m2 60K =3.375W

Pelec 3.375W+0.065W=3.44W